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carbon neutral challenge passivhaus standard research and study meeting the challenge passive house ± Passivhaus ± future house Mies van der Rohe, Tugendhat House, 1930 the south facing wall is a sophisticated mechanism of environmental control two entire sections of the glazing can be mechanically lowered below the sill line to open up the entire space on summer days. The window head houses retractable roller blinds to shade the glass and interior from unwanted solar gains. The living space has a warm air heating system that could DOVR EH XVHG IRU FRROLQJ« µ$QG LW ZRUNV EHDXWLIXOO\¶ Daniela Hammer Tugendhat.
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Page 1: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

passive house Passivhaus future house

Mies van der Rohe, Tugendhat House, 1930

the south facing wall is a sophisticated mechanism of environmental control -­ two entire sections of the glazing can be mechanically lowered below the sill line to open up the entire space on summer days. The window head houses retractable roller blinds to shade the glass and interior from unwanted solar gains. The living space has a warm air heating system that could

Daniela Hammer-­Tugendhat.

Page 2: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

passive house is not a recent invention

it is a rediscovery of an old set of principles that places the emphasis on quality rather than quantity

traditionally the design of buildings

responded to and modified microclimaterealized internal and external environments appropriate to functionconstructed from indigenous materials by local crafts peopleprovided somewhat comfortable conditionsminimal impact on environment in life cycle

Page 3: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

utilised prevailing wind direction

orientationlocationform layout of spaces

Palladio, 1550, Villa Rotunda

Page 4: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

optimised daylight availability

orientationformspace dimensionslocation of openings

Scamozzi, 1574, Villa Rocca

Page 5: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

encapsulated solar design

orientationformlayout of spacesthermal mass

Page 6: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

distribution of internal spaces and functionsdimensions and location of openingsglazing ratio and position

Frank Lloyd Wright, 1943, Jacobs houseSchindler, 1932, Kings Road house

enhanced solar access

Page 7: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

constructed with natural materials

form envelope structure and skincharacteristics of exposed thermal mass

Le Corbusier, 1933, Maison de weekend

Page 8: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

thresholdevaporation-­coolingshelter -­ shade

modified topography and vegetation

Mies van der Rohe, 1929, Barcelona Pavillion

Page 9: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

increasing energy demand and dwindling supplyrequirements of EU energy and environmental legislationavailability

new materials and methods of constructioninnovative technologies and componentscomputer design simulation software

Page 10: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

EU Directive Energy end-­use Efficiency and Energy Services (ESD) 2006

Post Kyoto-­further 20% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2020provides a framework to enhance the cost effective improvement of energy use efficiencyassist in achievement of targets set out in national plans

EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive(EPBD) RECAST 2010

specific building performance targets

(public) and 2020 (all buildings)retrofit to cost optimal standards

Page 11: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

National Energy Efficiency Plan for Ireland 2007-­2020sets out path to achieve 20% energy reduction by 2020 and deliver

Programme for Government 2007-­2010ambitious building performance requirementsnew dwellings 60% improvement 2005 requirements by 2010ambitious / realistic targets buildings other than dwellingscarbon neutral dwellings by 2013

Carbon Neutral Framework 2013 -­ Consultationprovide flexible mechanisms for balancing / offsetting carbon for varying scales of development

Government Policy on Architecture 2009-­2015

Page 12: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

Passivhaus standard

refers to a specific construction standard developed by PHIprovides good comfort conditions during winter and summer without the need for a traditional heating system

requirements for certification

yearly space heating requirement (delivered energy)15 kWh/m treated floor area and upper limit for total primary energy demand for heating, ventilation, electricity for fans and pumps, household appliances, and lighting not exceeding 120 kWh/m /yr, regardless of energy source

Air permeability test results not exceed 0.6 ac/h @ 50Pa

Page 13: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

Passivhaus principles

high insulation levels

minimised thermal bridges

very little air-­leakage

utilisation of passive solar and internal gains

good indoor air quality is maintained by a mechanical ventilation system with highly efficient heat recovery

renewable energy sources is used to meet the resulting energy demand

Page 14: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

Passivhaus certification

can be met using a variety of design strategies, construction methods and technologies and is applicable any building type

developed Central European climate and building methods

many built examples in Germany and Austrianew build refurbishmentsresidential and non residential buildings

standard tested and verified in many projects

Passive House Planning Package, PHPP software, Specifications for Quality Approved Passive Houses

Page 15: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

Aus PHS 2020

Den PHS 2015

Ger PHS 2015

Nel PHS 2015

UK PHS 2013

Passivhaus standard and climate

stepping stone to carbon nuetraldifferent building methods and technologiesdifferent climatic conditions

Page 16: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

UCD ERG and the Passivhaus

post graduate research students

post doc fellows

UII Building Environmental Lab

desktop studies

testing and 3Y monitoring of Wicklow certified Passivhaus

masters and phd research and publication

Page 17: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

Irish prototype Passivhaus sensitivity analysisbased on TGD semi detached dwelling (DEAP, PHPP)

summary of findings for Ireland:

Irish climate more moderate than the Germansolar radiation levels in winter are comparable to Germany

-­ less insulation is required-­ south facing windows may achieve high net solar gains

U-­values for walls can be higher than those typically recommended by the Passivhaus Institute for colder central European climates, but U-­values of double glazing not sufficient

Passivhaus Standard can be achieved in Ireland using both masonry and timber frame construction methods and that there are no major advantages of one method over another in terms of thermal performance.

SEAI (2008). Passive Homes Guidelines for design and construction of passive house dwellings in Ireland.

Page 18: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

Monitored data from Passivhaus in Wicklowinvestigation into the performance of the passivhaus standard in a maritime climate (design build/energy plus)

main findings regarding modifications for maritime climate:

increasing natural ventilation rate had the greatest influence on space heating energy use, followed closely by air permeability, and U-­value of windows.

natural ventilation could meet standard requirements (ie. no heat recovery ventilation system) if the ventilation rate <0.3 air changes per hour (no relaxataion of PassivHaus air permeability target and fabric U-­values), however, a different means of heat provision

window glazing with U-­value <1.0 W/m2/k balanced heat loss/solar gain, but U-­value of 1.3 W/m2/K will meet Passivhaus space heating target

Tilford, A. (2010). Investigation into the performance of the passivhaus standard in a maritime climate. MArchSc thesis.

Page 19: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

studies to support amendment requirements 1997, 2002, 2005, 2007 TGD Part L Conservation of Fuel and Energy + development of DEAP (DEAP/PHPP)

developed a profile of representative new build construction nine dwelling types

main findings:

current Part L TGD 2008 achieves a BER B1(40% reduction requirements 2005)

passivhaus in Ireland BER A3 Saving of 4,340 kWh/year and 1,544 kgCO2/year per house

draft Part L TGD 2010 (consultation) achieves a BER A3(60% reduction requirements 2005)

Page 20: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

Irish regulatory time-­line

Revision 1997

2005

2008

2006-­9

2010

Future

TGD Part L

1991

Revision 2002

Revision

Revision

EPBD 1

PassivHaus comparable

TGD Part L (Part F)

Life cycle Zero

Energy Buildings

2010

EPBD Recast

2013

Carbon Neutral Framework

201?

Zero Energy Framework

Future

Life cycle Net

Contributor Buildings

each represents a MINIMUM acceptable standard

Page 21: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

advantages to employing passivhaus standard ?

specific benefits

industry have learnt from its application and issue of future proofing has been aired

Future

stricter building standards new build and existing

more innovative solutions

operational energy

life cycle environmental and cost analysis

indoor environmental quality

broad environmental issues

Page 22: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

life cycle energy

-­perspective, a life-­cycle one raises questions about the appropriateness of some energy saving design strategies and technologies

optimised use of materials that contribute to reductions in energy consumption (e.g. insulation)

energy delivery systems, efficient or otherwise, represent a substantial investment/embodiment of resources and unwanted emissions

climatically and culturally appropriate standards, design strategies and technologies are more likely to be accepted and succeed

Page 23: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

comparison of the life cycle environmental impacts of dwellings complying with the current 2008 TGD Part Land the Passivhaus standard

adaptation of the Passivhaus standard for the Irish climateanalysis of ventilation strategies and technologies providing good indoor air qualityapplication of passive house techniques for the retrofit of existing buildings

main findings:decreasing energy demand from 2008 TGD to passivhaus level is a worthwhile environmental investment from life cycle particularly building fabric and mhrvreduce net heating energy demand by 60-­70% but only 20% when life cycle energy taken into accountinsulation levels have reached optimum benefit in passivhaus

Szalay, Zs.: Modelling building stock geometry for energy, emission and mass calculations. Building Research & Information, 2008, Vol. 36, Issue 6, pp. 557-­567.Zöld, A.;; Szalay, Zs.: Does the building system predefine the cumulated life cycle energy demand? Proceedings, SB08 World Sustainable Building Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 2008.Szalay, Zs.: Ecological optimisation of thermal insulation. Proceedings, PLEA 2008 -­ 25th International Passiv and Low Energy Architecture Conference, Dublin, Ireland, 2008

Page 24: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

Life Cycle Energy performance evaluation

the research proposes a methodology to evaluate life cycle energy performance of buildings, including the embodied energy of building components, that can be easily integrated with existing the building energy assessment and rating methods

main outcomes:

-­ZEBs)

it uses a simplified approach to energy evaluation methods and the calculation of embodied energy for different materials and systems

the developed methodology is applied to a proposed Life Cycle Building Energy Rating method (LC-­BER)

more appropriate indicator to support building design optimisation from a life cycle perspective

Page 25: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

Proposed Life-­Cycle BER (LC-­BER) Methodology

Page 26: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

options considered in analysis

Case Study

Page 27: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

AEU and AEE for the studied options, with its sum as a resulting indicator and LC-­BER label.

Hernandez, P., Kenny, P. (2010) 'From net energy to zero energy buildings: Defining life cycle zero energy buildings (LC-ZEB)'. Energy and Buildings, 42 (6):815-821.

-cycle energy evaluation: a

-Low Energy Architecture 2008, Dublin, Ireland.

Page 28: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

critical research must be undertaken to support decision making on future targets and building standards

reduction of carbon emissions from dwellings may be the single most influencing factor on the developing evolution of the dwelling model

have a significant impact, not only on design and construction, but also on societal and cultural behavioral practices

may determine framework for procurement design, construction, energy supply and technology development to bring about the successful delivery of the carbon neutral dwelling

ensure that quantitative objectives do not overshadow qualitative design objectives

impact of the future dwelling model

Page 29: carbon’neutralchallenge’ passivehouse Passivhaus ... · PDF filecarbon’neutralchallenge’ passivhaus’standard research’andstudy meetingthechallenge passivehouse ±Passivhaus’±futurehouse

carbon neutral challenge

passivhaus standard

research and study

meeting the challenge

Dominic Stevens, 2007, Mimetic House

in achieving future performance targets

must achieve architecture that embraces the latest in science and technology, comfort and health and yet delivers iconic architectural style