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LECTURE NOTES ON CATIA PRECISION CAD TECHNOLOGIES SCF124, 2 ND FLOOR, PHASEVII, MOHALI. 01723056878
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Page 1: Catia Notes (f)

LECTURE NOTES

ON

CATIA 

PRECISION CAD TECHNOLOGIES SCF‐124, 2ND FLOOR, PHASE‐VII, 

MOHALI. ℡0172‐3056878

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INDEX

S.NO. TITLE PAGE. NO.

1. SKETCHER 1

2. PART DESIGN - SKETCH-BASED FEATURES 10

3. DRESS-UP FEATURES 18

4. SURFACE-BASED FEATURES 24

5. TRANSFORMATION FEATURES 25

6. MODIFYING PARTS 27

7. INTRODUCTION TO DRAFTING 29

8. ASSEMBLY DESIGN 37

9. WIREFRAME & SURFACE DESIGN 41

10. GENERATIVE SHEETMETAL DESIGN 50

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1 – SKETCHER

The Sketch tools toolbar provides the following options commands:

Snap to Point

Construction/Standard Element

Geometrical Constraints Dimensional Constraints

Value fields (Sketch tools toolbar)

Snap to Point If activated, this option makes your sketch begin or end on the points of the grid. As you are sketching the points are snapped to the intersection points of the grid. Note that this option is also available in the Tools->Options, Mechanical Design -> Sketcher option at the left of the dialog box (Sketcher tab).

Construction/Standard Elements You can create two types of elements: standard elements and construction elements. Note that creating standard or construction elements is based upon the same methodology. If standard elements represent the most commonly created elements, on some occasions, you will have to create a geometry just to facilitate your design. Construction elements aim at helping you in sketching the required profile.

Click the Construction/Standard Element option command from the Sketch tools toolbar so that the elements you are now going to create be either standard or construction element. As construction elements are not taken into account when creating features, note that they do not appear outside the Sketcher. When they are not used anymore, construction elements are automatically removed. Note that in the case of hexagons, construction element type is automatically used for secondary circles. This type of sketch is interesting in that it simplifies the creation and the ways in which it is constrained. Setting a radius constraint on the second circle is enough to constrain the whole hexagon.

Geometrical Constraints When selected, the Geometrical Constraint option command allows forcing a limitation between one or more geometry elements.

Dimensional Constraints When selected, the Dimensional Constraint option command allows forcing a dimensional limitation on one or more profile type elements provided you use the value fields in the Sketch tools toolbar for creating this profile.

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Value Fields (Sketch tools toolbar)

The values of the elements you sketch appear in the Sketch tools toolbar as you move the cursor. In other words, as you are moving the cursor, the Horizontal (H), Vertical (V), Length (L) and Angle (A) fields display the coordinates corresponding to the cursor position. You can also use these fields for entering the values of your choice. In the following scenario, you are going to sketch a line by entering values in the appropriate fields. Using Colors Two types of colors may be applied to sketched elements. These two types of colors correspond to colors illustrating: Graphical properties Colors that can be modified. These colors can therefore be modified using the contextual menu (Properties option and Graphic tab). OR Constraint diagnostics Colors that represent constraint diagnostics are colors that are imposed to elements whatever the graphical properties previously assigned to these elements and in accordance with given diagnostics. As a result, as soon as the diagnostic is solved, the element is assigned the color as defined in the Properties dialog box (Graphic tab). COLORS and GRAPHICAL PROPERTIES Grey: Construction Element Elements that are internal to, and only visualized by, the sketch. These elements are used as positioning references. These elements cannot be visualized in the 3D and therefore cannot be used to generate solid primitives. Yellow: Non Modifiable Element For example, use edges. These elements cannot be modified, graphically speaking. Red Orange: Selected Element A subgroup of elements actually selected (the Select icon is similarly active).

COLORS and DIAGNOSTICS SOLUTION:White: Under-Constrained Element The geometry has been constrained: all the relevant dimensions are satisfied but there are still some degrees of freedom remaining.

Add constraints.

Brown: Element Not Changed Some geometrical elements are over-defined or not-consistent. As a result, geometry that depend(s) on the problematic area will not be recalculated.

Remove one or more dimensional constraints.

Green: Fixed Element The geometry has been fixed using the Constraint Definition dialog box or the contextual menu (right mouse button).

Green: Iso-Constrained Element All the relevant dimensions are satisfied. The geometry is fixed and cannot be moved from its geometrical support.

Purple: Over-Constrained Element The dimensioning scheme is overconstrained: too many dimensions were applied to the geometry.

Remove one or more dimensional constraints.

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Red: Inconsistent Element At least one dimension value needs to be changed. This is also the case when elements are underconstrained and the system proposes defaults that do not lead to a solution.

Add dimensions. Set dimension value(s) properly.

Creating a sketch To create a sketch, you have several possibilities:

• Select Start -> Mechanical Design -> Sketcher from the menu bar.

• Select the Sketch with Absolute Axis Definition icon and specify the reference plane, and the origin and orientation of the axis system. This enables you to create a positioned sketch. This is the recommended method for creating a sketch, as it enables you to define explicitly the position of the axis system and ensures associativity with the 3D geometry.

• Select the Sketcher icon and click the desired reference plane either in the geometry area or in the specification tree, or select a planar surface. This creates a "non-positioned" sketch (i.e. a sketch for which you do not specify the origin and orientation of the absolute axis, which are not associative with the 3D geometry). The sketch absolute axis may "slide" on the reference plane when the part is updated.

• Select one plane of the local axis. h and v are aligned to the main axes of this selected plane. Associativity is kept between both the plane and the sketch.

Editing an existing sketch To edit an existing sketch, you have several possibilities:

• Double-click the sketch or an element of the sketch geometry, either in the geometry area or in the specification tree.

• To do this from the 3D, right-click the sketch in the specification tree, point to [sketch name] object in the contextual menu, and then select Edit.

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Sketching Simple Profiles

The Sketcher workbench provides a set of functionalities for creating 2D geometry and more precisely pre-defined profiles. As soon as a profile is created, it appears in the specification tree. Note that if you position the cursor outside the zone that is allowed for creating a given element, the symbol appears.

Create a profile Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define lines and arcs which the profile may be made

of. Create a rectangle

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the rectangle extremity points one after the other. Create a circle

Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the circle center and then one point on the circle.

Create a three point circle Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the circle start point, second point and end point one after the other.

Create a circle using coordinates Use the Circle Definition dialog box to define the circle center point and radius.

Create a tri-tangent circle Click three elements one after the other to create a circle made of three tangent constraints.

Create an arc Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the arc center and then the arc start point and end point.

Create a three point arc Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the arc start point, second point and end point one after the other.

Create a three point arc (using limits) Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the arc start point, end point and second point one after the other.

Create a spline Click the points through which the spline will go.

Connect elements Click the points through which the spline will go.

Create an ellipse Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click to define the ellipse center, major semi-axis and minor semi-axis endpoints one after the other.

Create a parabola Click the focus, apex and then the parabola two extremity points.

Create a hyperbola Click the focus, center and apex, and then the hyperbola two extremity points.

Create a conic

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Click the desired points and excentricity for creating an ellipse, a circle, a parabola or a hyperbola, using tangents, if needed.

Create a line Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the line first and second points.

Create an infinite line Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the infinite line first and second points.

Create a bi-tangent line Click two elements one after the other to create a line that is tangent to these two elements.

Create a bisecting line Click two lines.

Create a symmetrical extension Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the center point and then the extremity point of a line that is a symmetrical extension to an existing one.

Create an axis Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the axis first and second points.

Create a point Use the Sketch tools toolbar or click the point horizontal and vertical coordinates.

Create a point using coordinates Enter in the Point Definition dialog box cartesian or polar coordinates.

Create an equidistant point Enter in the Equidistant Point Definition dialog box the number and spacing of the points to be equidistantly created on a line or a curve-type element.

Create a point using intersection Create one or more points by intersecting curve type elements via selection.

Create a point using projection Create one or more points by projecting points onto curve type elements.

Performing Operations on Profiles The Sketcher workbench provides a set of functionalities for performing operations on profiles. Note that you can either click on a profile or use the Sketch tools toolbar.

Create corners Create a rounded corner (arc tangent to two curves) between two lines using trimming operation.

Create chamfers Create a chamfer between two lines using trimming operation.

Trim elements Trim two lines (either one element or all the elements)

Trim multiple elements Trim a few elements using a curve type element.

Break and trim Quickly delete elements intersected by other Sketcher elements using breaking and trimming operation.

Close elements Close circles, ellipses or splines using relimiting operation.

Complement an arc (circle or ellipse)

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Create a complementary arc.

Break elements Break a line using a point on the line and then a point that does not belong to the line.

Create symmetrical elements Repeat existing Sketcher elements using a line, a construction line or an axis.

Translate elements Perform a translation on 2D elements by defining the duplicate mode and then selecting the element to be duplicated. Multi-selection is not available.

Rotate elements Rotate elements by defining the duplicate mode and then selecting the element to be duplicated.

Scale Elements Scale an entire profile. In other words, you are going to resize a profile to the dimension you specify.

Offset Elements Duplicate a line, arc or circle type element.

Project 3D elements onto the sketch plane Project edges (elements you select in the Part Design workbench) onto the sketch plane.

Creating Silhouette Edges Create silhouette edges to be used in sketches as geometry or reference elements.

Intersect 3D elements with the sketch plane Intersect a face and the sketch plane.

Copy/paste elements See how sketched elements behave when copying/pasting elements that were created via projection or intersection.

Isolate projected/intersected elements Isolate the elements resulting from the use of the Project 3D Elements or Intersect 3D Elements icons.

Analyze the sketch Display a global or individual status on the sketch and correct any problem.

You can sketch pre-defined profiles either via corresponding icons or via the menu bar (Insert/Operation/Predefined Profiles).

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Setting Constraints You can set geometrical and dimensional constraints on various types of elements.

Create quick dimensional/geometrical constraints Set constraints on elements or between two or three elements. The constraints are in priority dimensional. Use the contextual menu to get other types of constraints and to position this constraint as desired.

Define constraint measure direction Define the measure direction as you create a dimensional constraint.

Create contact constraints Apply a constraint with a relative positioning that can be compared to contact. You can either select the geometry or the command first. Use the contextual menu if you want to insert constraints that are not those created in priority.

Modify constraint definition Double-click a constraint a modify the definition using the Constraint Definition dialog box.

Create constraints using a dialog box Set various geometrical constraints between one or more elements using a dialog box and if needed, multi-selection.

Modify constraints on/between elements Edit geometrical constraints defined on elements or between elements either in the Sketcher or in the 3D area.

Autoconstrain a group of elements Detects possible constraints between selected elements and imposes these constraints once detected.

Animate constraints Assign a set of values to the same angular constraint and examine how the whole system is affected.

What are Constraints? There are times when simple sketches are adequate for your design process, but you will often need to work on more complex sketches requiring a rich set of geometrical or dimensional constraints. The Sketcher workbench provides constraint commands which will allow you to fully sketch your profiles. When you apply constraint on curves, lines, circles and ellipses, the complete geometrical support is taken into account. Geometrical Constraints A geometrical constraint is a relationship that forces a limitation between one or more geometric elements. For example, a geometrical constraint might require that two lines be parallel. If you select three lines, or two lines and a point, these elements will automatically result parallel to each others, as illustrated in the table further down.

You can set a constraint on one element or between two or more elements.

Number of Elements Corresponding Geometrical Constraints One Element Fix, Horizontal, VerticalTwo Elements Coincidence, Concentricity, Tangency, Parallelism, Midpoint,

Perpendicularity Three Elements Symmetry, Equidistant Point

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When creating your constraint, remember that a green constraint is a valid constraint by default. Conversely, a yellow constraint indicates that the definition is not valid. When you position the cursor on constraint symbols, the software calls your attention on the elements involved in the constraint system. Dimensional Constraints

A dimensional constraint is a constraint which value determines geometric object measurement. For example, it might control the length of a line, or the distance between two points. You will use the Constraint command to finalize your profile. The Constraint command allows you setting dimensional or geometrical constraints but you will mainly use it to set dimensional constraints. You can combine dimensional constraints to constrain a feature or sketch. You can set a dimensional constraint on one element or between two elements.

Number of Elements Corresponding Dimensional Constraints One Element Length, Radius/Diameter, Semimajor axis, Semiminor axis Two Elements Distance, Angle

You can apply a diameter constraint between two lines provided one of these lines is an axis line.

According to the elements you select, a single type of constraint is proposed for defining the contact: A point and a line: coincidence Two circles: concentricity Two lines: coincidence Two points: coincidence A line and a circle: tangency A point and any other element: coincidence Two curves (except circles and/or ellipses) or two lines: tangency Two curves and/or ellipses: concentricity Creating a Constraint Between a 2D and a 3D Element When you need to create a constraint between a 3D element and a line, for example, this creation may result impossible. This is the case when the projection or intersection resulting use-edge does not give a unique solution. In other words, the use-edge (projection of one side of a pad) corresponds to several limit edges of the side. As a result, you will not be able to select this 3D element when creating the constraint. You will therefore have to use manually the projection operators. Creating Constraints via a Dialog Box You can use the Constraint command to finalize your profile and set constraints consecutively. You may define several constraints simultaneously using the Constraint Definition dialog box, or by means of the contextual command (right-click).

If you want the constraints to be create you must check for dimensional constraints and for geometrical constraints. 1. Multi-select the elements to be constrained. For example, two lines.

2. Click the Constraints Defined in Dialog Box icon from the Constraint toolbar.

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The Constraint Definition dialog box appears indicating the types of constraints you can set between the selected lines (selectable options).

• These constraints may be constraints to be applied either one per element (Length, Fix, Horizontal, Vertical) or constraints between two selected elements (Distance, Angle, Coincidence, Parallelism or Perpendicular).

• Multi-selection is available. • If constraints already exist, they are checked in the dialog

box, by default. Note that, by default, a diameter constraint is created on closed circles when checking the Radius/Diameter option. If you need a radius constraint, you just have to convert this constraint into a radius constraint by double-clicking it and choosing the Radius option. Auto-Constraining a Group of Elements The Auto Constraint command detects possible constraints between the selected elements and imposes these constraints once detected. This task shows you how to apply this command on a profile crossed by a vertical line. Animating Constraints This task shows you how constrained sketched elements react when you decide to make one constraint vary. In other words, you will assign a set of values to the same angular constraint and examine how the whole system is affected. You will actually see the piston working.

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2 – Part Design The Part Design workbench document is divided into:

• the specification tree • the geometry area • specific toolbars : refer to Part Design Workbench • a number of contextual commands available in the specification tree and in the

geometry. Remember that these commands can also be accessed from the menu bar. You will notice that CATIA provides three planes to let you start your design. Actually, designing a part from scratch will first require designing a sketch. Sketching profiles is performed in the Sketcher workbench, which is fully integrated into Part Design. To open it, just click the Sketcher

icon and select the work plane of your choice. The Sketcher workbench then provides a large number of tools allowing you to sketch the profiles you need. Sketch-Based Features Features are entities you combine to make up your part. The features presented here are obtained by applying commands on initial profiles created in the Sketcher workbench, or in the Generative Shape Design workbench. Some operations consist in adding material, others in removing material. Pad Creating a pad means extruding a profile or a surface in one or two directions. CATIA lets you choose the limits of creation as well as the direction of extrusion. 1. Select Sketch.1 as the profile to be extruded.

2. Click the Pad icon . The Pad Definition dialog box appears and CATIA previews the pad to be created. 3. You will notice that by default, CATIA specifies the length of your pad. But you can use the following options too: Up to Next Up to Last Up to Plane Up to Surface 4. Click the Mirrored extent option to extrude the profile in the opposite direction using the same length value. If you wish to define another length for this direction, you do not have to click the Mirrored extent button. Just click the More button and define the second limit. 5. Click Preview to see the result. 6. Click OK. A Few Notes About Pads

• CATIA allows you to create pads from open profiles provided existing geometry can trim the pads. The pad below has been created from an open profile, which both endpoints were stretched onto the inner vertical faces of the hexagon. The option used for Limit 1 is "Up to next". The inner bottom face of the hexagon then stops the extrusion. Conversely, the "Up to next" option could not be used for Limit2.

• Pads can also be created from sketches including several profiles. These profiles must not intersect.

• Before clicking the Pad command, ensure that the profile to be used is not tangent with itself.

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Multi-Pad Multi-Pad is used to extrude multiple profiles belonging to a same sketch using different length values. The multi-pad capability lets you do this at one time.

1. Click the Multi-Pad icon . 2. Select Sketch.2 that contains the profiles to be extruded. Note that all profiles must be closed and must not intersect. The Multi-Pad Definition dialog box appears and the profiles are highlighted in green. For each of them, you can drag associated manipulators to define the extrusion value. The red arrow normal to the sketch indicates the proposed extrusion direction. To reverse it, you just need to click it. The Multi- Pad Definition dialog box displays the number of domains to be extruded. 3. Select Extrusion domain.1 from the dialog box. Extrusion domain.1 now appears in blue in the geometry area. 4. Specify the length by entering a value. For example, enter 10mm. 5. You need to repeat the operation for each extrusion domain by entering the value of your choice. For example, select Extrusion domain.2 and Extrusion domain.7 and enter 30mm and 40mm respectively.

Drafted Filleted Pad

This command creates a pad while drafting its faces and filleting its edges. Pocket Creating a pocket consists in extruding a profile or a surface and removing the material resulting from the extrusion. CATIA lets you choose the limits of creation as well as the direction of extrusion. The limits you can use are the same as those available for creating pads. To know how to use them, see Up to Next Pads, Up to Last Pads, Up to Plane Pads, Up to Surface Pads.

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About Profiles • You can use profiles sketched in the Sketcher or planar geometrical elements created in

the Generative Shape Design workbench (except for lines). • You can create pockets from sketches including several closed profiles. These profiles

must not intersect. • You can select diverse elements constituting a sketch too.

As the application now lets you choose the portion of material to be kept, you are going to remove all the material surrounding the initial profile. The option Reverse side lets you choose between removing the material defined within the profile, which is the application's default behavior, or the material surrounding the profile. A Few Notes About Pockets

• CATIA allows you to create pockets from open profiles provided existing geometry can trim the pockets.

• If your insert a new body and create a pocket as the first feature of this body, CATIA creates material.

• Pockets can also be created from sketches including several profiles. These profiles must not intersect.

• The 'Up to next' limit is the first face the application detects while extruding the profile.

This face must stops the whole extrusion, not only a portion of it, and the hole goes thru material, as shown in the figure below:

When using the 'Up to Surface' option, remember that if the selected surface partly stops the extrusion, the application continues to extrude the profile until it meets a surface that can fully stop the operation. Multi-Pocket This command creates a pocket feature from distinct profiles belonging to a same sketch and this, using different length values. The multi-pocket capability lets you do this at one time.

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Shaft You need an open or closed profile, and an axis about which the feature will revolve. Note that you can use wireframe geometry as your profile and axes created with the Local Axis capability. Groove Grooves are revolved features that remove material from existing features. This task shows you how to create a groove, that is how to revolve a profile about an axis (or construction line). You can use wireframe geometry as you profile and axes created with the Local Axis capability.

Hole Creating a hole consists in removing material from a body. Various shapes of standard holes can be created. These holes are:

If you choose to create a... • Counterbored hole: the counterbore diameter must be greater than the hole diameter

and the hole depth must be greater than the counterbore depth. • Countersunk hole: the countersink diameter must be greater than the hole diameter

and the countersink angle must be greater than 0 and less than 180 degrees. • Counterdrilled hole: the counterdrill diameter must be greater than the hole diameter,

the hole depth must be greater than the counter drill depth and the counterdrill angle must be greater than 0 and less than 180 degrees.

Whatever hole you choose, you need to specify the limit you want. There is a variety of limits:

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Remember That... • The area you click determines the location of the hole, but you can drag the hole onto

desired location during creation using the left mouse button. If the grid display option is activated, you can use its properties.

• Selecting a circular face makes the hole concentric with this face. However, CATIA creates no concentricity constraint.

• Multi-selecting a circular edge and a face makes the hole concentric to the circular edge. In this case, CATIA creates a concentricity constraint.

• Remember that the Sketcher workbench provides commands to constrain the point used for locating the hole.

• Selecting a line and a face positions the hole along the line. Editing the line modifies the hole accordingly.

• Selecting an edge and a face allows the application to create one distance constraint. While creating the hole, you can double-click this constraint to edit its value.

Threaded Holes The Thread capability removes material surrounding the hole. To define a thread, you can enter the values of your choice, but you can use standard values or personal values available in files too. You can define three different thread types: No Standard: uses values entered by the user Metric Thin Pitch: uses AFNOR standard values Metric Thick Pitch: uses AFNOR standard values Remove Lofted Material The Remove Loft capability generates lofted material surface by sweeping one or several planar section curves along a computed or user-defined spine then removes this material. The material can be made to respect one or more guide curves.

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Metric Thin Pitch: AFNOR standard Metric Thick Pitch: AFNOR standard

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Rib To define a rib, you need a center curve, a planar profile and possibly a reference element or a pulling direction. Ribs can also be created from sketches including several profiles. These profiles must be closed and must not intersect. For example, you can easily obtain a pipe by using a sketch composed of two concentric circles:

Profiles Result

You can create ribs by combining the elements as follows:

Moreover, the following rules should be kept in mind:

• 3D center curves must be continuous in tangency • If the center curve is planar, it can be discontinuous in tangency.

You can control profile’s position by choosing one of the following options: Keep angle: keeps the angle value between the sketch plane used for the profile and the tangent of the center curve. Pulling direction: sweeps the profile with respect to a specified direction. To define this direction, you can select a plane or an edge. For example, you need to use this option if your center curve is a helix. In this case, you will select the helix axis as the pulling direction. Reference surface: the angle value between axis h and the reference surface is constant.

The Merge ends option is to be used in specific cases. It creates material between the ends of the rib and existing material provided that existing material trims both ends. A Few Words about the Keep Angle Option The position of the profile in relation to the center curve determines the shape of the resulting rib. When sweeping the profile, the application keeps the initial position of the profile in relation to the nearest point of the center curve. The application computes the rib from the position of the profile. Slot To define a slot, you need a center curve, a planar profile, a reference element and possibly a pulling direction. Slots can also be created from sketches including several profiles. These profiles must be closed and must not intersect.

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Stiffener About Profiles

• You can use wireframe geometry as your profile. • In some cases, you can define whether you need the whole profile, or

sub-elements only.

• Clicking the icon opens the Sketcher. You can then edit the profile. Once you have done your modifications, the Stiffener Definition dialog box reappears to let you finish your design.

Loft You can generate a loft feature by sweeping one or more planar section curves along a computed or user-defined spine. The feature can be made to respect one or more guide curves. The resulting feature is a closed volume.

Several coupling types are available in the Coupling tab: Ratio: the curves are coupled according to the curvilinear abscissa ratio. Tangency: the curves are coupled according to their tangency discontinuity points. If they do not have the same number of points, they cannot be coupled using this option. Tangency then curvature: the curves are coupled according to their curvature discontinuity points. If they do not have the same number of points, they cannot be coupled using this option. Vertices: the curves are coupled according to their vertices. If they do not have the same number of vertices, they cannot be coupled using this option. By default, the application computes a spine, but if you wish to impose a curve as the spine to be used, you just need to click the Spine tab then the Spine field and select the spine of your choice in the geometry. The Relimitation tab lets you specify the loft relimitation type. You can choose to limit the loft only on the Start section, only on the End section, on both, or on none.

• when one or both are checked: the loft is limited to corresponding section • when one or both are unchecked: the loft is swept along the spine:

o if the spine is a user spine, the loft is limited by the spine extremities o if the spine is an automatically computed spine, and no guide is selected: the loft

is limited by the start and end sections o if the spine is an automatically computed spine, and guides are selected, the loft

is limited by the guides extremities.

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3 – Dress-Up Features Dressing up features is done by applying commands to one or more supports. CATIA provides a large number of possibilities to achieve the features meeting your needs. Edge Fillet A fillet is a curved face of a constant or variable radius that is tangent to, and that joins, two surfaces. Together, these three surfaces form either an inside corner or an outside corner. In drafting terminology, the curved surface of an outside corner is generally called a round and that of an inside corner is normally referred to as a fillet. Edge fillets are smooth transitional surfaces between two adjacent faces.

Two propagation modes are available: • Minimal: CATIA does not take any tangencies into account. The fillet will be computed

only on a portion of the edge as shown below: • Tangency: tangencies are taken into account so as to fillet the entire edge and possible

tangent edges.

If you set the Tangency mode, the new option "Trim ribbons" becomes available: you can then trim the fillets to be created.

Click the Limiting element field and select a Plane that will intersect the fillet. An arrow appears on the plane to indicate the portion of material that will be kept. Clicking this arrow reverses the direction and therefore indicates that the portion of material that will be kept will be the opposite one. The fillet will be trimmed to that Plane.

Without Trim ribbons With Trim ribbons With Minimal option

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Variable Radius Fillet Variable radius fillets are curved surfaces defined according to a variable radius. A variable radius corner means that at least two different constant radii are applied to two entire edges. There are two propagation modes: Cubic & Linear.

Variable Radius Fillets Using a Spine There may be times when you need to fillet consecutive edges with no tangent continuity but which you want to treat as a single edge logically. You can do this by using a spine. To fillet the edge, the application uses circles contained in planes normal to the spine. It is then possible to control the shape of the fillet. The spine can be a wireframe element or a sketcher element. The Generative Shape Design product license is required to access this capability.

Face-Face Fillet You generally use the Face-face fillet command when there is no intersection between the faces or when there are more than two sharp edges between the faces.

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Tritangent Fillet The creation of tritangent fillets involves the removal of one of the three faces selected. Multiselecting three faces then clicking the Tritangent Fillet icon tells the application to remove the third face. Chamfer

Chamfering consists in removing or adding a flat section from a selected edge to create a beveled surface between the two original faces common to that edge. You obtain a chamfer by propagation along one or several edges. Basic Draft Drafts are defined on molded parts to make them easier to remove from molds. The characteristic elements are:

• pulling direction: this direction corresponds to the reference from which the draft faces are defined.

• draft angle: this is the angle that the draft faces make with the pulling direction. This angle may be defined for each face.

• parting element: this plane, face or surface cuts the part in two and each portion is drafted according to its previously defined direction. For an example, please refer to Draft with Parting Element.

• neutral element: this element defines a neutral curve on which the drafted face will lie. This element will remain the same during the draft. The neutral element and parting element may be the same element, as shown in Draft with Parting Element.

The Propagation option can be set to: None: there is no propagation Smooth: the application integrates the faces propagated in tangency onto the neutral face to define the neutral element.

Neutral Elements • It is possible to select several faces to define the neutral element. By default, the pulling

direction is given by the first face you select. This is an example of what you can get:

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• You can use neutral elements that do not intersect the faces to be drafted. This is an example of what you can get:

Advanced Draft The Advanced Draft command lets you draft basic parts or parts with reflect lines but it also lets you specify two different angle values for drafting complex parts. Note that two modes are available: Independent: you need to specify two angle values Driving/Driven: the angle value you specify for one face affects the angle value of the second face.

Variable Angle Draft Sometimes, you cannot draft faces by using a constant angle value, even if you set the Square mode. For this purpose, you need to the draft by Variable Draft option.

Draft with Parting Element To define the parting element, you can check:

• Parting = Neutral to reuse the plane you selected as the neutral element,

• or Define parting element and then explicitly select a plane or a planar face as the parting element.

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Angle Values • You can draft faces using a negative value. • If the chosen angle value exceeds the angle value of the faces adjacent to the face to be

drafted, an error message is issued. To perform the draft, you then need to activate the Square option available from the Draft form drop list.

Here is an example of a drafted face obtained using the Square option:

The use of the Square option does not guarantee that parts will be easily removed from their molds. Draft from Reflect Lines

Shell Shelling a feature means emptying it, while keeping a given thickness on its sides. Shelling may also consist in adding thickness to the outside. This task shows how to create a cavity.

A Few Notes About Shells

• In some specific cases, you may need to perform two shell operations consecutively. To avoid problems, the value for the second shell should be lower by half than the value of the first shell.

• If you need to shell a multi-domain body, perform only one Shell operation: select one face by domain to avoid problems. The specification tree then includes only one Shell feature as illustrated below.

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Thread/Tap The Thread/Tap capability creates threads or taps, depending on the cylindrical entity of interest. The Numerical Definition frame provides three different thread types: No Standard: uses values entered by the user Metric Thin Pitch: uses AFNOR standard values Metric Thick Pitch: uses AFNOR standard values There is no geometrical representation is the geometry area, but the thread is added to the specification tree. You can extract drawings from threads and taps in the Generative Drafting workbench.

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4 – Surface-Based Features Split You can split a body with a plane, face or surface. Thick Surface You can add material to a surface in two opposite directions by using the Thick Surface capability. Close Surface

Sew Surface Sewing means joining together a surface and a body. This capability consists in computing the intersection between a given surface and a body while removing useless material. You can sew all types of surfaces onto bodies.

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5 – Transformation Features Mirror Mirroring a body or a list of features consists in duplicating these elements using a symmetry. You can select a face or a plane to define the mirror reference. Using a plane to mirror a body lets you obtain two independent portions of material in a same body. The following mirror is obtained by using plane zx as the reference. Rectangular Pattern You may need to duplicate the whole geometry of one or more features and to position this geometry on a part. Patterns let you do so. CATIA allows you to define three types of patterns: rectangular, circular and user patterns. These features accelerate the creation process. Each tab of the Pattern dialog-box is dedicated to a direction you will use to define the location of the duplicated feature. Checking the Keep specifications option creates instances with the limit Up to Next, Up to Last, Up to Plane or Up to Surface defined for the original feature.

Complex Patterns You can pattern a list of Part Design features. These rules are to be kept in mind before patterning a list of features:

• When multi-selecting, the first feature you select must not be a dress-up feature. • Your list of features cannot include any transformation features, nor shells, nor splits, nor

associated bodies. • Your list of features cannot include any body.

Circular Pattern This figure may help you to define your parameters for circular pattern:

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In addition to performing the steps described, you could have used "Radial alignment of instances" option that allows you to define the instance orientations.

If the option is checked: all instances have the same orientation as the original feature. If the option is unchecked: all instances are normal to the lines tangent to the circle. User Pattern The User Pattern command lets you duplicate a feature, a list of features or a body resulting from an association of bodies. As many times as you wish at the locations of your choice. Locating instances consists in specifying anchor points. These points are created in the Sketcher.

Exploding Patterns During your design you may decide to perform specific operations on a certain number of instances created via the Pattern command. Before performing such operations, you need to explode your pattern, which makes each instance independent. 1. Right-click the pattern you want to explode. 2. Use the RectPattern.1object -> Explode... contextual command. You obtain as many features in the specification tree as there were instances. The geometry remains unchanged. Note that:

• if the original element you patterned contains a dress-up feature, for instance a fillet, exploding the pattern does not delete the fillet defined on each instance.

• However, if a dress-up feature has been defined on a pattern instance, exploding the pattern will delete this dress-up feature.

3. You can now edit pockets individually. For example, you can move them to the location of your choice. Scaling Scaling a body means resizing it to the dimension you specify.

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6 – Modifying Parts Editing Parts, Bodies and Features Editing a part may mean for example modifying the density of the part, but most often editing consists in modifying the features composing the part. This operation can be done at any time. There are several ways of editing a feature. If you modify the sketch used in the definition of a feature, CATIA will take this modification into account to compute the feature again: in other words, associativity is maintained. Now, you can also edit your features through definition dialog boxes in order to redefine the parameters of your choice. Redefining Feature Parameters Double-click the feature to be edited (in the specification tree or in the geometry area). The Definition dialog box appears and CATIA shows the current values of the feature. Generally speaking, CATIA always shows dimensional constraints related to the feature you are editing. Concerning sketch-based features, CATIA also shows the sketches used for extrusion as well as the constraints defined for these sketches. You can also access the parameters you wish to edit in the following way: Select the feature in the specification tree and use the feature.n object -> Edit Parameters contextual command. You can now view the feature parameters in the geometry area. 1. Double-click the parameter of interest. A small dialog box appears displaying the parameter value. 2. Enter a new value and click OK. Reordering Features The Reorder capability allows you to rectify design mistakes. For Example, your initial data consists of a pad that was mirrored and a second pad created afterwards. As the order of creation is wrong, you are going to reorder the second pad so as to mirror the whole part. Position your cursor on Pad.2. and select Edit -> Pad.2 object -> Reorder...

The Feature Reorder dialog box appears. Select Pad.1 to specify the new location of the feature.

This name appears in the After: field.

Click OK. The part rebuilds itself. The mirror feature appears after the creation of the second pad, which explains why this second pad is now mirrored.

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Updating Parts The point of updating a part is to make the application take your very last operation into account. Indeed some changes to a sketch, feature or constraint require the rebuild of the part. To warn you that an update is needed, CATIA displays the update symbol next to the part's name and displays the geometry in bright red. To update a part, the application provides two update modes:

• automatic update, available in Tools -> Options -> Mechanical Design . If checked, this option lets the application update the part when needed.

• manual update, available in Tools -> Options -> Mechanical Design: lets you control the updates of your part. What you have to do is just click the Update icon whenever you wish to integrate modifications. The Update capability is also available via Edit -> Update and the Update contextual command. A progression bar indicates the evolution of the operation.

Note that you can cancel or interrupt updates. What Happens When the Update Fails? Sometimes, the update operation is not straightforward because for instance, you entered inappropriate edit values or because you deleted a useful geometrical element. In both cases, CATIA requires you to reconsider your design. Changing Sketch Supports You can replace sketch planes with new planes or planar surfaces. Replacing a sketch plane with another one is a way of moving a sketch but it may also be a way of modifying design specifications. This task shows you how to do so. For changing sketch supports: 1. Select the Sketch1.object -> Change Sketch Support command. 2. Select the replacing plane.

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7 – Introduction to Drafting Sheets The Interactive Drafting workbench provides a simple method to manipulate a sheet. A sheet contains:

• a main view: a view which supports the geometry directly created in the sheet • a background view: a view dedicated to frames and title blocks • interactive or generated views

The sheet size depends on the standard type. For example, if you choose the ISO standard, the sheet will automatically be assigned the A0 format type. You can choose another format if you want. To add a new sheet, click the New Sheet icon Modifying a Sheet 1. Select File -> Page Setup from the menu bar. The Page Setup dialog box appears. 2. From the Page Setup dialog box, select the appropriate standard and the format you want to specify. You can update the current standards by clicking the Update button. This copies the most recent version of the standard file in the drawing, thus reflecting the latest changes an administrator or user may have performed in the standard file. Creating a Frame Title Block For creating a Title Block, you have to do the following steps: 1. Select Edit->Background item from the menu bar.

2. Click the Frame Creation icon from the Drawing toolbar. The Insert Frame and Title Block dialog box is displayed.

You can choose a format in the combo box Format Label.

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Creating a Front View A front view is a projection view obtained by drawing perpendiculars from all points on the edges of the part to the plane of projection. The plane of projection upon which the front view is projected is called the frontal plane. At this step, we strongly advise that you tile screen horizontally. For this, go to Window -> Tile Horizontally options from the menu bar. If you do not want to have the specification tree displayed, press the PF3 key.

1.Click the Drawing window, and click the Front View icon from the Views toolbar (Projections

sub-toolbar).

2. Select the desired planar surface of the 3D part you opened, from the 3D Part viewer. Blue arrows and a green frame including a preview of the view to be created appear on the sheet. These frame and arrows allow defining the location and orientation of the view to be created. 3. Click on the drawing sheet or at the center of the blue manipulator to generate the view. As long as you see the green frame, you can define the frame position using the blue manipulators: top, bottom, left, right or rotated according to a given snapping, or else according to an edited rotation angle.

In the Generative Drafting workbench, the view name, scaling factor and view frame are set by default. Throughout this documentation, we decided not to display view names and scaling factors. For this: Go to Tools->Options->Mechanical Design->Drafting option (Layout tab) and un-check the View name and Scaling factor options. The front view is created. From now on, you will work on the created sheet unless you define a new sheet.

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Creating Projection Views Projection views are views conceived to be drawn or projected onto planes known as planes of projection. A transparent plane or pane of glass representing a plane of projection is located parallel to the front surfaces of the part. 1. Click the Drawing window and click the Projection View icon from the Views toolbar (Projections sub-toolbar). A preview of the view to be created appears. By default, the projection view is aligned to the front view. As you move the cursor, a preview of the view to be created appears, as long as you keep the cursor positioned at any possible projection view location (at the left, right, top or bottom of the red frame). 2. Define the projection view position, for example the right view position, using the cursor. 3. Click to generate the view. Creating a Section View This section view will make drawings more readable by replacing the hidden elements of parts including holes with filled areas. 1. Click the Drawing window, and click the Offset Section View icon from the Views toolbar (Sections sub-toolbar). 2. Select the holes and points required for sketching the callout on the view. Selecting a circular, a linear edge or an axis line (for example, a hole) amounts to making the callout associative by default to the 3D feature. If you select a circle, the callout will go through the circle center. If you select an edge, the callout will be parallel to the selected edge. If you are not satisfied with the profile you create, you can, at any time, use Undo or Redo icons. Note that SmartPick assists you when creating the profile. The section plane appears at the second point you select and moves dynamically on the 3D part as you create the callout on the drawing. This section plane will automatically disappear, as you will double-click to end the callout creation. 3. Double-click to end the cutting profile creation. Positioning the view amounts to defining the section view direction. The callout blue arrows direction is modified according to the cursor position. In other words, this preview behaves as if it were either a left or a right projection view you need to position.

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Creating a Detail View A detail view is a partial generated view that shows only what is necessary in the clear description of the object. Note that, the Detail view command uses a Boolean operator from the 3D whereas the Quick Detail view command computes the view directly from the 2D projection. The representation is therefore different. 1. Click the Drawing window, and click the Detail View icon from the Views toolbar (Details subtoolbar). 2. Click the callout center. 3. Drag to select the callout radius. 4. Click a point on the callout. A blue circle appears at the position of the cursor. 5. Move the previewed detail view to the desired location. 6. Click inside the blue circle to position the detail view at the desired location. 7. If needed, drag the detail view to a new position.

Creating a Section Cut Be careful: the scale of the section cut will depend on the scale of the view this section cut is generated from. In this case, the section cut is generated from a detail with a scale 4: The section cut scale will also be 4. 1. Right-click the view and select the Activate View option from the contextual menu whose section cut you want to make. 2. Select the Drawing window, and click the Aligned

Section Cut icon from the Views toolbar (Sections subtoolbar). 3.Select the holes and points required for sketching the cutting profile. Selecting a circular, a linear edge or an axis line (for example, a hole) amounts to making the cutting profile associative by default to the 3D feature. You can modify the hatching pattern by pressing the right mouse button on the section cut pattern and selecting the Properties option from the contextual menu. You will then display a Properties dialog box in which you will either select a new hatching pattern or modify the graphical attributes of the existing hatching pattern.

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Creating an Unfolded View An unfolded view is a projected view that is created from a Sheet Metal part in order to include in a section certain angled elements. As a result, the cutting plane may be bent so as to pass through those features.

Generating an FD&T View An FD&T view is a view that is extracted from a 3D part that is assigned 3D tolerance specifications and annotations. FD&T views cannot not be rotated. In other words, when you edit the properties of this view (Edit -> Properties), the Angle field is set to the gray color. Creating an Auxiliary View Many objects are of such shape that their principal faces cannot always be assumed parallel to the regular planes of projection. Creating an auxiliary view allows showing the true shapes by assuming a direction of sight perpendicular to planes that are perpendicular of the curves. This auxiliary view, together with the top view, completely describes the object.

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Creating a Clipping View and/or a Clipping View Profile A clipping view is a partial view that shows only what is necessary in the clear description of the object. This operation is applied directly onto the active view.

Creating an Isometric View Isometric means "equal measure". To produce an isometric projection, it is necessary to place the object so that its principal edges make equal angles with the plane of projection and are therefore foreshortened equally. Note that an isometric view created from a product can be re-used for generating an exploded view. 1. Click the Drawing window, and click the Isometric View icon from the Views toolbar 2. Click the 3D part. A green frame with the preview of the isometric view to be created, as well as blue manipulators appear. You can re-define the view to be created position using these manipulators: to the bottom, the left, the right, the top, or rotated using a given snapping or according to an edited rotation angle. Generating an Exploded View 1. Go to Digital Mock-up workbench (DMU Navigator) and define the Scene with the adequate orientation and with the instances properly positioned. 2. Explode the view. 3. Go to Drafting workbench and click the Isometric View icon from the Views toolbar. 4. Select the product from the specification tree and then a plane on this product. 5. Click to locate the resulting exploded view.

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Creating a Broken View A broken view is a view that allows shortening an elongated object. You have to define two profiles corresponding to the part to be broken from the view extremities. You can create new breaks in a broken view, but in the same direction and two breaks cannot overlap. You can suppress created break via the contextual menu. You cannot apply breakout view and broken view command to the same view. Creating a Breakout View In a breakout view, you will remove locally material from a generated view in order to visualize the remaining visible internal part. A breakout view is one not in direct projection from the view containing the cutting profile. In other words, it is not positioned in agreement with the standard arrangement of views. A breakout view is often a partial section. You can create breakout view on a view that already contains breakout views.

• You cannot generate views from a breakout view. • Once created the breakout view profile cannot be modified. • The geometry that defines the breakout view is not associative with the generated views. • You cannot apply breakout view and broken view command to the same view.

Once the breakout view is created, you can right-click the view, and select the Remove Breakout option. You can also right-click the view, select the Apply to option and click another view you want to apply the breakout to.

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Generating Dimensions The Generative Drafting workbench provides a simple method for manipulating Dimensions. This dressup is associative to the elements created from a part or an assembly. The generated dimensions will be positioned according to the following criteria: 1. on the view on which the dimension may be generated. 2. on the view on which the dimension is better visualized. For example, a view on which elements are visualized in non-hidden lines instead of hidden lines. 3. on external views. For example on projection views instead of detail or section views. 4. on the view with a bigger scale. 5. on views including more dimensions. The dimensions are generated on the views on the condition the settings were previously switched to the dimension generation option. Generating Dimensions in One Shot You can generate dimensions in one shot from the constraints of a 3D part. Only the following constraints can be generated: distance, length, angle, radius and diameter. Constraints may be of three kinds: created manually (i) via the sketcher or (ii) via the 3D part, or else (iii) automatically created via internal parameters.

Click the Generating Dimensions icon from the Generation toolbar. The dimensions are automatically generated on all the views. You can generate dimensions on views you previously selected. The generated dimensions are positioned according to the views most representative. In other words, a dimension will appear on a view so that this dimension needs not be also created on another view. Manipulating Dimensions These dimensions will be associative to the elements created from a part or an assembly. When created, these elements are associated with a view. Note that for views that are generated from surfaces, only sketched constraints are generated.

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8 – Assembly Design Using Assembly Constraints Constraints allow you to position mechanical components correctly in relation to the other components of the assembly. You just need to specify the type of constraints you wish to set up between two components, and the system will place the components exactly the way you want. You can also use constraints to indicate the mechanical relationships between components. Setting constraints is rather an easy task. However, you should keep in mind the following:

• You can apply constraints only between the child components of the active component. Do not mistake the active component for the selected component: The active component is blue framed (default color) and underlined. It is activated by double-clicking. The selected component is orange framed (default color). It is selected by clicking.

• You cannot define constraints between two geometric elements belonging to the same component.

• You cannot apply a constraint between two components belonging to the same subassembly if this subassembly is not the active component.

When you set a constraint, there are no rules to define the fixed and the movable component during the selection. Creating a Coincidence Constraint Coincidence-type constraints are used to align elements. Depending on the selected elements, you may obtain concentricity, coaxiality or coplanarity. The tolerance i.e. the smallest distance that can be used to differentiate two elements is set at 10 -3 millimeters. The following table shows the elements you can select.

Creating a Contact Constraint Contact-type constraints can be created between two planar faces (directed planes). The common area between the two planar faces can be a plane (plane contact), a line (line contact) or a point (point contact). The following table shows the elements you can select.

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Creating an Offset Constraint When defining an offset constraint between two components, you need to specify how faces should be oriented. The offset value is always displayed next to the offset constraint. The unit used is the unit displayed in the Units tab of the Tools -> Options dialog box. If you wish, you can customize it. The following table shows the elements you can select:

Creating an Angle Constraint Angle-type constraints fall into three categories:

• Angle • Parallelism (angle value equals zero)

Now, when setting a parallelism constraint, green arrows appear on the selected faces to indicate the orientations.

• Perpendicularity (angle value equals 90 degrees) When setting an angle constraint, you will have to define an angle value. Note that this angle value must not exceed 90 degrees. The tolerance i.e. the smallest angle that can be used to differentiate two elements is set at 10 -6 radians. The following table shows the elements you can select:

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Fixing a Component Fixing a component means preventing this component from moving from its parents during the update operation. There are two ways of fixing a component:

• by fixing its position according to the geometrical origin of the assembly, which means setting an absolute position. This operation is referred to as "Fix in space".

• by fixing its position according to other components, which means setting a relative position. This operation is referred to as "Fix".

Fixing Components Together The Fix Together command attaches selected elements together. You can select as many components as you wish, but they must belong to the active component.

A Few Notes about Fix Together • You can select a set of attached components to apply the Fix Together command

between this set and other components. • You can set constraints between components belonging to a set of components fixed

together. • If you set a constraint between a component and a set of attached components, the

whole set is affected by the constraint. You can deactivate or activate a set of attached components by using the Deactivate/Activate contextual command available in the specification tree. Red parentheses preceding the graphic symbol indicate deactivated sets. Using the Quick Constraint Command The Quick Constraint command creates the first possible constraint as specified in the priority list. ` Changing Constraints Changing a constraint means replacing the type of this constraint by another type. This operation is possible depending on the supporting elements. You can select any constraints, not necessarily in the active component. 1. Select the constraint to be changed.

2. Click the Change Constraint icon . The Change Type dialog box that appears, displays all possible constraints. 3. Select the new type of constraint. 4. Click Apply to preview the constraint in the specification tree and the geometry.

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5. Click OK to validate the operation. Deactivating or Activating Constraints Deactivating or activating constraints means specifying if these constraints must be taken into account during updates or not. This task consists in deactivating then activating a constraint. Moving Components

Translate Components: Click this icon, select the component to be translated and enter the offset values.

Rotate Components: Click this icon, click the Rotation tab, and select the component to be rotated, choose an axis and enter the angle values.

Manipulate Components: Click this icon, click the parameters you wish, select the component to be moved and drag this component.

Snap Components: Click this icon and select both elements.

Smart Move: Click this icon, check the Automatic constraint creation option and select the components to be moved and constrained.

Explode a Constrained Assembly: Click this icon, select the parameters you need and select the assembly to be exploded.

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9 – Wireframe & Surface Design Creating Wireframe Geometry Wireframe geometry is the geometry that helps you create features when needed. Creating this geometry is a simple operation you can perform at any time. Two creation modes are available: either you create geometry with its history or not. Geometry with no history is called a datum.

Create points by coordinates: enter X, Y, Z coordinates. Create points on a curve: select a curve and possibly a reference point, and enter a length or ratio.

Create points on a plane: select a plane and possibly a reference point, then click the plane.

Create points on a surface: select a surface and possibly a reference point, an element to set the projection orientation, and a length.

Create points as a circle center: select a circle Create points at tangents: select a curve and a line. Create point between another two points: select two points

Create multiple points: select a curve or a point on a curve, and possibly a reference point, set the number of point instances, indicate the creation direction or indicate the spacing between points.

Create lines between two points: select two points Create lines based on a point and a direction: select a point and a line, then specify the start and end points of the line. Create lines at an angle or normal to a curve: select a curve and its support, a point on the curve, then specify the angle value, the start and end points of the line. Create lines tangent to a curve: select a curve and a reference point, then specify the start and end points of the line. Create lines normal to a surface: select a surface and a reference point, then specify the start and end points of the line.

Create bisecting lines: select two lines and a starting point, then choose a solution.

Create polylines: select at least two points, then define a radius for a blending curve is needed

Create an offset plane: select an existing plane, and enter an offset value. Create a parallel plane through a point: select an existing plane and a point. The resulting plane is parallel to the reference plane and passes through the point. Create a plane at an angle: select an existing plane and a rotation axis, then enter an angle value (90° for a plane normal to the reference plane).

Create a plane through three points: select any three points Create a plane through two lines : select any two lines Create a plane through a point and a line : select any point and line Create a plane through a planar curve: select any planar curve Create a plane normal to a curve: select any curve and a point Create a plane tangent to a surface: select any surface and a point Create a plane based on its equation: key in the values for the Ax + Bu + Cz = D equation Create a mean plane through several points: select any three, or more, points

Create n planes between two planes: select two planes, and specify the number of planes to be created

Create a circle based on a point and a radius: select a point as the circle center, a support plane or surface, and key in a radius value. For circular arcs, specify the start and end angles.

Create a circle from two points: select a point as the circle center, a passing point, and a support plane or surface. For circular arcs, specify the start and end angles.

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Create a circle from two points and a radius: select the two passing points, a support plane or surface, and key in a radius value. For circular arcs, specify the arc based on the selected points. Create a circle from three points: select three points. For circular arcs, specify the arc based on the selected points. Create a circle tangent to two curves, at a point: select two curves, a passing point, a support plane or surface, and click where the circle should be created. For circular arcs, specify the arc based on the selected points. Create a circle tangent to two curves, with a radius: select two curves, a support surface, key in a radius value, and click where the circle should be created. For circular arcs, specify the arc based on the selected points.

Create a circle tangent to three curves: select three curves.

Create conics: select a plane, start and end points, and either passing points or tangents

Create spirals: select a support plane, center point, and reference direction, then set the radius, angle, and pitch as needed.

Create splines: select two or more points, if needed a support surface, set tangency conditions and close the spline if needed.

Create a helix: select a starting and a direction, then specify the helix parameters.

Create corners: select a first reference element (curve or point), select a curve, a support plane or surface, and enter a radius value.

Creating connect curves: select two sets of curve and point on the curve, set their continuity type and, if needed, tension value.

Create parallel curves: select the reference curve, a support plane or surface, and specify the offset value from the reference.

Create projections: select the element to be projected and its support, specify the projection direction,

Create combined curves: select two curves, possibly directions, and specify the combine type

Create reflect lines: select the support and direction, and specify an angle

Create intersections: select the two elements to be intersected Creating Surfaces Wireframe and Surface allows you to model both simple and complex surfaces using techniques such as extruding, lofting and sweeping. Two creation modes are available: either you create geometry with its history or not. Geometry with no history is called a datum. Creating Extruded Surfaces For creating an Extruded surface, you have to select a profile, specify the extrusion direction and then specify the start and end limits.

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Creating Revolution Surfaces For creating a revolved surface, select a profile and a rotation axis, and key in an angle. Following points should be remembered wile making a revolved surface:

• There must be no intersection between the axis and the profile.

• If the profile is a sketch containing an axis, the latter is selected by default as the revolution axis. You can select another revolution axis simply by selecting a new line.

Creating Spherical Surfaces This task shows how to create surfaces in the shape of a sphere. The spherical surface is based on a center point, an axis-system defining the meridian & parallel curves orientation, and angular limits. The axis-system determines the orientation of the meridian and parallel curves, and therefore of the sphere. By default, if no axis-system has been

previously created in the document, the axis-system is the document xyz axis-system. Otherwise the default axis-system is the current one. Parallel angular limits are comprised within the -90° and 90° range. Meridian angular limits are comprised within the -360° and 360° range. You can also choose to create a whole sphere. The parallel and meridian angular values are then grayed. Creating Offset Surfaces Offset surface makes a surface by selecting an existing surface, specifying the offset value and choosing the offset direction. Depending on the geometry configuration and the offset value, an offset may not be allowed, as it would result in a debased geometry. In this case, you need to decrease the offset value or modify the initial geometry.

Creating Filling Surfaces With this command, you can fill surfaces between a numbers of boundary segments. You can click in the Passing point field, and select a point. This point is a point through which the filling surface must pass, thus adding a constraint to its creation. However, you may need to alleviate the number of constraints by removing the supports. This point should lie within the area delimited by the selected curves. If not, the results may be inconsistent.

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Creating Swept Surfaces You can create a swept surface by sweeping out a profile in planes normal to a spine curve while taking other user-defined parameters (such as guide curves and reference elements) into account. You can sweep an explicit profile:

• Along one or two guide curves (in this case the first guide curve is used as the spine)

• Along one or two guide curves while respecting a spine.

The profile is swept out in planes normal to the spine. In addition, you can control the positioning of the profile while it is being swept by means of a reference surface. The profile position may be fixed with respect to the guide curve (positioned profile) or user-defined in the first sweep plane. The Smooth sweeping section is used to smooth the sweeping motion along the reference surface. This may be necessary when small discontinuities are detected with regards to the spine tangency or the reference surface's normal. The smoothing is done for any discontinuity which angular deviation is smaller than 0.5 degree, and therefore helps generating better quality for the resulting swept surface. The Position profile is used if you want to manually position the profile, check the Position profile button and click the Show parameters >> button to access a set of positioning parameters. Generally speaking, the sweep operation has a derivative effect, meaning that there may be a continuity loss when sweeping a profile along a spine. If the spine presents curvature continuity, the surface presents at least tangency continuity. If the spine presents tangency continuity, the surface presents at least point continuity. Creating Lofted Surfaces You can generate a lofted surface by sweeping:

• one or two planar section curves • one or more planar section curves

along a computed or user-defined spine. The surface can be made to respect one or more guide curves. These sections may be tangent to support surfaces, provided they are not parallel. Closed section curves can have point continuity at each closing point. You can impose tangency conditions onto sections and/or guides, by specifying a direction for the tangent vector (selecting a plane to take its normal, for example). This is useful for creating parts that are symmetrical with respect to a plane. Tangency conditions can be imposed on the two symmetrical halves. Similarly, you can impose a tangency onto each guide, by selection of a surface or a plane (the direction is tangent to the plane's normal). In this case, the sections must also be tangent to the surface. You can create lofted surfaces between closed section curves. These curves have point continuity at their closing point. This closing point is either a vertex or an extremum point

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automatically detected and highlighted by the system. By default, the closing points of each section are linked to each other. The red arrows in the figures below represent the closing points of the closed section curves. You can change the closing point by selecting any point on the curve.

The Relimitation tab lets you specify the loft relimitation type. You can choose to limit the loft only on the Start section, only on the End section, on both, or on none.

• when one or both are checked: the loft is limited to corresponding section • when one or both are when unchecked: the loft is swept along the spine:

o if the spine is a user spine, the loft is limited by the spine extremities o if the spine is an automatically computed spine, and no guide is selected: the loft

is limited by the start and end sections o if the spine is an automatically computed spine, and guides are selected: the loft

is limited by the guides extremities.

Use the Planar surface detection check button (Canonical Surfaces tab) to automatically convert planar surfaces into planes.

Coupling You can use two kinds of coupling during the creation of the lofted surface:

• coupling between two consecutive sections • coupling between guides

These couplings compute the distribution of isoparameters on the surface. Coupling between two consecutive sections This coupling is based on the curvilinear abscissa. To create a coupling between particular points, you can add guides or define the coupling type.

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Before Coupling Coupling Applied After Coupling Coupling between guides This coupling is performed by the spine. If a guide is the concatenation of several curves, the resulting loft will contain as many surfaces as curves within the guide. Several coupling types are available, depending on the section configuration:

• Ratio: the curves are coupled according to the curvilinear abscissa ratio. • Tangency: the curves are coupled according to their tangency discontinuity points. If they

do not have the same number of points, they cannot be coupled using this option. • Tangency then curvature: the curves are coupled according to their tangency continuity

first then curvature discontinuity points. If they do not have the same number of points, they cannot be coupled using this option.

• Vertices: the curves are coupled according to their vertices. If they do not have the same number of vertices, they cannot be coupled using this option.

Manual Coupling (P2 only) If the number of vertices differs from one section to another, you need to perform a manual coupling.

• You can create coupling point on the fly, using the Create coupling point contextual menu item, instead of selecting an existing point.

• To edit the coupling, simply double-click the coupling name in the list (Coupling tab) to display the Coupling dialog box. Then you select the point to be edited from the list and create/select a replacing coupling point, then click OK

• Use the contextual menu on the coupling list to edit defined couplings.

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Creating Blended Surfaces A blended surface is a surface between two wireframe elements, taking a number of constraints into account, such as tension, continuity, and so forth. Several cases are worth surveying:

• blend between curves • blend between closed contours • coupling blend

You can set the continuity type using the Basic tab. It defines the continuity connection between the newly created surface and the curves on which it lies. Activate the Trim first/second support option, on one or both support surfaces to trim them by the curve and assemble them to the blend surface: By default the blend surface borders are tangent to the support surface borders. You can also specify whether and where the blend boundaries must be tangent to the supports boundaries:

• Both extremities: the tangency constraint applies at both ends of the curve • None: the tangency constraint is disregarded • Start extremity: the tangency constraint applies at the start endpoint of the curve only • End extremity: the tangency constraint applies at the end endpoint of the curve only

The Start and End extremities are defined according to the arrows in the blended surface's preview.

Blend between closed contours: (P2 only for Wireframe and Surface) By default, the system detects and highlights a vertex on each curve that can be used as a closing point, or it creates an extremum point (you can also manually select another one if you wish).

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Blend without specifying Closing Points Blend after specifying Closing Points Performing Operations on Shape Geometry Wireframe and Surface allows you to modify your design using techniques such as trimming, translating and rotating.

Join geometry: select at least two curves or surfaces to be joined.

Heal geometry: select at least two surfaces presenting a gap to be healed.

Untrim an element: select a split element, and click the icon.

Disassemble elements: select a multi-cell element, and choose the disassembling mode.

Split geometry: select the element to be split and a cutting element.

Trim geometry: select two elements to be trimmed and specify which side of element

Create boundary Curves: select a surface's edge, set the propagation type, and re-define the curve limits if needed.

Extract geometry: select an element's edge or face and click the icon

Translate geometry: select an element, a translation direction (line, plane or vector), specify the translation distance

Rotate geometry: select an element, a line as the rotation axis, and specify the rotation angle

Perform a symmetry: select an element, then a point, line, or plane as reference element

Transform geometry by scaling: select an element, then a point, plane, or planar surface as reference element, and specify the scaling ratio

Transform geometry by affinity: select an element to be transformed, specify the axis system characteristics, and the enter the affinity ratio values

Transform geometry into a new axis-system: select an element to be transformed, specify the axis system characteristics, and the enter the affinity ratio values

Create the nearest sub-element: select the Insert -> Operations -> Near menu item, the element made of several sub-elements, then a reference element whose position is close to the sub-element to be created

Extrapolate curves: select a curve endpoint then the curve itself, specify the extrapolation limit (length value or limiting surface/plane), and specify the continuity constraints (tangent/curvature)

Extrapolate surfaces: select a surface boundary then the surface itself, specify the extrapolation limit (value or limiting surface/plane), and specify the extremities constraints (tangent/normal)

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Generative Sheetmetal Design The Generative Sheetmetal Design workbench is a new generation product offering an intuitive and flexible user interface. It provides an associative feature-based modeling, making it possible to design sheet metal parts in concurrent engineering between the unfolded or folded part representation.

Generative Sheetmetal Design offers the following main functions:

• Associative and dedicated sheet metal feature-based modeling • Concurrent engineering between the unfolded or folded part representation • Access to company-defined standards tables • Dedicated drawing capability including unfolded view and specific settings.

To work in Generative Sheetmetal Design, first of all, you need to specify the parameters. To do

so, click on the Sheetmetal Parameters . The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed.

Change the Thickness & Default Bend Radius if needed. The Default Bend Radius corresponds to the internal radius and is linked by default to the creation of the bends. All parameters hereafter, or only some of them, can be defined in this Design Table:

Sheet Metal Parameters Column associated in the Design Table Definition

Standard in Sheet Metal Parameters SheetMetalStandard sheet reference name

Thickness Thickness sheet thickness Default Bend Radius DefaultBendRadius default bend radius K Factor KFactor neutral fiber position

Radius Table RadiusTable path to the file with all available radii

In all cases, the Thickness parameter must be defined in the Design Table in order for the other parameters to be taken into account.

Click the Bend Extremities tab to access parameters defining bend extremities.

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Click the Bend Extremities tab to access parameters defining bend extremities.

Choose a bend extremity, either from the drop-down list or using the graphical button underneath.

• Minimum with no relief (default option): the bend corresponds to the common area of the supporting walls along the bend axis, and shows no relief.

• Square relief: the bend corresponds to the common area of the supporting walls along the bend axis, and a square relief is added to the bend extremity. The L1 and L2 parameters can be modified if needed.

• Round relief: the bend corresponds to the common area of the supporting walls along the bend axis, and a round relief is added to the bend extremity. The L1 and L2 parameters can be modified if needed.

• Linear: the unfolded bend is split by two planes going through the corresponding limit points (obtained by projection of the bend axis onto the edges of the supporting walls).

• Tangent: the edges of the bend are tangent to the edges of the supporting walls. • Maximum: the bend is calculated between the furthest opposite edges of the supporting

walls. • Closed: the bend corresponds to the intersection between the bends of two supporting

walls. The closed bend extremity lies on the surface of the encountered bend. • Flat joint: the two bends are joined in flat view.

The third tab concerns the bend allowance.

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The bend allowance corresponds to the unfolded bend width.

bend < 90deg bend > 90deg

L is the total unfolded length A and B the dimensioning lengths as defined on the above figure. They are similar to the DIN definition.

• K Factor

Physically, the neutral fiber represents the limit between the material compressed area inside the bend and the extended area outside the bend. Ideally, it is represented by an arc located inside the thickness and centered on the bend axis. The K factor defines the neutral fiber position:

W = α * (R + k * T)

where:

W is the bend allowance R the inner bend radius T the sheet metal thickness α the inner bend angle in radians.

If β is the opening bend angle in degrees:

α = π * (180 - β) / 180 When you define the sheet metal parameters, a literal feature defines the default K Factor and a formula is applied to implement the DIN standard. This standard is defined for thin steel parts.

Therefore the K Factor value ranges between 0 and 0.5. The DIN definition for the K factor slightly differs.

W = α * (R + k' * T/2) Therefore k' = 2 * k and ranges from 0 to 1. This formula can be deactivated or modified by right-clicking in the K factor field and choosing an option from the contextual menu. It can be re-activated by clicking the Apply DIN button. Moreover, the limit values can also be modified. When a bend is created, its own K Factor literal is created.

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Two cases may then occur:

a. If the Sheet Metal K Factor has an activated formula using the default bend radius as input parameter, the same formula is activated on the bend K Factor replacing the default bend radius by the local bend radius as input.

b. In all other cases, a formula "equal to the Sheet Metal K Factor" is activated on the local bend K Factor. This formula can also be deactivated or modified.

• Bend Deduction When the bend is unfolded, the sheet metal deformation is thus represented by the bend deduction V, defined by the formula:

L = A + B + V (refer to the previous definitions).

Therefore the bend deduction is related to the K factor using the following formula:

V = α * (R + k * T) - 2 * (R + T) * tan ( min(π/2,α) / 2) This formula is used by default. However, it is possible to define bend tables on the sheet metal parameters. These tables define samples: thickness, bend radius, open angle, and bend deduction. In this case, the bend deduction is located in the appropriate bend table, matching thickness, bend radius, and open angle. If no accurate open angle is found, an interpolation will be performed. When updating the bend, the bend deduction is first computed using the previously defined rules. Then the bend allowance is deduced using the following formula:

W = V + 2 * (R + T) * tan ( min(π/2,α) / 2)

When the bend deduction is read in the bend table, the K factor is not used.

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Within the Generative Sheet Metal Design workbench, you can generate a number of features

Sheet Metal Parameters

Bridge

Recognize Flanged Cutout

Wall Stiffening Rib

Wall On Edge Curve Stamp

Extrusion

User-defined Stamp

Rolled Wall Louver

Cylindrical Bend Dowel

Conical Bend Rectangular Pattern

Flat Bend

Circular Pattern

Unfolding User-Defined Pattern

Folding Corner Relief

Flange Corner

Hem Chamfer

Tear Drop

Mirror

User Flange Mapping

Hopper Point

Cut Out Line

Hole Plane

Threaded Hole

Hole Circular Cutout

Flanged Hole

Bead

Circular Stamp

Surface Stamp

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Recognize It is used to recognize the walls, bends & stamping features from a V4 model or parts created with Part Design or Sheetmetal Design.

Consequently, the following types of stamps can be recognized:

• Circular stamp • Curve stamp • Surface stamp • Bead • Bridge • Louver

Wall It is used to create a wall from a sketch.

Wall On Edge This function is used to create a box in an easy and quick way from an existing reference wall. At least one wall must already exist.

Extrusion This function is used to create a wall by extruding an open sketch.

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Rolled Wall This feature is used to create rolled walls (such as pipes, open pipes with flange, etc.). You must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters, and have a sketch available, in the form of an circular arc.

Cylindrical Bend This feature is used to create a bend between two walls. These bends can be created on non-connex walls, and with a constant radius value. You can define:

• the left and right extremity settings • and the bend allowance settings.

Conical Bend Conical bends are different from the standard bend in that they allow different radius values at each end of the bend.

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Flat Bend

This function generates bends based on a line (also called bends from flat). For this bend, select a profile containing one or several lines. This sketch must contain lines only.

You can choose the line extrapolation option:

Axis

BTL (Bent Tangent Line): line corresponding to the limits of the bend's fillet

IML (Inner Mold Line): line created by intersecting the internal surfaces of the bend (before filleting) and the wall

OML (Outer Mold Line): line created by intersecting the bend support and a plane perpendicular to the wall and normal to the OML.

The Radius and the KFactor values are the one defined when editing the sheetmetal parameters: Right-click the Radius or the KFactor field and select Formula -> Deactivate from the contextual menu to change the value.

You can set the Radius value to 0.

Once you chose the lines, the fixed point is automatically set on the face where the profile is lying. It represents the part of the wall that will not move when the bend is created.

Unfolding & Folding These functions are used to fold or unfold bends in the Sheet Metal part. Folding and Unfolding Bends applies to cylindrical faces such as flange, bend and surfaces recognized as bend.

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Unfolding the Bends

Folding the Bends

Flange, Hem, Tear Drop &

User Flange These functions are used to generate predefined flange type shapes on the edges of existing walls from a spine and a profile.

Flange Hem

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Tear Drop

User Flange

Hopper This function is used to create a surfacic and a canonic hopper between two sketched profiles, with an opening line (for unfolding operations) defined by an edge for surfacic hoppers or two points for canonic hoppers.

Surfacic hoppers are defined by a ruled surface or a double curvature surface selected by the user or created thanks to the loft command. Defining a surfacic hopper via a loft is highly recommended since it allows detection of all canonical segments.

The two sketches used to define the loft can be on parallel or non parallel planes.

The reference wire and the invariant point, used to unfold the hopper, must lie on the surface, as well as the tear wire.

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Cut Out This function is used to create a cutout in a wall. You can create a standard or a pocket cutout. A standard cutout consists in thickening the profile normal to the wall. A pocket cutout is built by extruding a profile and removing the material resulting from the extrusion.

Hole Circular Cutout This function is used to create a circular cutout, that consists in thicknening the profile normal to the wall.

Flanged Hole This function is used to create a flanged hole by specifying the punch geometrical parameters.

Bead

This function is used to create a bead, that is a local deformation in the web.

Flanged Hole Bead

Circular Stamp This function is used to create a circular stamp by specifying the punch geometrical parameters.

Surface Stamp

It is used to create a surface stamp by specifying the various geometrical parameters of the punch

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Bridge This feature is used to create a bridge by specifying the punch geometrical parameters.

Flanged CutoutThis feature is used to create a flanged cutout by specifying the punch geometrical parameters.

Stiffening Rib This feature is used to create a stiffness rib by specifying the punch geometrical parameters. The stiffener will always be centered on the bend radius, wherever the point may be along the curve. A grid is displayed.

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Curve Stamp This feature is used to create a curve stamp by specifying the punch geometrical parameters.

User-defined Stamp

Two user-defined stamping features are available:

Create a punch with a die: define the punch and die features, select a wall, choose the punch and die as stamping elements, select an edge on the wall and give an angle for orientation purposes.

Create a punch with opening faces: define the punch, select a wall, define the opening faces of the punch, select an edge on the wall and give an angle for orientation purposes.

Edit a user-defined stamp: double-click the existing stamp and change its type, or select, or remove cutting and opening faces.

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Louver This feature is used to create a louver by specifying the punch geometrical parameters. Select Sketch-for-Louver is a profile previously defined on Wall. The Louver Definition dialog box opens, providing default values.

The louver opening face is represented in the sketch by the element that does not present any tangency continuity with the other lines/curve segments of the sketch. In case there are several non-continuous elements, the first one is used as the opening face.

Dowel This feature is used to punch a dowel in the sheet.

Corner Relief This feature is used to define a corner relief locally on a set of supports. A notch was defined on the web profile between the two fillets' flanges; so that flanges do not intersect. This operation enables to prepare the web as to create the flanges that will be later used to define the corner relief.

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• The creation of a corner relief with supports redefined is not possible as it is not located within the limits of the unfolded flanges.

• A corner relief with supports redefined cannot be created if its profile implies adding matter to the web.