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GEOGRAPHY CIE IGCSE CAS E ST UDIES
40

Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

May 26, 2015

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Page 1: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

GEOGRAPHY

CIE IG

CSE

CA

SE

ST

UD

I ES

Page 2: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

‘SELEC

TED E

XAMPLES

’ TO

ILLUSTR

ATE

POPU

LATI

ON GROW

TH

AS

I NF

L UE

NC

ED

BY

BI R

TH

RA

TE

S, D

EA

TH

RA

TE

S A

ND

MI G

RA

TI O

N

NIGER –

RUSSIA –

CHINA –

SINGAPO

RE – EU

ROPEAN U

NION

Page 3: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

NIGER – RAPID POPULATION GROWTH

LEDC – One of the poorest countries in the world

Population Growth Rate of 2.9% (very high)

Almost half of the population is under 15 years old

Fertility Rate of 7.1 children per mother

Population Growth is due to falling death rates

-Reliable, clean water supply

-Babies are inoculated against disease

-Better diets are eaten

-More clinics + hospitals

-Better health education

-Women are becoming more educated

Page 4: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

RUSSIA – FALLING BIRTH RATES + HIV

Population decline from 143m (2007) to a predicted 111m (2050)

Due to:

-High death rate (Low life expectancy – Male = 59y/o)

-High level of alcohol related deaths

-More than 1,000,000 Russians with AIDS

-Low birth rate (1.1 children per woman)

-Russian women are well educated and so do not want to have large numbers of children

-Low level of immigration

-High level of emigration to other European countries, in search of a better lifestyle

Page 5: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

CHINA – BIRTH CONTROL POLICIES

L A T E R , L O N G E R , F E W E R ( 1 9 7 0 - 7 9 )

China realised that there would not be enough food, jobs etc. and so introduced this policy

Encouraged:

- delay before 1st child

- longer interval between children

- fewer children overall

O N E C H I L D P O L I C Y ( 1 9 7 8 - P R E S E N T D A Y )

The rapid population growth seemed to be stalling China’s development and so they introduced this policy

One child per family

Population growth has slowed down – China has avoided having an extra 300,000,000 births

However:

- there are many female orphans

- much pressure is place on the child to succeed

- too many boys/not enough girls

Page 6: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

SINGAPORE – PRENATAL POLICIES

In the 1980s, the Singaporean government decided that it needed a young, vibrant work force to develop its economy

- encouraged rapid population growth through natural growth and immigration

- even though Singapore already has a high population density

- encouraged more educated women to have more children

Introduced ‘Stop at Two’ in 1970 to slow down birth rates (successful)

- gave grants of US$7000 to less well educated women who agreed to be sterilized after 2 children

Introduced ‘Have Three or More, if you can afford it’ in the mid 1980s to raise the birth rate

- tax rebates for the 3rd child

- subsidies for day-care

- priority in enrolling in the best schools

Page 7: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

EU - MIGRATION

Almost 500m people are able to travel freely between the EU countries

- no need for a visa or even show a passport

Lots of movement between the EU countries

Advantages

- mixing of culture

- job vacancies are filled quickly

- EU funds can improve infrastructure

Disadvantages

- loss of distinctive culture

- racism

- conflict

- over migration in some places

Polish Workers in the UK-Perform many unskilled jobs-Boomerang Migrants

- work hard in UK- then return to Poland to set up a

business

EXAMPLE

Page 8: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

‘SEL

ECTE

D EXAMPL

ES’ T

O

ILLUSTR

ATE

SOLUTI

ONS TO U

RBAN

PROBLE

MS

I N M

ED

CS

AN

D L

ED

CS

Readi

ng –

Atlanta

- Cai

ro

Page 9: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

READING – CBD AND INNER CITY PLANNINGConstruction of The Oracle Shopping Centre (late 1999) revitalised

Reading’s shopping facilities, providing more and larger modern shops, attracting more shoppers (wide sphere of influence), to support Reading’s economy

Encouraged by the local authority by making the planning easy for the developers

Pedestrianised Broad St., the road just outside the Oracle to make it more attractive to shoppers and to raise the footfall in these areas, benefitting local shops

-Added street furniture (benches and public art) to make the area more aesthetically pleasing to the shoppers

-Because of these developments it turns into a secondary high order shopping area, but still manages to keep a traditional high street, which compliments the Oracle

Page 10: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

ATLANTA – URBAN SPRAWL

Fastest growing metropolitan city in USA

Population increase from 1.4m to over 5m in 36 years – results in urban sprawl (expanding into rural areas – RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

Problems Created

- air + noise pollution is the 4th worst in the US – 90% of residents drive to work – respiratory illnesses are common (bronchitis, asthma etc.)

- suburbs along Chattahoochee river increase run-off and contaminate drinking water – septic tanks are necessary

- farmland has been bought up and replaced with shopping malls etc. – farmers’ livelihoods taken

- 125 hectares of trees are lost per day by deforestation in the city

- concrete and asphalt mean that surface water cannot drain away – FLASH FLOODS + CONTAMINATION

- Hotlanta: concrete and removal of trees leads to a heating effect – 10ºC higher than in the countryside

Page 11: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

CAIRO – POLLUTION, SHANTY TOWNS + CONGESTIONP R O B L E M S

- lack of housing

- 80% of Cairo covered by illegally built brick houses on farmlands by the Nile

- 2-3m people set up homes amongst the tombs of Old Cairo

- congestion

- in the last 30 years, no. of cars rose from 100,000 to >1m

- slow journeys to work

- pollution

- burning of fuel leading to heavily polluted air

- leaking sewers

- illegally dumped waste contaminating ground water

S O L U T I O N S

- satellite + dormitory towns built around the city

- ring road built around the city

- people with donkey carts licensed to collect + recycle rubbish

- the Greater Cairo Waste Water Project extended and repaired the sewage system

- modern metro system was built

- homes + public services were upgraded in the most run down parts of the city

1950-2000: Population rose from 2m to 18m - Infrastructure not able to cope

Page 12: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

‘CONTE

MPORARY

EXAMPLES’ T

O

ILLUSTR

ATE

INTE

RRELATI

ONSHIPS

BE

TW

EE

N T

HE

NA

TU

RA

L E

NV

I RO

NM

EN

T A

ND

HU

MA

N

AC

TI V

I TI E

S

CHILE –

HAITI –

MADAGASC

AR – TH

E SAHARA+SAHEL

– MALI

– MYA

NMAR – AUST

RALIA -

MOZAMBIQUE

Page 13: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

CHAITEN, CHILE - VOLCANO

2 May 2008 Chaiten Volcano erupted – previously thought to be dormantCaldera volcanoFormed at a convergent boundary

- sits on edge of South American and Nazca plates (beneath because sea plate)- subducting plate melts and pressure builds up due to friction between plates- magma tricked through plate boundary and built up huge chamber under crater

4000 people fled homes- evacuation was difficult because of terrain- evacuated by Naval ship

Ash went 20km up and settled over Chile and ArgentinaTown coated in ash 15cm thickForests set on fireSchools used as shelters

Page 14: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

HAITI - EARTHQUAKEHaiti lies on the Enriquillo-Plaintain Garden Fault which is a product of the transform

plate boundary between the North American plate and the Caribbean plate.

- these plates, after much friction, moved violently apart, creating the earthquake

Death toll was so high due as the earthquake took place during the evening rush hour

- lots of children coming back from school (unsupervised)

- workers coming home from work

- crossing unstable bridges and going past unstable buildings

- unstable because there was not enough money in the country to build stable buildings as the country is nearly always in major debt due to the common nature of hazards in the country

Epicentre right underneath the capital city, Port-au-Prince – most densely populated part of Haiti – many tall buildings affected by the earthquake

7 on the Richter Scale

It was not the major earthquake that caused the damage, but the smaller scale aftershocks which collapsed all of the ready weakened buildings

Page 15: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

MADAGASCAR - RAINFORESTS

9th poorest country in the world78% of workers work in the primary sectorDeforestation people have used land for agriculture

- lots of species under threat because of deforestation (eg. flying fox) – LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

People are cutting down rainforests because countries exports rely on agriculture (70%) so need to grow fast crops like rice in more areas

Woods such as ebony and rosewood can be sold worldwide at a high priceTrees are burned to create farm land

- ash supplies nutrients for a while- crops grow well for number of years- heavy rainfall washes away nutrients – SOIL EROSION- crops no longer grow because all nutrients used up- FARMERS MOVE ON – SHIFTING CULTIVATION

Animals lose food and habitat

Page 16: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

SAHARA AND THE SAHEL - DESERTS

The Sahel: the transitional zone between the true desert to the north and the savanna grasslands to the south – currently moving further south

- average rainfall of 300-600mm per year

Desertification: the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, or inappropriate agriculture

- overcultivation

- overgrazing

- deforestation

- overpopulation

- climate change

Topsoil erosion by wind due to lack of rain + lack of vegetation protecting it

Page 17: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

MALI - DESERTIFICATION

Largest country in West Africa but one of the poorest in the world

80% of Mali’s population work in agriculture

65% of Mali’s land is desert or semi-desert

- large amount of drought and food shortages in these areas

Overcultivation in the areas south of the SAHEL (due to a population growth rate of 3%) leads to LAND DEGRADATION

- results in topsoil erosion by wind due to a lack of vegetation + moisture to protect it

- extends the SAHEL south

Page 18: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

3rd May 2008 – Cyclone Nargis hit Myanmar

Wind Speeds between 200-300km/h

Flooding & mudslides due to heavy rainfall.

3.6 meter storm surge flooded Irrawaddy Delta

2.4 million people affected

140,000 people killed or missing

Infrastructure damage

Agricultural damage

LONG TERM DAMAGE

- homelessness

- lack of food and clean water supply

- rise in food prices

TROPICAL STORM – HOW IS IT FORMED

Warm air from North meets warm air from South in tropics

Sea temp. 27ºC and sea 60m deep, winds begin to circle anticlockwise due to the Earth’s rotation

Intense low pressure creates the eye of the storm as the spiralling air rises to create low pressure along the equator. Tropical storms develop as depressions and wind speeds increase.

Easterly winds at high levels move them east to west at first, as they move further from the equator it loses power as the sea temperature decreases.

Die out over land as there is less heat and no water to keep them going.

MYANMAR – CYCLONE NARGIS

Page 19: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

AUSTRALIA - DROUGHT

The Murray-Darling rivers provide over 70% of irrigation to the farming areas which produce 40% of Australia’s food (New South Wales and Victoria)

Since 2002, rainfall has been well below average and rivers + reservoirs are too low to provide enough water for crops and livestock to survive

- Average rainfall in outback can be 336 mm per year - very low

In Goulburn, farmers cannot keep livestock in the hills as the Pejar reservoir has run dry

- abattoirs and wool plants cut consumption by 30%

- tap water is unfit for human consumption, so bottled water must be bought

In Melbourne, residents are fined or imprisoned if they wash their cars, fill swimming pools or sprinkle gardens

In Sydney, after 4 years of drought, the main reservoir is at 40% capacity + bush fires regularly occur due to the dry weather

Page 20: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

MOZAMBIQUE - FLOODS

February 2000: Zambezi, Limpopo and Save rivers flood

Many of the country’s 19m people live on the floodplains of these rivers

- most of the population are farmers, and these are the most fertile soils

The banks of the Limpopo river burst, causing severe flood damage

About 2 weeks later, Cyclone Eline hit the Mozambique coast near Beira, north of the areas previously affected by flooding

Flash floods inundated low farmlands around Chokwe + Xai-Xai

- more than 180,000 people affected

Dirt roads easily turned to mud + so it took 2 days for a food lorry to travel 200 miles from the port at Beira to Caia, the town used as a food distribution centre

Page 21: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

INFL

UENCE OF

HUMAN

AND PHYS

ICAL F

ACTORS

ON DIFF

ERENT

AGRICULT

URAL SYS

TEMS

Page 22: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

INDIA – SUBSISTENCE RICE FARMING

Rice is the staple of the diet in SE Asia

Grown to feed themselves and their families

- labour intensive and requires the whole family

The farmer would also grow a secondary crop on the same land – beans, lentils or peas. They may also keep chickens for eggs or meat

Grows best in the heavy monsoon seasons or where irrigation water can be provided

The floodwaters are usually useful from the Ganges however

- floods can be catastrophic + destroy the rice crop

- some years rainfall is lower than expected + the crop is ruined

Rice gives a high yield per hectare

Heavy alluvial soils provide an impervious muddy layer

Page 23: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

NEW ZEALAND – COMMERCIAL AGRICULTUREWarm, wet climate ideal for growing grass – great for pastoral

farming

HARWOOD’S FARM, NORTH CANTERBURY

- over 1500 hectares in size – mostly hill country or rolling downs

- special grasses planted on this land, providing high quality feed for large herds of sheep + cattle during the winter

- fed on hay + silage when it snows in winter

- Corriedale sheep: provide good quantity of meat + wool

- Hereford cattle: sold for meat in October to save the cost of feeding them over the winter

- Rabbits are regularly culled to stop them from eating large quantities of grass

Page 24: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

BANGALORE – HI TECH INDUSTRY

One of India’s largest industrial cities. In 1991 a Software Technology Plant was created and since then multinational IT companies have set up their offices in Bangalore

Due to:

- pleasant climate conditions: 900km above sea level making it cooler than most of India

- dust-free environment

- the state government having a long history of support of science and technology

Companies OUTSOURCE to India because:

- labour costs are considerably lower

- many high skilled workers available

- India has a large English speaking population (about 50m)

925 software companies

80,000 ICT workers

21 engineering colleges – workers taken straight from these colleges

>100 electrics companies in The Electronic City

Page 25: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

PAKISTAN – STEEL INDUSTRY

First steel factories were built in Pakistan in 1973 in order to develop the industrial sector of their economy

Built on cheap flat land at Pipri near Gharo Creek in Karachi, out of the way so no residents of the city could see it

Also build downwind from Karachi so noise and air pollution would not blow into residential areas

In the past few years, Pakistan steel have reforested the area around the factories and set new targets for waste and pollution reduction

Water has been treated in freshwater supplies that feed lakes and reservoirs

Also created a cricket ground, lakes, bird sanctuaries and a running track for employees

Creates more jobs – benefits the city of Karachi

Page 26: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

BENEFITS A

ND

DISADVA

NTAGES

ASSOCIATE

D WIT

H THE

GROWTH

OF

TOURIS

M

SE

Y CH

EL L E

S,

DU

BA

I

Page 27: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

SEYCHELLES - TOURISM

Made up of 115 islands in Indian Ocean, 1500km east of Africa

Tourism industry provides the islands with 70% of total income

Money raised is invested back into the country

Tourism employs about 30% of the labour force – many jobs created

Over-tourism results in drought + this can affect sanitation

The drought is made worse by 75% of the water being lost through old and leaking pipes

Due to the drought, the government are forced to take out a $25m loan to pay for a desalination plant which is not only expensive, but takes away from the natural beauty of the island

Management: The minister of tourism for the Seychelles wants to limit the no. of tourists to 200,000 per year to ensure stability and sustainability in the industry

Page 28: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

DUBAI - TOURISM

1 of the 7 Emirates that make up the UAE

Subtropical climate – Arid – Infrequent rainfall (5 days of rain per year) – Mean daily temperature of 30ºC in January, rising to >40ºC in July

Tourism makes up 30% of Dubai’s GDP

Hotels and Apartments recorded 6.5m guests in 2006 with a revenue of >US$3 billion

Tourism has transformed an area of desert into one of the world’s top tourist destinations of the 21st Century

However tourism stretches water supply and the rapid growth could lead to the place losing some of its attractive aspect that first brought tourists there

But tourism provides a medium to long term addition to Dubai’s oil and gas exports

Page 29: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

FUEL,

POW

ER STA

TIONS

AND WAT

ER SUPP

LIES

DR

CO

NG

O, I T

AI P

U, C

HI N

A D

AY

A B

AY

, KI N

GS

NO

RT

H, L

ES

OT

HO

Page 30: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

D.R. CONGO - FUELWOOD

40% of the world’s population rely on fuelwood to cook and heat their homes

DEFORESTATION

Most of these countries burn fuelwood because they have no alternative

70% of the population rely on subsistence farming and on collecting fuelwood to survive

Puts D.R. Congo’s rare species at risk

Villagers have to walk 7km for 3kg of firewood

70% is transported by cart and 30% on people’s heads

What is left over is sold to Kinshasa, the capital, where it’s used for bakeries and food processing

Alternative is dung, but it deprives the fields of fertiliser, reducing crop yields

Page 31: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

ITAIPU DAM – HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER

Located along River Paraná

- second longest river in S. America

- large reliable flow of water

Joint venture between Brazil and Paraguay

Hard impermeable rock was ideal for constructing both the dam and reservoir

However 40,000 people had to be relocated because of construction

Before construction there was already a reasonable amount of infrastructure in place thanks to the nearby towns of Foz de Iguaçu and Puerto Strossner

The depth of the valley and the relief of the wider area flooded for the reservoir means that Itaipu has the lowest flooded area per unit of power production of all major HEP schemes in Brazil

Page 32: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

DAYA BAY, CHINA – NUCLEAR POWER

4 of China’s 11 nuclear reactors are located at Daya Bay in Guangdong, south-east China

Coastal location permits seawater to be used in the cooling process

Hard rock in the area provides solid foundation for these large and heavy installations

No major threat from earthquakes or faulting in the area

Major cities not too far away (Hong Kong 50km, Shenzhen 40km) so little energy is lost in transmission, but are a reasonable distance away in case of a nuclear accident

Nearby supply of labour

General infrastructure is very good

Page 33: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

KINGSNORTH, UK– THERMAL POWER

Major 2000MW thermal power station in south-east England

Located on the Hoo Peninsula on the banks of the Medway estuary

- lots of water for cooling

Has a port facility to allow the importation of coal and oil

The station is adjacent to farmland and there are no significant residential areas nearby – lots of space

Not too far away from the houses that it provides for – not much energy is lost in transmission

Page 34: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

LESOTHO – WATER RESOURCES

The Lesotho Highlands Water Project is the largest civil engineering project in Africa

When completed it will divert about 40% of the Senqu/Orange river water through 5 large-scale damns (estimate 2027)

After taking the water for its own use, much will be sold to South Africa where the demand is greater than the supply

The income can be used to develop its infrastructure and economy

Lots of highlands in Lesotho which receive high rainfall, so the valleys are ideal for building dams and reservoirs

Able to generate HEP from the dam

Lakes will attract tourism, creating jobs and benefitting the economy

However Lesotho will become solely dependent on South Africa for future income

Page 35: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

SUSTAIN

ABLE

DEVELOPM

ENT,

RESOURCE

CONSERVATI

ON AND

MANAGEMENT

RA

I NF

OR

ES

TS

, DE

SE

RT

S, A

LB

AN

I A, T

HE

MA

LD

I VE

S, N

EP

AL

Page 36: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

OPPORTUNITIES AND HAZARDS IN RAINFORESTSAbout 200m people live in areas that are/were covered by tropical

rainforests

Fertile soils for farming

- for palm oil

Potential for Hydro Electric Power Stations

- high rainfall

Tourism

Fishing and Food Supply

Forestry

- expensive hardwoods such as mahogany

But the removal of vegetation can lead to the disruption to the circulation and storage of nutrients, surface erosion and compaction of soils, sandification, increased flood levels and sediment content of rivers, climate change and a loss of biodiversity

Page 37: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

OPPORTUNITIES AND HAZARDS IN DESERTSLand use in deserts is limited

Farming is possible, with irrigation from rivers (e.g.. Nile) and deep aquifers (e.g.. Below Libya and south-west USA), and is profitable

In semi arid areas, cattle/sheep ranching is economically viable without irrigation

Tourism has great potential in countries such as Dubai

However:

- weathering has the ability to weaken engineering structures very rapidly

- stream flow can be erratic causing flooding

- there is increased soil erosion with high rates of overland runoff

Page 38: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

ALBANIA - POLLUTION

Tirana, the capital city, is one of the most polluted cities in the world

Deaths due to illness caused by pollution have increased by 20% in the past 2 years

This is due to 90% of vehicles being too old

- 70% use diesel

- 30% petrol

- mostly petrol with lead and a huge quantity of sulphur

Heavy industry, especially in Elbasan, produces pollution 15x above acceptable levels

Babies are being born with deformities as well as deformed animals (4 legged roosters, 2 headed calves)

Soil is so contaminated that some places have banned planting crops

Page 39: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

THE MALDIVES – EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMINGMade up of 1200 tiny islands but highest point is only 2.4m

above sea level

80% of the islands are no more than 1m above sea level

Rising sea levels put these islands at threat – DUE TO GLOBAL WARMING

In Male, a 3m high wall, which took 14 years to build and cost US$63m, has been constructed in an attempt to protect the capital

The government has identified 5 ‘safe’ islands, designed to resist the rising sea

Government has proposed to artificially raise the height of some of the islands

Near Male, a land reclamation project is taking place to create a new island which could potentially house 50,000 people, most of the nations population

Page 40: Cambridge IGCSE Geography - Case Studies

NEPAL – SOIL EROSION

Deforestation occurring for the growing need for fuelwood

18% of Nepal is forested but 25% of the forest was removed between 1990 and 2005

Removing trees on steep slopes leads to soil erosion

Monsoon rains between May and September increase erosion

Villagers in Tadiya have easy access to the forest to collect fuel and fodder

- however they are having to travel further and further

Women spend 1/3 of their day collecting firewood for fuel

Tourism is important – 70,000 per year – creates many jobs

- using fuelwood for tourists has increased deforestation and soil erosion by 10%