SUBMITTED TO DR. RAVI PRAKASH PROFESROR H.O.I. ASET SUBMITTED
BY SANTOSH SHARMA SHUBHAM MAHESHWARI ANKUR DIXIT
COMPOSITE MATERIALS Composite = Something made up of distinct
parts(or constituents). A materials system composed of suitably
arranged mixture or combination of two or more micro- or macro
constituents with an interface separating them that differ in form
and chemical composition and are essentially insoluble in each
other.
What is Carbon Fiber ? Composed of carbon atoms bonded together
to form a long chain. A super strong material that's also extremely
lightweight. Five times stronger than steel , Two times stiffer ,
and about Two-Third times less in weight.
Carbon Fiber Thin strands of carbon- even thinner than human
hair. Strands can be twisted together, like yarn- can be woven
together, like cloth extremely lightweight.
How is Carbon Fiber Made? Production from two sources -:
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Pitch The raw material used to make carbon
fiber is called the precursor.
Precursors PAN PITCH PAN Filament PITCH Filament
In General Carbon fiber are produced in three processing
stages: 1. Stabilization 2. Carbonization 3. Graphitization
PAN In the stabilization stage, the PAN fibers are first
stretched to align the febrile networks within each fiber axis, and
they are oxidized in air at about 200 to 220C while held in
tension. In carbonization the stabilized PAN-based fibers are
pyrolyzed (heated) until they become transformed into carbon fibers
by the elimination of O,H & N from the precursor fiber.
The carbonization heat treatment is usually carried out in
inert atmosphere in the 1000 to 1500C range. During the
carbonization process, turbostratic graphite like fibrils or
ribbons are formed within each fiber that greatly increase the
tensile strength of the material. In the third stage , or
graphitization treatment is used if an increase in the modulus of
the elasticity is desired at the expense of high tensile strength.
During Graphitization, which is carried out above about 1800C , the
preferred orientation of the graphite like crystallites within each
fiber is increased.
Pitch Carbon fiber are produced from Pitch precursor as well.
Production of carbon fiber is initiate by process known as
polymerization , when pitch is heated at 300C, several carbon
aromatic rings chain combines with Each other & generate stable
sheet type 2-D structure which is known as misophase of pitch. This
mesophase of pitch is now wrapped around spinner while passing
through die the misophase will aligned in the filament
direction.
Filaments are cooled to freeze the molecular orientation again
to stabilize the chain of the polymerized structure, it is heated
in a range of 200C-400C. In an oxygen containing environment to
stabilize the structure as well as to make them infeasible
structure . In the next step the filaments are carbonized at the
temp of 1000C in the presence of inert gas. Carbonization remove
all the O,H & N atoms from the molecule of the pitch. Hence
contained arranged atom only.
After carbonization if it is required to incraese mechanical
property of this carbon fiber it can be again heat treated by
process known as Graphitization. In Graphatization , it is heating
carbonized carbomn fiber in the range of 200C or above in the
vaccume. After graphitizaion the mechanical strenth capability is
at maximum level which is a PAN carbon fiber can sustain.
Properties Carbon fiber has very high tensile strength. It has
low thermal expansion. It is a light weight material having low
density. It is a good conductor of electricity. It can wear a high
resistance.
ADVANTAGES It has long working life. Its density is less than
density of steel. It is insensitive to change in temperature. Its
properties is much better than any of the other metals. Its
compressive strength is greater than all the reinforcing
material.
DISADVANTAGE It is very costly. It is little bit harmful for
the human body as it cause some form of cancer of the lungs.
APPLICATIONS It is mostly used in the aerospace and aircraft
industries.
It is used in making sports equipment such as light weight
badminton rackets, golf stick etc.
Automotive body is also made up of the carbon fiber.
It is also used in civil engineering
Constructing up of wind mill blades.
It is used for building and construction material. Rechargeable
battries and fuel cell electrodes. Portable powers.
Carbon Fiber Markets
Carbon Fiber Markets
India gets first carbon fiber plant May 9th 2010, Former
President Dr A P J Abdul Kalam on Sunday inaugurated the country's
first carbon fibre manufacturing facility. The Rs 250crore set up
will produce lightweight material for use in defence, aerospace and
infrastructure under technology transfer from the Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research's (CSIR) National Aerospace
Laboratory (NAL), which had developed the ultralight material for
the Light Combat Aircraft.
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Transcript
SUBMITTED TO DR. RAVI PRAKASH PROFESROR H.O.I. ASET SUBMITTED
BY SANTOSH SHARMA SHUBHAM MAHESHWARI ANKUR DIXIT
COMPOSITE MATERIALS Composite = Something made up of distinct
parts(or constituents). A materials system composed of suitably
arranged mixture or combination of two or more micro- or macro
constituents with an interface separating them that differ in form
and chemical composition and are essentially insoluble in each
other.
What is Carbon Fiber ? Composed of carbon atoms bonded together
to form a long chain. A super strong material that's also extremely
lightweight. Five times stronger than steel , Two times stiffer ,
and about Two-Third times less in weight.
Carbon Fiber Thin strands of carbon- even thinner than human
hair. Strands can be twisted together, like yarn- can be woven
together, like cloth extremely lightweight.
How is Carbon Fiber Made? Production from two sources -:
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Pitch The raw material used to make carbon
fiber is called the precursor.
Precursors PAN PITCH PAN Filament PITCH Filament
In General Carbon fiber are produced in three processing
stages: 1. Stabilization 2. Carbonization 3. Graphitization
PAN In the stabilization stage, the PAN fibers are first
stretched to align the febrile networks within each fiber axis, and
they are oxidized in air at about 200 to 220C while held in
tension. In carbonization the stabilized PAN-based fibers are
pyrolyzed (heated) until they become transformed into carbon fibers
by the elimination of O,H & N from the precursor fiber.
The carbonization heat treatment is usually carried out in
inert atmosphere in the 1000 to 1500C range. During the
carbonization process, turbostratic graphite like fibrils or
ribbons are formed within each fiber that greatly increase the
tensile strength of the material. In the third stage , or
graphitization treatment is used if an increase in the modulus of
the elasticity is desired at the expense of high tensile strength.
During Graphitization, which is carried out above about 1800C , the
preferred orientation of the graphite like crystallites within each
fiber is increased.
Pitch Carbon fiber are produced from Pitch precursor as well.
Production of carbon fiber is initiate by process known as
polymerization , when pitch is heated at 300C, several carbon
aromatic rings chain combines with Each other & generate stable
sheet type 2-D structure which is known as misophase of pitch. This
mesophase of pitch is now wrapped around spinner while passing
through die the misophase will aligned in the filament
direction.
Filaments are cooled to freeze the molecular orientation again
to stabilize the chain of the polymerized structure, it is heated
in a range of 200C-400C. In an oxygen containing environment to
stabilize the structure as well as to make them infeasible
structure . In the next step the filaments are carbonized at the
temp of 1000C in the presence of inert gas. Carbonization remove
all the O,H & N atoms from the molecule of the pitch. Hence
contained arranged atom only.
After carbonization if it is required to incraese mechanical
property of this carbon fiber it can be again heat treated by
process known as Graphitization. In Graphatization , it is heating
carbonized carbomn fiber in the range of 200C or above in the
vaccume. After graphitizaion the mechanical strenth capability is
at maximum level which is a PAN carbon fiber can sustain.
Properties Carbon fiber has very high tensile strength. It has
low thermal expansion. It is a light weight material having low
density. It is a good conductor of electricity. It can wear a high
resistance.
ADVANTAGES It has long working life. Its density is less than
density of steel. It is insensitive to change in temperature. Its
properties is much better than any of the other metals. Its
compressive strength is greater than all the reinforcing
material.
DISADVANTAGE It is very costly. It is little bit harmful for
the human body as it cause some form of cancer of the lungs.
APPLICATIONS It is mostly used in the aerospace and aircraft
industries.
It is used in making sports equipment such as light weight
badminton rackets, golf stick etc.
Automotive body is also made up of the carbon fiber.
It is also used in civil engineering
Constructing up of wind mill blades.
It is used for building and construction material. Rechargeable
battries and fuel cell electrodes. Portable powers.
Carbon Fiber Markets
Carbon Fiber Markets
India gets first carbon fiber plant May 9th 2010, Former
President Dr A P J Abdul Kalam on Sunday inaugurated the country's
first carbon fibre manufacturing facility. The Rs 250crore set up
will produce lightweight material for use in defence, aerospace and
infrastructure under technology transfer from the Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research's (CSIR) National Aerospace
Laboratory (NAL), which had developed the ultralight material for
the Light Combat Aircraft.