Car lambo

CAR

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Murtuza IndorewalaAyushi JainApeksha MehtaRohan BhatkarYash RawaniMohammed DriverMayur SanchetiNandan Shah

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CONTENT

Automotive EngineAutomotive TransmissionBreaking SystemSpeedoMeterFuel MeterAir BagsAir ConditioningSound SystemAutomotive Sensors

ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES MADE EASY!HERE IS HOW IT WORKS-The most common internal combustion engines of today can be defined as either four-stroke or two-stroke cycle. Two-stroke or four-stroke refers to the number of strokes the piston makes in the cylinder to complete one power cycle. A stroke is the movement of the piston in one direction, moving the piston from the top to the bottom of the cylinder is one stroke. A running internal combustion engine continually repeats a power cycle called: intake, compression, power and exhaust. Your automobile or stern drive engine is most likely a four stroke design. The majority of existing outboard motors use two stroke technology. However the current movement in emissions regulations is pushing the design of current outboards towards the 4 stroke and direct injection two stroke design. Efforts to build a 4 stroke outboard in the past have been many and varied, mostly unsuccessful as the design technology and precision production that can be achieved today were impossible to achieve then. Resulting motors were bulky and unreliable. Those motors that were viable were for the most part rejected by the boating public.

FOUR STROKE DEFINED-The first description reviews the operation of the 4 stroke power cycle. Each 4 stroke image depicts a piston in a cylinder, a spark plug and 2 valves; one intake, one exhaust. The valves are held closed by means of a spring and opened by a rotating eccentric called a camshaft. The camshaft is driven from the crankshaft by means of gears or a drive belt and timed to the up and down movement of the piston. To complete all 4 strokes the crankshaft makes 2 revolutions.

FOUR STORKE ENGINE

As the piston is pulled down during the intake stroke, The camshaft opens the intake valve and a fresh charge of fuel/air mix is drawn into the cylinder. The intake valve closes when the piston reaches the bottom of its downward stroke.

The piston now begins to move upward and starts to compress the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder. Both valves are closed. This continuing upward motion compresses the mixture to about 100-120 PSI, around 7 or 8 times atmospheric pressure (the compression "ratio"). As the piston reaches the top of the cylinder the spark plug fires and ignites the compressed mixture.

Intake Stroke

Compression Stroke

The fuel air mixture now BURNS very rapidly, increases in pressure generated by combustion force the piston downward in the cylinder. Both valves are still closed. This is the only stroke that creates power in the 4 stroke cycle.

Upon completion of the power stroke the piston starts to move upward again and now the exhaust valve starts to open. The continuing upward movement forces the hot burned gases out past the exhaust valve. When the piston reaches the top of the cylinder the exhaust valve closes. The piston starts to go back down and the cycle repeats itself.

Power Stroke

Exhaust Stroke

The advantage to the 4 stroke is that the combustion process is very efficient at varying RPM ranges with almost no unburned fuel escaping into the atmosphere. 4 stroke engines also develop significant torque at low Rpm's. The big drawback is there is only one power stroke for every 2 revolutions of the crankshaft so the engine lacks the burst of power experienced with the 2 stroke engine. Four strokes are more complex as well as generally much heavier as a result of additional parts, e.g. camshaft, valve train, balance shafts, etc. required to complete the power cycle. This additional complexity does not reduce the engine's reliability. Four strokes have a proven track record in reliability and dependability.

Four-stroke engine

The engine is an air-cooled one-cylinder 4-stroke Diesel engine. Front and side views of the engine are shown in Fig. 4a and b, respectively. The engine is mounted on a base plate (1) which is installed in the seat of the internal combustion engine basic module. The speed of the engine is set with a controller (11). To measure the exhaust temperature, the engine is equipped with a temperature sensor (6), which is installed in the area of the exhaust muffler (7). The connection (8) for the exhaust hose is also located at the exhaust muffler.

(a) (b)

1 Base Unit2 Crank case3 Vibration attenuator4 Output shaft5 Flywheel cover6 Temperature sensor7 Exhaust muffler

8 Exhaust connection9 Air filter housing10 Air hose connection11 Speed controller12 Pulley13 Speed controller14 Stop magnet

15 Temperature sensor plug16 Power supply stop magnet 17 Fuel line 18 Return line 19 Recoil starter 20 Oil filling connection

21 Oil discharge screw

Transmission

The modern automatic transmission is by far, the most complicated mechanical component in

today’s automobile. Automatic transmissions contain Mechanical systems, Hydraulic systems,

Electrical systems and Computer controls, all working together in perfect harmony which goes

Virtually unnoticed until there is a problem.

What is Transmission ?The transmission is a device that is connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels Purpose of the transmission is to provide high torque at the time of starting the engine, hill climbing , accelerating and pulling a road.

TYPES OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION1. Rear wheel drive 2. Front wheel drive

TRANSMISSION COMPONENTSPlanetary Gear SetsHydraulic System

Clutches Band

Torque Converter

Rear Wheel Drive

• The transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine.• Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the

engine, through the torque converter, then through the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear wheels.

• Example of rear wheel – Alpha Romeo Alfeta in early 70’s

Front Wheel Drive

•On a front wheel drive car, the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle. Transaxle is a device set up in the transmission gear box, clutch, final drive, combined into a single unit.• Front-wheel-drive layouts are those in which the front wheels of the vehicle are driven. The most popular layout used in cars today is the front-engine, front-wheel drive, with the engine in front of the front axle, driving the front wheels. This layout is typically chosen for its compact packaging.•Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to the front wheels. 

PLANETARY GEAR SETS

•A gear set in which all of the gears are in one plane, grouped around each other like the planets around the sun.•The central gear is called the "sun gear". In mesh with it is a circular grouping of gears, called "planet gears", mounted on a rotating carrier.•The planet gears also engage teeth on the inner periphery of the "ring gear".•By holding any one of the three gear elements motionless, different ratios can be produced between the other two. Planetary gear sets are common in automatic transmissions.

Clutch Packs

A clutch is a mechanical device which provides for the transmission of power (and therefore usually motion) from one component (the driving member) to another (the driven member). the simplest application clutches are employed in devices which have two rotating shafts.

Bands

A band is a steel strap with friction material bonded to the inside surface.One end of the band is anchored against the transmission case while the other end is connected to a servo.A flexible metal ring fits around the outside of the clutch housing. It tightens to engage the gears, and loosens to release them.

Torque Converter

A torque converter is a fluid coupling that is used to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, such as an internal combustion engine or electric motor, to a rotating driven load.

Breaking System

Modern cars have brakes on all four wheels, operated by a hydraulic system. The brakes may be disc type or drum type.

The front brakes play a greater part in stopping the car than the rear ones, because braking throws the car weight forward on to the front wheels. Many cars therefore have disc brakes, which are generally more efficient at the front and drum brakes at the rear.

Types Of Breaking System-

Disc Breaks Drum Breaks Hand Breaks

• A disc brake has a disc that turns with the wheel. The disc is straddled by a calliper

in which there are small hydraulic pistons worked by pressure from the master

cylinder.

• The pistons press on friction pads that clamp against the disc from each side to slow

or stop it. The pads are shaped to cover a broad sector of the disc.

• There may be more than a single pair of pistons, especially in dual-circuit brakes.

• The pistons move only a tiny distance to apply the brakes, and the pads barely clear

the disc when the brakes are released. They have no return springs.

Disc Breaks

Apart from the hydraulic braking system, all cars have a mechanical handbrake acting on two wheels - usually the rear ones.

The handbrake gives limited braking if the hydraulic system fails completely, but its main purpose is as a parking brake.

The handbrake lever pulls a cable or pair of cables linked to the brakes by a set of smaller levers, pulleys and guides whose details vary greatly from car to car.

Hand Breaks

A drum brake has a hollow drum that turns with the wheel. Its open back is covered by a stationary back plate on which there are two curved shoes carrying friction linings.

The shoes are forced outwards by hydraulic pressure moving pistons in the brake's wheel cylinders, so pressing the linings against the inside of the drum to slow or stop it.

Each brake shoe has a pivot at one end and a piston at the other. A leading shoe has the piston at the leading edge relative to the direction in which the drum turns.

Drum Breaks

SpeedoMeter

There are 2 types of Speedometer:

1. Eddy Current2. Electronic Speedometers

1.When the engine turns over, the driveshaft turns to make the wheels spin round.2.The speedometer cable, powered by the driveshaft, turns as well.3.The cable spins a magnet around at the same speed inside the speed cup. The magnet rotates continually in the same direction (in this case, counter-clockwise).4.The spinning magnet creates eddy currents in the speed cup.5.The eddy currents make the speed cup rotate counter-clockwise as well in an attempt to catch up with the magnet. Remember that the magnet and the speed cup are not joined together in any way—there's air in between them.6.The hair spring tightens, restraining the speed cup so it can turn only a little way.7.As the speed cup turns, it turns the pointer up the dial, indicating the car's speed.

Eddy Current Speedometer

Electronic speedometers work in a completely different way. Small magnets attached to the car's rotating drive shaft sweep past tiny magnetic sensors (either reed switches or Hall-effect sensors) positioned nearby. Each time the magnets pass the sensors, they generate a brief pulse of electric current. An electronic circuit counts how quickly the pulses arrive and converts this into a speed, displayed electronically on an LCD display. Since the circuit is measuring the number of wheel rotations, it can also keep a count of how far you've traveled, doubling-up as an odometer (distance-measuring meter).

Electronic Speedometer

Air-Conditioning systems

Understanding the system-

Your A/C system is nothing more than a heat exchanger.

There are only 5 major parts to the system.• The Compressor• The Condenser• The Receiver/Dryer or Accumulator• The Thermal Expansion Valve or Orifice

Tube• The Evaporator

• Commonly referred to as the heart of the system, the Compressor is typically a belt driven pump that is fastened to the engine or motor. It is responsible for compressing and transferring refrigerant gas.

• The A/C system is split into two sides, a High pressure side and a Low pressure side; defined as Discharge and Suction. Since the Compressor is basically a pump, it must have an intake side and a discharge side.

The Compressor

The Condenser

• This is the area in which heat dissipation occurs. The Condenser, in many cases, will have much the same appearance as the radiator in you car as the two have very similar functions. The Condenser is designed to radiate heat. Its location is usually in front of the radiator.

• As hot compressed gasses are introduced into the top of the Condenser, they’re cooled off. As the gas cools, it condenses and exits the bottom as a high pressure liquid.

• The Receiver/Dryer is used on the high side of systems that use a thermal expansion valve. This type of metering valve requires liquid refrigerant. To ensure that the valve gets liquid refrigerant, a receiver is used. The primary function of the Receiver/Dryer is to separate gas and liquid. The secondary purpose is to remove moisture and filter out debris.

• Newer Receiver/Dryers use desiccant type XH-7 and are compatible with both R-12 and R-134a refrigerants. Older Receiver/Dryers are not compatible with R-134a refrigerants.

The Receiver/Dryer

The Thermal Expansion Valve

• Thermal Expansion Valve, or TXV. Commonly used on import and aftermarket systems, this type of valve can sense both temperature and pressure. A TXV is very efficient at regulating refrigerant flow to the evaporator.

• These types of valves, although efficient, have some disadvantages over Orifice Tube systems. Like Orifice Tubes these valves can become clogged with debris, but also have small moving parts that may stick and malfunction due to corrosion.

Located inside the vehicle, the Evaporator serves as the heat absorption component. The Evaporator provides several functions. Its primary duty is to remove heat from the inside of your vehicle. A secondary benefit is dehumidification. On humid days you may have seen this as water dripping from the bottom of your vehicle.

The ideal temperature of the evaporator is 32° Fahrenheit or 0° Celsius. Refrigerant enters the bottom of the Evaporator as a low pressure liquid. The warm air passing through the Evaporator fins causes the refrigerant to boil (refrigerants have very low boiling points). As the refrigerant begins to boil, it can absorb large amounts of heat.

The Evaporator

Fuel Meter

Introduction-• Level sensors are not only used in Industrial and Chemical Applications• Common household items use them as well• These sensors range from simple mechanical devices to electronic or

radiating tools

Level Sensors on Cars-• Cars contain two of the main kinds of level sensors

– Float sensor– Visual sensor

• The float sensor is found in the gas tank, whereas there are a few visual sensors under the hood of the car

• Initially, the float is at top of tank• The attached wiper is closer to

negative side of terminal• As fuel leaves tank, float lowers• Wiper moves further down resistor• Finally, after float hits bottom of tank, wiper

is pulled to far right.

Gas Tank Float Sensor

• Advantages:– Relatively simple mechanical design– Good for estimating level of fuel

• Disadvantages:– Inaccurate when:

• Tank is completely full• Tank is near empty

– Doesn’t measure precise tank volume

Dipsticks• Dipstick is inserted into engine• Then removed with oil residue on tip• Tip is marked with “full” and “add oil” markings• Checking transmission fluid is similar• Similarly to the fuel tank float meter:

– Good for estimating fluid level– Not a precise measurement of volume

• Small tanks under the hood containing windshield washer fluid and coolant have markings on the sides

• Only good for level estimation• Can’t measure precise fluid volume

Container Markings

Information-for weddings and facility rentals weddings held at oak canyon nature center are invited to use the nature center’s sound system. The two-speaker, freedom fr-3neo sound system will be set up and taken down by OCNC staff on the day of your event. Because this sound system is portable and battery-powered, it can be placed to fit your design needs.The sound system includes: 1. (2) wireless microphones 2. (2) speaker stands 3. (2) microphone stands 4. (1) iPod, MP3, and laptop connection with cord 5. (1) CD player

the system also includes additional jacks: RCA audio (input and output) 1. (1) XLR input 2. (1) 3 conductor ¼ in. Input 3. (1) 3 conductor ¼ in. Output 4. (1) speaker connector used for OCNC staff to connect the second speaker

Sound System of CAR

Boss BV9990 7-Inch In-Dash Motorized Widescreen

Air Bags

Head Lights•Electrical•The Bulbs• Settings• Types of Lights

Automotive Sensors

• The headlights on the front of an automobile are powered using the internal 12-volt electrical system that also powers the other electrical accessories, such as the radio, the windshield wipers and the brake lights.

• The headlights are on a closed-circuit loop, meaning that when the switch is off, the circuit is open, and therefore no power reaches the headlights. Once the headlight switch is activated (toggled, pushed, pulled, twisted--different vehicles have different types of switches), it closes the circuit, allowing current to flow to the headlights, which turns them on.

Electrical

• Some types of headlights work differently than others, but they are all actuated when the filament inside the casing receives electrical power from the wiring attached to the assembly. Some headlights use inert gasses, which glow brightly when electricity is applied to them, and some use a wire-type filament that gets hot and glows brightly enough for headlight use.

• For example, high-intensity discharge (HID) lights use a Xenon gas that glows brightly when current is applied. Halogen uses a mixture of gas combined with a hot wire element, and incandescent bulbs use only the hot wire element to illuminate the road.

The Bulbs

• Some vehicles have two sets of headlights. One set will be for low-beam, regular driving, and another set is for high-beam driving in dark situations, such as on mountain roads. More common on new vehicles is a single, sealed-beam unit that combines both high and low applications. Low-beam settings will illuminate the road but nothing above the hood of the car. Manufacturers did this on purpose so that drivers travelling the other direction will not be blinded.

• High beams, on the other hand, illuminate things above the hood line of the car and therefore should not be used if oncoming traffic could be affected. Low-beam settings are also better for fog, because if the high beams are used, the light simply bounces off of the fog and into the driver's eyes, resulting in an unsafe situation.

Settings

• Side Lights • Dipped Headlights• Main Beam Headlights• Fog Lights• Parking Lights• Brake Lights• Indicators

Types Of Lights

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