Callan Teo Stage 09 Portuguese[1]

M E T H O D

TEACH-EACH-OTHER ENGLISH

E S T Á G I O 9 L IÇÕE S 125 – 143 P Á GINA S 815 – 954

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The Callan™ Method was first developed and published in 1960. It was then published, for restricted use only, in 1963.

This edition was published, for the international market, in 2011.

Copyright R.K.T. Callan 1960

First Edition 1960 Second Edition 1963

This Edition 2011

Teach-Each-Other English Stage 9

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in association with

CALLAN METHOD ORGANISATION LTD and THE CALLAN SCHOOL

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LIST OF CALLAN™ METHOD MATERIALS 1. Stages 1 to 12 of the Method that can be individually or

collectively downloaded from the Callan Method website (www.callan.co.uk)

2. Audio to accompany 11 Stages 3. Demonstration DVD showing how the Method is taught 4. Callan Method Handbook – giving lesson instructions and

information about the Method

OTHER AVAILABLE MATERIALS

The following is a list of Callan Method materials still available to schools using the Callan Method for teaching classes of students. 1. Teacher’s Handbook (Training Manual) 2. Teacher’s Demonstration CD (Audio) or DVD (Video) 3. Student’s Handbook – containing a detailed explanation of

how and why the Callan Method works 4. Director’s Handbook – showing anyone how to set up a school

using the Callan Method


PROVA DOS ARGUMENTOS DE CALLAN

No seu panfleto intitulado “Informações para Centros e Candidatos", a Universidade de Cambridge afirma o seguinte: “O Preliminary English Test (teste de Inglês preliminar) tem como objectivo testar as competências de comunicação escritas e faladas em relação à capacidade de ler e de ouvir, a um nível representando cerca de 350 horas de estudo a partir do nível de principiante.”

Em seguida afirma que as 350 horas são de estudo “dedicado” – que geralmente se reparte por um período de 4 ¼ anos. O Método Callan obtém o mesmo resultado em 80 horas, divididas por um período de um ano, isto é, um quarto do tempo.

Para os outros dois exames de Cambridge, Key English Test (KET) e First Certificate in English (FCE), o aluno médio consagra cerca de 175 horas para o KET e 640 horas para o FCE – dependendo da sua nacionalidade. O Método Callan, por sua vez, proporciona-lhe o KET em 40 horas e o FCE em 160 horas, com uma garantia escrita de que, no caso de reprovar nos exames, a escola do Método Callan em que estude lhe facultará aulas gratuitas até que obtenha aprovação.


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INTRODUÇÃO

Este Estágio e o seguinte têm como objectivo quase exclusivo construir o vocabulário do aluno da forma mais rápida e eficaz possível. Uma vez que nesta altura o aluno sente que começa a dominar a língua, há também o grande risco de sentir que pretende começar a utilizá-la de uma forma mais natural e descontraída. O aluno corre o risco de ficar impaciente perante o processo de perguntas e respostas disciplinado do Método. Poderá sentir que gostaria de ter conversas espontâneas e de ler alguns livros interessantes na aula. O aluno é como um atleta que quer terminar o treino antes do tempo e começar a entrar nas corridas. O treinador que lhe permitisse fazer isto seria um mau treinador. Nesta altura dos seus estudos, o aluno ainda não tem vocabulário suficiente ou fluência para utilizar o que já sabe e ter conversas espontâneas na aula. Se o tentasse fazer, acabaria por gaguejar e procurar desajeitadamente palavras adequadas para se expressar e, ao fazê-lo, iria aborrecer o resto da turma. É certo que o aluno é capaz de manter uma simples conversa e pode fazê-lo fora da sala de aula se tiver essa oportunidade. Contudo, nessa conversa só estará a entediar uma pessoa e não a turma toda. É preciso uma grande dose de egoísmo e insensibilidade para aborrecer as pessoas e impor-se ao gaguejar. É como um músico ou actor que vai para cima de um palco sem ter preparação suficiente – pode ser muito embaraçoso. Existem várias formas de aprender vocabulário. Por exemplo, o aluno pode fazer uma lista de todas as palavras contidas nestes dois Estágios e decorar sistematicamente 10 palavras por dia, durante três meses. É claro que teria de rever pelo menos duas vezes cada conjunto de 10 palavras. Por exemplo, teria de aprender 10 palavras na segunda-feira e revê-las na terça, na quarta e novamente no final do mês. É claro que esta forma não é muito interessante e rápida de aprender.


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Outras formas de aprender vocabulário são ter uma conversa ou discussões espontâneas e ler um livro interessante na aula. Já se falou no tédio que as conversas espontâneas implicam; além disso, cada nova palavra que surge na conversação ou no livro interessante tem de ser explicado ao aluno pelo professor (o que significa que o professor tem de falar demasiadamente) e, como em qualquer outro sistema, o vocabulário tem de ser sistematicamente revisto no dia seguinte e no dia depois e novamente no final do mês. Se isto não for feito, após um período de dois meses os alunos não só não se lembrarão do significado das palavras como muitos deles nem sequer se lembrarão de ter visto ou ouvido essas palavras antes. O Método Callan já fez experiências que mostram que isto acontece. Qualquer que seja a forma de aprender vocabulário, não existe forma de escapar à revisão sistemática. É claro que existem alunos que têm muita facilidade em se lembrar do vocabulário e que captam palavras conforme vão avançando, mas é raro encontrar este tipo de alunos. A grande maioria dos alunos tem dificuldade em se lembrar do vocabulário. Se não fosse assim, todos seríamos poliglotas. Por vezes é difícil os instrutores de línguas compreenderem isto. Se eles próprios acharam fácil aprender uma língua, tendem a não reconhecer o quão difícil se torna para o aluno médio. De qualquer forma, mesmo os estudantes com boa memória auditiva necessitam de revisão, uma vez que na prática de uma língua não é suficiente o aluno conseguir lembrar-se das palavras: é necessário lembrar-se delas e utilizá-las imediatamente e sem hesitações, não apenas para os meses seguintes e sim para toda a vida. Os alunos com uma boa memória a curto prazo nem sempre têm uma boa memória a longo prazo. As experiências do Método Callan mostraram que a forma mais rápida, mais fácil e mais eficaz de aprender vocabulário é através da revisão sistemática e da técnica de perguntas e respostas rápidas, conforme se faz ao longo do Método. O aluno desenvolve um reflexo rápido e tende a lembrar-se imediatamente das coisas. É também a abordagem mais dinâmica. Pode fazer com que o aluno médio adquira


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e utilize vocabulário numa conversa espontânea. A prova disto está no facto de que as pessoas podem viver num país estrangeiro durante anos sem melhorarem o seu conhecimento acerca da língua desse país. Na altura em que o aluno completar os 12 Estágios do Método Callan não terá dificuldade em entrar numa conversa ou debate sobre qualquer assunto normal. Não necessitará de ter lições especiais de conversação. Todo o Método Callan se baseia na conversação a partir da primeira lição – numa conversação controlada e eficaz, não espontânea nem ineficaz. Além de ser difícil manter uma conversa com muitas pessoas ao mesmo tempo, outro problema da conversa espontânea reside no facto de os alunos que falam mais tenderem a dominar a conversa, enquanto os restantes permanecem em silêncio. Mesmo quando os alunos compreendem que a conversa espontânea não é muito eficaz, há uma tendência para os alunos e o instrutor terem uma conversa espontânea de vez em quando – causada por uma questão levantada pelo Método. Por exemplo, depois de uma questão como: “What angers you more than anything else? (“O que mais te irrita, acima de tudo?”), poderá surgir um debate sobre o tipo de coisas que irrita os alunos. Pode parecer tudo bastante interessante mas esta situação diminui muito o rendimento da lição e, por motivos já referidos, acaba por entediar os alunos. As lições conduzidas desta forma podem duplicar o tempo de estudo do aluno, facto que ele não apreciará. Depois de algumas questões o professor poderá perguntar ao aluno “Porquê?” ou “Porque não?” apenas para dar ao aluno uma oportunidade de expressar a sua opinião acerca da matéria relacionada com a questão. No entanto, se o aluno não se puder expressar rapidamente e sem hesitar, o professor deverá avançar imediatamente para a questão seguinte. Nunca deverá ser suscitado um debate geral – é uma perda de tempo e acaba por se tornar entediante.


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LESSON 125

EDGE LITTLE BY LITTLE INTEND quina, beirada pouco a pouco pretender WHAT PART OF THE TABLE IS THIS ? That part of ... is the edge

CAN WE BALANCE A DINNER-PLATE ON ITS EDGE ? Yes, perhaps we can

balance ... but it'd be rather difficult and would depend on the type of plate

CAN WE CUT BREAD WITH THE THICK EDGE OF A KNIFE ? No, we can't ...

The verb "to edge" means "to move slowly, little by little," usually in a sideways direction, but also in any direction./

WHAT DOES THE VERB "TO EDGE" MEAN ? The verb ... "to move slowly, little by little" ...

WHY DOES A CAR HAVE TO EDGE FORWARD WHEN TURNING FROM A SMALL SIDE-STREET INTO A MAIN STREET AGAINST THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC ?

A car has to edge forward when ... so that other cars can see what it

intends doing, and so slow down to let it pass ...

TIN lata, latão


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WHY DO FACTORIES PUT FOOD IN TINS ?/ Factories put food in tins to conserve it WHAT METAL IS A TIN MADE OF ? A tin is made of tin COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES OF ADJECTIVES, ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ADVERBS AND PARTICIPLES –––––––––––––––––––––––––––

HELPFUL útil

Adjectives of two syllables which end in the letters -er, -le, -ow and -y form their comparatives and superlatives by adding -er and -est. For example, clever - cleverer - cleverest.

WHICH ADJECTIVES OF TWO SYLLABLES FORM THEIR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES BY ADDING -ER AND -EST ?/ The adjectives of two syllables which form ... are those which end in -er, -le, -ow, or -y GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE Simple...simpler...simplest

Adjectives of two syllables which do not end in the letters - er - le - ow or -y and have the accent on the first syllable form their comparatives and superlatives by using "more" and "most". For example,

helpful more helpful the most helpful useless more useless the most useless


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WHICH ADJECTIVES OF TWO SYLLABLES FORM THEIR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES BY USING "MORE" AND "MOST" ?/ The adjectives of

two syllables which form ... are those which do not end in -er -le

-ow or -y and have their accent on the first syllable

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE Modern ... more modern ... the most modern

Participles ending in -ed or -ing also form their comparatives by using "more" and "most". For example,

pleased more pleased the most pleased boring more boring the most boring

HOW DO WE FORM THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES OF PARTICIPLES ENDING IN -ED OR -ING ? We form the ...

by using "more" and "most" ... GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE / Learned ...

more learned ... Interesting ...

Adverbs of three or more syllables, made by adding -ly to an adjective, form their comparatives and superlatives by using "more" and "most". For example,

carefully more carefully the most carefully

HOW DO WE FORM THE COMPARATIVES AND


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SUPERLATIVES OF ADVERBS OF THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES MADE BY ADDING -LY TO AN ADJECTIVE ? We form the ...

made by adding -ly to an adjectives by using"more" and "most"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE / Happily; more happily; the most happily

STUDENTS READ LESSON 118 ON PAGE 743

SYMPATHY compaixão WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE DO YOU HAVE MOST SYMPATHY FOR ? The kind of

people I have most sympathy for are those who lie ill in bed for years, or who are blind ...

ANXIETY ansiedade ANXIOUS ansioso DO YOU FEEL ANY GREAT ANXIETY ABOUT YOUR OWN PERSONAL FUTURE, OR THE FUTURE OF THE WORLD ? Yes, I feel some

anxiety ... or ... No, I don't feel any ...

WHY IS A SHOPKEEPER ANXIOUS TO PLEASE HIS CUSTOMERS ?/ A shopkeeper

is ... so that they will come back again ...


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ENTERTAIN entreter ENTERTAINMENT entretenimento WHAT KIND OF ENTERTAINMENTS EXIST IN THE PLACE WHERE YOU LIVE ? The kind of ... are ...

SUPPOSING YOU COULD ENTERTAIN A FAMOUS PERSON AT YOUR HOUSE, EITHER A GREAT FIGURE IN HISTORY OR SOMEONE ALIVE TODAY, WHOM WOULD YOU CHOOSE ?/ Supposing I

could entertain ... I'd choose ...

BY ACCIDENT acidentalemente IF BY ACCIDENT YOU KNOCKED SOMEBODY'S ARM WHILST HE WAS WRITING, WHAT'D YOU SAY ?

If by accident ... I'd say "I'm sorry" or just "Sorry"

BACKGROUND fundo (formação) APPLY inscrever-se WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE BACKGROUND OF A PICTURE OR A PHOTOGRAPH ? By the background ...

mean that part which is behind the main subject

WHEN A STUDENT APPLIES TO GO TO UNIVERSITY, IS HE ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT HIS PERSONAL BACKGROUND ?/ Yes, when a ... or ... No, when a ...


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WHAT KIND OF ACTIVITIES DO YOU APPLY YOUR ENERGY TO MOST ? The kind of

activities ... are ...

DOES THE LAW OF THE LAND APPLY TO EVERYBODY ? Yes, the law

... or, at least, it should

WHERE DO YOU HAVE TO GO TO APPLY FOR A PASSPORT ? You have to

go to ... to apply ...

HIGHLY altamente THE BROWNS a família brown GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD " HIGHLY ". It's highly probable that the Browns won't come today

ANCIENT antigo EGYPT Egito WHICH IS ONE OF THE MOST ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD ? One of the ...

is the Egyptian civilization, or the Babylonian civilization ...

SOMEWHAT de alguma forma

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "SOMEWHAT". I'd say he was somewhat lacking

in common sense AT ALL de maneira alguma


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GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "AT ALL". It's very strange;

I've worked hard all day but don't feel tired at all

MERCHANT mercador (negociante) WHAT DOES A MERCHANT DO ? A merchant buys

and sells goods

IDIOM 28 WHY ON EARTH = a very strong form of "why ?" por que raios? e.g. Why on earth didn't you buy one, as they were so very cheap?

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "WHY ON EARTH" MEAN ? The idiom ... a very

strong form of "why?"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE I just can't understand why on earth they got married if

they don't like each other very much

DICTATION 67 UNITY unidade There are various means of transport/ these days;/ not as in the old days/ when people only had the choice/ of going on foot/ or on horseback,/ or by some/ horse-drawn means of transport./ Being overweight is usually due to overeating./ One usually needs to be taught/ how to operate a factory machine./ Unity is essential for success/ in a battle./ Alfred is the elder/ of the two children,/ though even he is not very old./ They just could not decide/ whether to rent


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a house/ for the summer / or stay at a hotel. / Eventually, however,/ they chose to rent a house.

LESSON 126

EXPLAIN TO explicar SUGGEST TO sugerir CAN YOU EXPLAIN THE GAME OF FOOTBALL TO ME (OR ANY OTHER GAME YOU MIGHT KNOW) ? Yes, I can explain

the ... A game of football is composed of ...

CAN YOU SUGGEST TO ME A NICE PLACE FOR A HOLIDAY ? Yes, I can suggest

... or ... No, I can't ...

CONFIDENT confiante (seguro) NOW THAT YOU ARE AT THIS STAGE OF YOUR ENGLISH STUDIES, DO YOU THINK YOU'D BE ABLE TO TRAVEL ABROAD CONFIDENT OF MAKING YOURSELF UNDERSTOOD IN THE LANGUAGE ? Yes, now that I'm at ... or ... No, even though...

AGREE ABOUT AGREE THAT AGREE TO concordar sobre concordar que concordar a AGREE WITH LAND IN PRISON concordar com levar à prisão


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IF YOUR FRIEND WANTS TO GO TO ONE CINEMA AND YOU WANT TO GO TO ANOTHER, AND YOU CAN'T AGREE ABOUT WHICH TO GO TO, WHAT DO YOU DO ? If my friend wants to ... we ...

DO YOU AGREE THAT LIFE WAS BETTER IN THE PAST THAN IT IS TODAY ?/ Yes, I agree that ...

or ... No, I don't agree

WOULD YOU AGREE TO DO AN EXTRA THREE HOURS OF ENGLISH TODAY ? Yes, I'd agree to ...

or ... No, I wouldn't ...

WOULD YOU AGREE TO A PLAN THAT MIGHT LAND YOU IN PRISON ? Yes, I'd agree to ... or ...

No, I wouldn't ...

WHEN YOU DON'T AGREE WITH OTHERS, WHAT DO YOU DO ?/ When I don't agree with ... I ...


TAKE CARE RUN OVER CARE FOR tomar cuidado atropelar cuidar para WHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO BE DONE WITH DRIVERS WHO DON'T TAKE CARE WHILST DRIVING, AND SO RUN OVER PEOPLE ? I think that

drivers who don't ... ought to ...


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WHO TAKES CARE OF YOU WHEN YOU'RE ILL ?/ My ... takes care ...

DO YOU CARE WHAT PEOPLE SAY ABOUT YOU ? Yes, I care ... or ...

No, I don't care what ...

When we ask someone to dance, we can say "Would you care for this dance ?", or "Would you like to dance ?"

WHAT CAN WE SAY WHEN WE ASK SOMEONE TO DANCE ? When we ask... we can say ... I DARE SAY = IT IS PROBABLE DARING REQUIRE eu ouso dizer= é provável desafiador requerer "I dare say you're right" means I think it is probable that you are right. For such an expression we always use the first person./ WHAT DOES THIS SENTENCE MEAN, IN OTHER WORDS ? - "I DARE SAY YOU'RE RIGHT." That sentence means, in other words, "I think it is probable that you are right"

WHAT KIND OF JOB WOULD YOU SAY REQUIRED THE MOST DARING ? I'd say the kind of job which ... would be that ...

EAGER ansioso RUB esfregar


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WHEN PEOPLE ARE EAGER TO DO SOMETHING, WHAT DO THEY SOMETIMES LOOK LIKE ?/ When people are

... they sometimes look alive, have bright eyes, and perhaps rub

their hands together...

FACE (v) encarar (dar para) FACE TO FACE face a face WHERE DOES THIS WINDOW FACE ONTO ?

This window ... the street, a courtyard ...

IF YOU FOUND YOURSELF FACE TO FACE WITH A KILLER WITH A KNIFE IN HIS HAND, WHAT'D YOU DO ? If I found myself ... I'd ...

UP TO até ABOUT HOW MANY PAGES OF THIS METHOD HAVE YOU STUDIED UP TO NOW ?/ I've studied about ... pages of ...

ATTACK atacar DO INNOCENT PEOPLE EVER GET ATTACKED IN THE STREETS OF YOUR HOME TOWN ? Yes, innocent people ... or ... No, innocent ...

BURY enterrar WHAT DOES A DOG DO WITH ITS BONE ? A dog buries its bone in the ground ...


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WHERE DO THEY BURY THE DEAD IN YOUR COUNTRY - OUTSIDE THE TOWN, IN THE GROUNDS OF A CHURCH ... ETC. ? They bury the dead ...

ANGER enraivecer WHAT ANGERS YOU MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE ?/ ... angers me more than anything else

INSULT insultar WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST WAY TO INSULT A PERSON ? I think the best ... is to ... IDIOM 29

FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE = a very strong form of "please" pelo amor de deus e.g. For heaven's sake, be quiet! and let me get some sleep.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE" MEAN ? The idiom ... "a very ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE For heaven's sake, don't do that again, or I

shall get very angry !


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DICTATION 68 MADNESS loucura Football is played throughout the whole world./ It is such a popular game/ that in some cases it is almost a form of madness./ Provided you go straight home after school,/ you will be in time to see/ your uncle before he leaves./ Everyone was dressed/ in their very best clothes/ for the big dance,/ which commenced at 8 p.m./ The waiter placed the tray/ carefully on the table./ The meal he had brought us/ consisted of potatoes/ and a small piece of meat/ which appeared to be old and hard.

LESSON 127

AFRAID OF AFRAID THAT AFRAID TO ter medo que ter medo de ter medo de WHY DO YOU SUPPOSE SOME PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY CHILDREN, ARE AFRAID OF THE DARK ? I suppose some ... because they imagine things that are not there ...

WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE AFRAID THAT THEY MIGHT GET KILLED IF THEY TRAVEL BY PLANE MORE THAN BY OTHER MEANS OF TRANSPORT ?/ Some people ... because a plane accident is front-page news ...

ARE YOU AFRAID TO TRAVEL BY PLANE ? Yes, I'm afraid ... or ... No, I'm not ...

We can also use "afraid" for an apology. For example, a shopkeeper might say to a customer "I’m afraid we haven’t got the size you want, sir".


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GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "AFRAID" USED IN AN APOLOGY./ I'm afraid I can't help you

COMPOUND WORDS E.G. A LONG - HAIRED DOG ––––––––––––––––––– um cachorro de pêlo comprido WELL-TIMED bem sincronizado A compound word can be formed by using an adjective and a noun together. For example, the adjective "long" can be put together with the noun "hair" and we can say "a long-haired dog" meaning a dog with long hair. Other examples are: “A blue-eyed baby. A one-legged man. A broad-shouldered man.”

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND WORDS FORMED BY PUTTING ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS TOGETHER. A blue-eyed baby.

A one-legged man. A broad-shouldered man

Another way of forming a compound word is by using an adverb and a participle together. For example, the adverb "well" can be put together with the participle "cooked" and so we can say "a well-cooked meal". / GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND WORDS FORMED BY PUTTING ADVERBS AND PARTICIPLES


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TOGETHER A badly-dressed man. A carefully-made plan. A well-timed move

WHISKERS HUNTING MOUSE - MICE bigode de gato caçar rato - ratos NOISELESSLY GAP FENCE HEDGE silenciosamente espaço (buraco) cerca cerca A cat's whiskers are the same width as its body./ This means that, when it goes hunting for mice and birds, and wishes to pass noiselessly through a gap in a fence or a hedge, it can first try the width of the gap with its whiskers to see if it is possible to get through the gap without using force and making a lot of noise. /

FOR WHAT PURPOSE DOES A CAT USE ITS WHISKERS ? A cat uses its

whiskers in order to pass ...

HAVE YOU ANY GAPS IN YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENGLISH YOU HAVE LEARNT (OR LEARNED) SO FAR ? Yes, I've some gaps

... or ...No, I don't think I've any ...

HALL ENTRANCE TOWN HALL salão entrada câmara municipal A hall is a large room. For example, we have the entrance hall of a house, the dining hall of a college, and a village or town hall where public meetings and even dances can be held. /


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WHAT IS A HALL ? A hall is a large room GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES OF ITS USE Entrance hall ...

POOL LIQUID INDOOR (S) OUTDOOR (S) poça líquido interior de algo, dentro lado de fora, exterior OUT OF DOORS SWIMMING POOL ao ar livre, fora de algum lugar piscine A pool is a collection of water or other liquid, either large or small. For example, "a pool of water on the road, a pool of blood" or "a swimming pool". /

WHAT IS A POOL ? A pool is a collection of water or other liquid ...

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE Pool of blood ...

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF AN INDOOR SWIMMING POOL ? / The advantages ... are that

the water can be heated, and one can swim in it in any kind of weather ...

WHICH DO YOU PREFER AN INDOOR OR AN OUTDOOR SWIMMING POOL ?/ I prefer ...

DO YOU SPEND MOST OF YOUR TIME INDOORS OR OUT OF DOORS ? I spend most ...


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ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE E.G. NICE TO SEE ————————————— agradável de ver IT IS WELL TO é interessante It is well to note the construction Adjective + Infinitive. For example, "It is very nice to see you again."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF AN ADJECTIVE PLUS INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION. / It's good to be alive


MAKE + SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING + ADJECTIVE —————————————————————————– OR INFINITIVE ———————— E.G. MAKE HIM HAPPY OR MAKE THE CAR GO fazê-lo feliz ou fazer o carro andar

Another construction to be noted is with the word "make", which is as follows:-

Make + Somebody or Something + Adjective or Infinitive. For example, "It will make him happy (adj)" and "It will make the car go (inf)". GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE CONSTRUCTION "MAKE + SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING + ADJECTIVE OR

INFINITIVE". / The news made them sad. We made the


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table look like new

KNEE KNEEL - KNELT - KNELT joelho ajoelhar - ajoelhou - ajoelhado WHAT DO WE CALL THIS JOINT OF THE LEG ? We call ... knee

ON WHAT OCCASIONS DO PEOPLE KNEEL ? The occasions on

which people kneel are when they say their prayers ...

LATE = RECENTLY DEAD OR ENDED LATELY recentemente morto ou terminado recentemente WHO WAS THE LEADER OF THE LATE GOVERNMENT IN YOUR COUNTRY ? / The leader of ... was ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SPEAK ABOUT THE LATE MR. JOHNSON ? When we speak ... we

mean he has died recently or lately

MATCH combinar (páreo) JUDO judô IS IT THE FASHION AMONG WOMEN TODAY TO MATCH THEIR HANDBAGS WITH THEIR SHOES, AND FOR MEN TO MATCH THEIR TIES WITH THEIR SOCKS OR HANDKERCHIEFS ?/ Yes, It's the fashion

... or ... No, it isn't ...


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DO YOU THINK A SMALL MAN WHO KNEW JUDO WOULD BE A MATCH FOR A BIG MAN WHO KNEW HOW TO BOX ? Yes, I think ... or ...

No, I don't think ...

WHEN DO THEY HOLD FOOTBALL MATCHES IN YOUR HOME TOWN ? They hold ...

FUNERAL funeral WHAT COLOUR CLOTHES DO EUROPEAN PEOPLE USUALLY WEAR FOR A FUNERAL ? European people

usually wear black for a funeral MYSTERY mistério DO YOU LIKE MYSTERY STORIES ? / Yes, I like ... or ...

No, I don't like ... HUMBLE humilde CAN YOU NAME ANY GREAT MEN WHO WERE OF HUMBLE BIRTH ? Yes, I can ... Lincoln, Dickens ...

PATH caminho (trilha) WHY DO WE HAVE A PATH IN A GARDEN ? We have a

.. so that people don't walk on the grass or on the flowers ...

INSURE fazer seguro (assegurar)


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IS IT THE LAW IN YOUR COUNTRY THAT EVERYONE MUST INSURE HIS CAR AGAINST ACCIDENTS ? /

Yes, It's the ... or ... No, it isn't ...

IDIOM 30 SORE POINT = a subject which causes unpleasant memories of past difficulties and arguments. ponto fraco e.g. Don't ask him why he had to sell his car last year; it's a sore point with him.

WHAT'S THE MEANING OF THE IDIOM "SORE POINT" ? The meaning ... is

"a subject which causes unpleasant memories ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE Don't speak about what happened on holiday last summer;

it's a sore point with her

DICTATION 69 It looks as if/ we are in double trouble./ Not only have we lost our money/ and return tickets home,/ but also the key of the front door./ I will have to look the word up/ in a modern dictionary;/ this one is too old./ Though there has been some delay,/ the goods will nonetheless/ arrive in time./ Walking in the forest,/ we came across a great lion/ which did not seem at all fierce,/ lying lazily in the sun./ He certainly looked a real king, however,/ and did not need to sit upon a throne/ to let the world know/ that this was his kingdom.


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LESSON 128

HYPHENED (OR HYPHENATED) COMPOUNDS ——————————————————————— E.G. A TEN-MINUTE TALK SPOON uma conversa de dez minutos colher As further examples of hyphened compounds we have:- "A ten-minute talk on politics" - meaning a talk that lasts ten minutes; "A five-mile ride in the country" - meaning a ride of five miles; "A ten-year-old boy" - meaning a boy of ten years old; and, of course, we also have hyphened compounds composed of two nouns, such as, "ash-tray, table-spoon, chair-leg" and "pen-friend".

GIVE ME SOME FURTHER EXAMPLES OF HYPHENED COMPOUNDS, PLEASE A three-roomed

flat. A slow-moving train. A ten-minute wait. An ash-tray. A table-spoon

The use of hyphens with words composed of two nouns can vary from writer to writer, and can depend on the period in which they lived. A word such as “ash-tray”, for example, is given a hyphen in Chambers’ dictionary but not in the Oxford dictionary, though both dictionaries are highly regarded. Also in Chambers’ the word school-child is given a hyphen but schoolboy is not, whilst in the Oxford dictionary, neither is given a hyphen. Such variations, however, should not concern the student at this stage of his studies. They begin to become of interest to him after he has reached the level of the Cambridge First Certificate.


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THE ENGLISH MONETARY SYSTEM ——————————————————

UNIT PENNY PENCE SHILLING unidade pêni plural de pêni xelin MONETARY monetário

The English monetary system has now changed somewhat, but when reading old books it will be the old system that will be referred to, and so it is well to know something of that system, which was simply as follows:- The three basic units were the penny, the shilling and the pound. 12 pennies made a shilling and 20 shillings made a pound.

WHAT WERE THE THREE BASIC UNITS OF THE ENGLISH MONETARY SYSTEM ? The three ... were the

penny, the shilling and the pound

HOW MANY PENNIES MADE A SHILLING ? / Twelve pennies ...

HOW MANY SHILLINGS MADE A POUND ? Twenty ...

The word "penny " has two plurals - "pennies " and "pence". When speaking about the actual coins, we say, for example, "I will give you six pennies", that is, six coins but, when speaking about value and not the actual coins, we say, for example, "This pencil costs ten pence."

WHAT ARE THE TWO PLURALS OF THE WORD "PENNY", AND WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN THEIR USE ? / The two plurals of ...


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The monetary system used today is much simpler. The shilling has gone, leaving a hundred pennies to make one pound, and instead of saying "pennies" or "pence" people usually say just the letter "p", e.g. This pencil costs ninety "pee" (90p).

IN THE MONETARY SYSTEM USED TODAY, HOW MANY PENNIES MAKE A POUND ? In the ... a hundred ...

DOUBLING CONSONANTS ————————————–—

OVERCOME SLOW DOWN NATURAL PICK UP superar diminuir natural apanhar FORBID – FORBADE – FORBIDDEN GATHER SPEED proibir - proibiu - proibido aumentar-a-velocidade PECULIAR PECULIARITY SUFFIX SUNNY peculiar peculiaridade sufixo ensolarado As you have already seen, English spelling is no easy matter, and so the best way perhaps to overcome the difficulty is not by learning rules, which often confuse rather than help and slow down the natural speed at which the language should be used, but by noting carefully how each individual word is spelt and how it behaves when used in different ways./

For example, instead of trying to remember the rule that explains why the word "forbid" doubles the "d" in its past


838

participle "forbidden", whilst the word "happen" doesn't double its "n", it is perhaps better to note the behaviour of each individual word, accept its peculiarities without too much question, and remember them and practise using them. This way of learning can be used for language study in general, i.e. note and copy, without worrying too much about the reasons behind everything. This is, in fact, how some people are able to pick up a language in a matter of a few weeks. WHAT IS PERHAPS THE BEST WAY TO OVERCOME THE DIFFICULTY OF ENGLISH SPELLING ? Perhaps the

best ... is not by learning rules ... but by noting how each individual

word is spelt and how it behaves when used in different ways

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE / Instead of trying to remember the rule... preferred, whilst ... offered

Sometimes, however, a rule which is very clear and easy to remember, can help in the learning of the language. For example, with a word of one syllable which ends in a single vowel and a single consonant, the consonant is usually doubled when we add a suffix beginning with a vowel. For example "big-bigger; hit-hitting; sun-sunny" etc.

WHEN DO WE USUALLY DOUBLE A CONSONANT ? We usually ... with a word of one syllable which ends

in a single vowel and a single consonant

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES, PLEASE Sad-sadder; glad-


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gladden; run-running

WHEN WE SPEAK ABOUT THE DRIVING OF A CAR , WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF TO SLOW DOWN ? /

When we ... to gather speed

EITHER OF THEM NEITHER OF THEM EQUALLY qualquer um deles nenhum deles igualmente Notice the way in which we can answer the following: "Which of these books do you want ?" - "Either of them, it does not matter, as they are both equally interesting", or "Neither of them, as they are both very boring."

IF I ASK YOU WHICH OF TWO THINGS YOU WANT, AND THE CHOICE IS OF NO IMPORTANCE TO YOU, WHAT DO YOU REPLY ?/ If you ask ...

either of them

AND IF YOU WERE NOT INTERESTED IN EITHER OF THE TWO THINGS, WHAT WOULD YOU REPLY ? If I were ... neither of them NEXT próximo a, perto de WHO'S SITTING NEXT TO YOU ? ... is sitting next to me

WHEN SHALL WE SEE EACH OTHER NEXT ? We'll see ... next ... OBJECT objetivo (objeto)


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WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE OBJECT OF LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ? / I think the

object of ... is ...

PAD COTTON COTTON-WOOL ABSORB almofada (chumaço) algodão laneado absorver WHEN WE CUT OURSELVES, WHY DO WE PUT A PAD OF COTTON-WOOL OVER THE CUT ? When we cut

... to absorb the blood and to cover and protect the wound

IS THIS CHAIR PADDED ? Yes, this ... or ... No, this chair ...

REACH OUT estender (alcançar) WHAT AM I DOING ? You're reaching out for me to give

you something

SCALE escala THERMOMETER termômetro WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE SCALE ON A THERMOMETER ? / By the scale ... we

mean the marks on it showing the degrees of temperature

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT A MAP IS DRAWN TO A SCALE OF ONE INCH TO A MILE ?

When we say that ... we mean that an inch on the map

represents a mile of actual land



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UNFINISHED SENTENCES ENDING WITH " TO " ————————————————————————

CONTINUATION continuação Sometimes we leave a sentence unfinished, ending it with the word "to". For example, "I did not want to tell him but I had to". The continuation of the sentence would have been "had to tell him". /

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNFINISHED SENTENCE ENDING WITH "TO", PLEASE He said I

could go if I wanted to (go)

FINISH THIS SENTENCE, PLEASE ! - "I DON'T WANT TO DO IT, BUT I SUPPOSE I OUGHT TO." ... do it

TAKE HOLD OF TAKE BY SURPRISE TAKE A BATH agarrar, agarrar-se pegar de surpresa tomar banho CHANCE chance BY CHANCE por acaso WHY DO PEOPLE TAKE HOLD OF SOMETHING WHEN THEY SUDDENLY BECOME AFRAID ? People take

.. in order to give them strength and support and to steady themselves

WHAT DO PEOPLE OFTEN DO WHEN THEY ARE

TAKEN BY SURPRISE ? People often


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jump when they ...

HOW OFTEN DO YOU SUPPOSE THE AVERAGE PERSON TAKES A BATH ? I suppose the

average ... about ...

WHAT DID HE SAY ? He said he supposed the average person took a bath about once a ...

Some other uses of "take" are "take a holiday; take a house for a year; take a degree; take an exam" etc./ CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME OTHER USES OF THE VERB "TAKE" ? ... take a holiday;

take a chance ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY WE GIVE SOMEONE A SECOND CHANCE ? When we say ... we

mean they have failed at something or done something wrong and we are

going to give them the chance to do better ...

WHY DO PEOPLE THESE DAYS HAVE A MUCH GREATER CHANCE OF LIVING TO A MUCH GREATER AGE THAN THEY DID IN THE OLD DAYS ?/

People these days ... because life today is easier and more

comfortable, and modern medicine has improved a lot in recent times ...

WHICH OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS OF YOUR LIFE HAVE HAPPENED TO YOU BY CHANCE ?


843

Of the most important ... , the ones that have happend to me by chance are ...

TEMPTATION tentação

DO YOU EVER GET THE TEMPTATION TO DO SOMETHING VERY STRANGE, FOR EXAMPLE, TO SHOUT SOMETHING OUT WHEN EVERYONE IN A ROOM IS VERY SILENT ? Yes, I sometimes ... or ... No, I never ...

WHAT ?/

VIEW vista WHAT KIND OF VIEW WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE FROM YOUR BEDROOM WINDOW ? I'd like ... a

view of ...

HIDE - HID - HIDDEN esconder - escondeu - escondido WHERE'D BE THE BEST PLACE TO HIDE FROM THE POLICE IN THIS BUILDING ? The best place ... in

this building would be ...

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO HIDE" ?/ The paradigm ... hide-hid-hidden

LIAR mentiroso

WHO'S THE BIGGEST LIAR YOU'VE EVER MET ? ... is the biggest ...


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DETAIL detalhe WHEN SOMEONE GIVES YOU AN ACCOUNT OF A FILM HE HAS SEEN, OR OF SOMETHING THAT'S HAPPENED TO HIM, DO YOU LIKE HIM TO GIVE YOU ALL THE SMALL DETAILS AS WELL ?/ Yes, when

someone ... like him ... or ... No, when someone ... I don't like ... but just

the main points ...

IDIOM 31 GET ONE DOWN = make one tired and unhappy deprimir alguém

e.g. With all the noise and everyone getting angry, it just gets you down after a time.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GET ONE DOWN" MEAN ? The idiom ... make...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE He had to stop work because the problems and difficulties of the job got him down after a time

DICTATION 70 CORNER (v) encurralar, embaraçar The men arrived late/ at the works so often/ that they lost their jobs./ It is said that/ when a rat is cornered/ by a man/ and has to defend its life,/ it will fly/ at the man's throat./ John did not realize/ what he was doing/ and consequently forgot/ to shut the door behind him./ They have always led/ a very comfortable life till now./ I suppose/ we shall reach the end of the book/ eventually/ if we keep working steadily./ The price of goods/ depends on supply and demand./ If the


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demand is great/ but the supply is small,/ the price will, of course, be high.

LESSON 129

HOW DO YOU DO ? HOW ARE YOU ? como vai você? When we are introduced to somebody, we shake his hand and say "How do you do ?" and he replies the same "How do you do ?"

WHEN WE ARE INTRODUCED TO SOMEBODY, WHAT DO WE SAY ? When we are ... "How do you do ?"

AND WHAT DOES THE OTHER PERSON REPLY ? The other ...

"How do you do ?"

When we meet somebody we know, we say "How are you ?" and they can reply in many different ways, but perhaps one of the most common replies is "Not too bad"./

WHAT DO YOU SAY WHEN YOU MEET SOMEONE YOU KNOW ? When I meet ... "How are you ?"

AND WHAT DO THEY GENERALLY REPLY ? They generally

reply "Not too bad"

UNDERNEATH embaixo de


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The difference between "under" and "underneath" is the same as that between "after" and "afterwards". "Underneath" means "under that" or "under it", and, unlike the word "under", it does not usually need to be followed by any other words. For example, "I knelt down by the car and looked under it", whilst "I knelt down by the car and looked underneath"./ WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "UNDER" AND "UNDERNEATH" ? The difference ...

"underneath" means "under that" or "under it" ... it does not usually need to be

followed by any other words

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE I knelt down by the car and looked under it ... or ... I

knelt down ... underneath

WANDER vagar DISTINGUISH distinguir CAN YOU DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENCE IN PRONUNCIATION BETWEEN THE WORDS "WANDER" AND "WONDER" ? / Yes, I can ...

or ... No, I can't ...

WHAT DOES THE WORD "WANDER" MEAN ? The word ... WHAT DOES THE WORD "WONDER" MEAN ? The word ...

STILL parado (ainda) YET ainda


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ANNOYANCE STRESS GOOD HEAVENS ! aborrecimento estresse santo deus! As we have already seen, we use "still" for something that is in progress at the moment, whilst we use "yet" for something that has not begun or happened. This means that "still" is generally used in positive sentences whilst "yet" is generally used in negative and interrogative sentences. In addition, however, we must note that when "still" is used in questions, it often gives the feeling of surprise or annoyance, and is generally spoken with a heavy stress, e.g. "What! Is that man still here?" - in other words, "Why doesn't he go home and let us all have some peace ?" - or, "Good heavens! You aren't still eating, are you ?"/

WHAT FEELING DOES THE WORD "STILL" OFTEN GIVE WHEN USED IN QUESTIONS ? The feeling the word ... is one of surprise or annoyance

HOW IS IT USED ? It's used with a heavy stress

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE "Good heavens! Are you still working ?"

When "still" is used with comparatives, such as "longer, quicker, worse" etc., it is similar in meaning to the word "even" (meaning "more"), e.g. "If we want to get there in time, we must go still faster" or "even faster".


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WHEN "STILL" IS USED WITH COMPARATIVES, WHAT IS IT SIMILAR IN MEANING TO ?/ When "still"

is ... "even" (meaning "more")

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE My French is bad, and my English is still worse

In some cases the word "yet" can be used in place of "still", e.g. "I've still a few pennies left" or "I've a few pennies left yet" and; "We must study still harder" or "We must study harder yet". However, this is just something that should be noted, but not given much attention, as it may only serve to confuse, and generally in such cases the word "still" is preferred to the word "yet".

ACCORDING TO de acordo com IF I SAID TO YOU THAT, ACCORDING TO THE NEWSPAPERS, THIS MORNING WORLD WAR THREE HAD BEEN DECLARED, WOULD YOU BELIEVE ME ? No, if you said ... WHY NOT ?

WHAT, ACCORDING TO YOU, IS THE BEST WAY TO DEAL WITH CRIMINALS ?/ I think the best way to deal ...

WHEN THINGS DON'T GO ACCORDING TO PLAN, WHAT DO YOU DO ? When things don't go ...

BAND DISTURBANCE MILITARY banda, tira (faixa), bando distúrbio militar SWEAT suar (suor) SHAPE forma


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IN THIS COUNTRY, DO YOU GET BANDS OF YOUTHS GOING AROUND THE TOWNS CAUSING DISTURBANCES ?

Yes, in this country we get ...or ... No, in this

country we ...

DO YOU LIKE THE SOUND OF A MILITARY BAND ?/ Yes, I like ...

or ... No, I don't ...

WHY DO THEY PUT A BAND OF MATERIAL INSIDE A HAT ? They put a ... in order

to absorb the sweat and help the hat to keep its shape


CARRIAGE carreto (vagão, frete) WHAT'S THE NOUN OF THE VERB "TO CARRY" ?

The noun ... "carriage"

HOW MANY CARRIAGES DOES THE AVERAGE TRAIN CONSIST OF ? The average train

consists of perhaps ... carriages

IF A FACTORY SENDS YOU GOODS, WHO USUALLY PAYS FOR THE CARRIAGE - YOU OR THE FACTORY ?/ If a factory ...

ABOUT (cont.) FOR WEEKS AND WEEKS ———– por semanas e semanas


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WHAT ABOUT (YOU) e você We must now note some of the different uses of the word "about".

WHAT KIND OF THINGS DO PEOPLE ARGUE ABOUT ? The kind of

... are politics, religion ...

DO YOU THINK THERE'S ANYTHING TERRIBLE ABOUT TELLING PEOPLE YOU ARE NOT AT HOME WHEN, IN FACT, YOU ARE ?/ Yes, I think there's

something ... or ... No, I don't think ...

DO PEOPLE STAND ABOUT ON THE CORNERS OF THE STREETS IN YOUR TOWN ? Yes, people stand

about ... or ... No, people don't ...

ARE YOU IN THE HABIT OF MOVING THINGS ABOUT IN YOUR HOUSE, OR DO YOU LEAVE THINGS IN THE SAME PLACE FOR WEEKS AND WEEKS ?/ Yes, I'm in

the ... or ... No, I'm not in ... but I leave things ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "THERE ARE FLOWERS ABOUT THE DOOR" ? When we say

... we mean there are flowers around the door

I DON'T THINK THERE'S GOING TO BE ANOTHER WORLD WAR, WHAT ABOUT YOU ? - THAT IS, WHAT DO YOU THINK ? Yes, I agree. I don't

think ...or ... No, I don't agree.


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I think there's going to ...

BITTER amargo DISSATISFACTION insatisfação DOES TEA WITHOUT SUGAR TASTE SWEET ?/ No, tea

... but it tastes bitter

WHAT DO YOU THINK MAKES PEOPLE BITTER, ESPECIALLY IN THEIR OLD AGE ? I think that what

makes people ... is dissatisfaction with their lives; things not having happened as they

had wished; illness, ... etc.

NEAT arrumado (limpo) WHAT WORD CAN WE USE INSTEAD OF THE WORD "TIDY" ? We can use ...

"neat" instead of ...

POVERTY pobreza WHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO BE DONE ABOUT THE POVERTY IN THE WORLD ? I think ...

ADMIRE admirar WHOM DO YOU ADMIRE MORE THAN ANYONE ELSE ?/ I admire ... more than anyone else

GENEROUS generoso


852

DO YOU THINK THE RICH ARE MORE GENEROUS THAN THE POOR ? Yes, I think

the ... or ... No, I don't ...

IDIOM 32 TOUCH AND GO = dangerously very uncertain perigo iminente e.g. It was touch and go for a moment. I thought the piece of wood would break and we'd all fall into the sea.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "TOUCH AND GO" MEAN ? The idiom ... uncertain ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE The car was in a very bad condition, and it was touch and

go whether it would get us home or not

DICTATION 71 The ship sank slowly/ to the ocean bed./ Some of the men on board were drowned/ as they were unable to swim./ Others managed/ to hold on to pieces of wood/ that were floating/ on the surface of the sea/ and so were able to save themselves,/ and were carried to land/ by the tide./ Empires have always meant/ the conquering of one country by another,/ and the country which conquers/ then demands a tax/ which makes it possible/ to conquer still more countries./ He was a great literary figure/ of his day,/ but today he is very little read./


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LESSON 130

DEAR caro (querido, precioso) DO YOU THINK IT IS POSSIBLE FOR TWO PEOPLE TO REMAIN DEAR FRIENDS FOR LIFE ? Yes, I think

it's ... or ... No, I don't ...

IS LIFE VERY DEAR TO YOU ? Yes, life's very ... or ... No, life isn't ...

WHAT'S THE DEAREST THING YOU'RE WEARING ? My ... is the dearest ...

EASY EASE AT EASE ILL AT EASE / fácil alívio confortável constrangido (a) WHAT DO WE MEAN BY AN EASY CHAIR ? By an

easy chair we mean a comfortable chair

AND AN EASY LIFE ? A comfortable and unhurried life

DO YOU FEEL AT EASE IN STRANGE COMPANY, OR DO YOU FEEL ILL AT EASE ? I feel ... in strange company

ARE YOU ABLE TO DO THE DICTATIONS IN THIS BOOK WITH EASE ?/ Yes, I'm able to do

... or ... No, I'm not able ...

IF YOU HAVE A HEADACHE, WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE BEST WAY TO EASE THE PAIN ? If I have a ...

I think ... the pain is to lie down, relax, take an asprin ... etc.


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FAILURE TO BE OBLIGED CANDLE LIGHT - LIT - LIT fracasso, ser obrigado a vela acender- acendeu- falha acendido WHEN THERE'S A FAILURE IN THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, WHAT ARE WE OBLIGED TO DO ?/

When there's a ... we're obliged to light candles

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO LIGHT" ? The paradigm ... "light - lit - lit"

WHAT KIND OF THINGS DO YOU THINK MAKE A PARTY A FAILURE ? I think the kind of

things that make ... are ...

STEAL ROB THIEF roubar roubar ladrão The difference in sentence construction when using the verbs "steal" and "rob" is as follows:- To steal + something + from somebody. The thief stole + my watch + from me. To rob + something or somebody + of something. The thief robbed + me + of my watch.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION WHEN USING THE VERBS "STEAL" AND "ROB" ?/

The difference ... is "to steal + something ..."


855

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE The thief stole + a handbag + from Mary.

The thief robbed + Mary + of her handbag

The object of the verb "steal" is what is taken by the thief, whilst the object of the verb "rob" is the person or the place from whom or from which the thing is stolen, e.g.

The man stole a car The man robbed me (or the bank)

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OBJECTS OF THE VERBS "TO STEAL" AND "TO ROB" ?

The difference ... is that the object of the verb "steal" is what is taken by the thief,

whilst the object of the verb "rob" is the person from whom or from which the

thing is stolen

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE / He stole a pen.

He robbed them of a pen. He robbed the Post Office


HANDLE (v+n) manipular, lidar com, maçaneta GENTLE gentil WHAT'S THIS ? It's the door-handle


856

WHAT KIND OF OBJECTS MUST BE HANDLED VERY GENTLY WHEN WE TOUCH THEM ? The kind of

objects that ... are objects such as glass, eggs ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A PERSON WITH A GENTLE NATURE ? By a person ... we

mean someone who is not cruel or rough ... etc.

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A GENTLE WIND ?/ By a ... we mean a wind that is

not at all strong ...

DO YOU KNOW HOW TO HANDLE (I.E. USE) A GUN ? Yes, I know how ...

or ... No, I don't know ...

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO HANDLE A HORSE ? The best way ... is

gently, without making any quick or sudden movements ... etc.

HAND-IN-HAND ARM-IN-ARM CUSTOM de mãos dadas de braços dados costume GIRLFRIEND SHORTHAND SYMBOL HAND (v) namorada taquigrafia símbolo entregar WHAT DO WE MEAN BY "WALKING HAND-IN-HAND" ?/

By "walking hand-in- hand" we mean two people holding

each other's hand as they walk


857

IS IT THE CUSTOM IN YOUR COUNTRY FOR A BOY TO WALK ARM-IN-ARM WITH HIS GIRLFRIEND ?

Yes, it's the custom ... or ... No, it isn't ...

WHAT IS SHORTHAND ? Shorthand is a system of writing in which we use symbols to represent

the sounds of words

WOULD YOU HAND ME THAT BOOK, PLEASE Yes, certainly

ENQUIRE INQUIRE ENQUIRY / INQUIRY OFFICE indagar perguntar pesquisa, sindicância escritório WHERE DO WE GO TO ENQUIRE ABOUT TRAIN TIMES AT THE STATION ?/ We go to the enquiry

office to enquire about train ...

ESCAPE escapar IF YOU HAD BEEN A PRISONER DURING THE LAST WORLD WAR, WOULD YOU HAVE TRIED TO ESCAPE ?

Yes, if I'd been a ... I'd have tried to escape ... or ...

No, if I'd been ...

REGRET arrepender-se IS THERE ANYTHING YOU REGRET HAVING DONE OR NOT HAVING DONE ? Yes, there's something I regret ...

or ... No, there isn't anything ... WHAT ? WHY ?


858

TENDER ENABLE LOVINGLY delicado possibilitar afetuosamente ARE THE BOTTOMS OF THE AVERAGE MAN'S FEET TOO TENDER TO ENABLE HIM TO WALK WITHOUT SHOES ON ? Yes, the bottoms ... or ... No, the bottoms of ...

WHY ? Because he has been accustomed for a long time now

to wearing shoes, although it doesn't take long to harden one's feet

IN THIS SENTENCE - "THE MOTHER PUT HER HAND TENDERLY ON HER CHILD'S HEAD" - WHAT DOES THE WORD "TENDERLY" MEAN ?/ In that sentence - "The

mother ..." - the word "tenderly" means "gently and lovingly"

IDIOM 33 CAN'T MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT = can't understand it at all não entender nada INSTRUCTION instrução e.g. I can't make head nor tail of this letter I got from John this morning. I don't know whether he means he is coming tomorrow or not. WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "CAN'T MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT" MEAN ? The idiom ... means

"can't understand it at all"


859

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE These instructions that go together with the machine are so

complicated that I can't make head nor tail of them

LESSON 131

INTEREST DOCUMENTS SHARES SEAT-BELT interesse (juros) documentos ações cinto de segurança WHEN WE BUY AN INTEREST IN A BUSINESS, WHAT EXACTLY DO WE CALL THE DOCUMENTS WE BUY ?

When we buy an ... the documents we buy we call "shares"

IS IT IN YOUR OWN INTEREST TO WEAR A SEAT-BELT IN A CAR ?/ Yes, it's in

your own ...

VERBS, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ENDING IN "Y" ——————————————————————————

TIDINESS ordem When a verb ends in "y" with a consonant in front of it, we change the "y" into "i" when adding -es or -ed. For example, "carry - carries - carried". WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE ADD -ES OR -ED TO A VERB ENDING IN "Y" ? When we add...

we change the "y" into "i"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE / study - studies - studied;


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hurry - hurries – hurried

Nouns and adjectives usually behave in a similar way to verbs before a suffix is added, e.g. tidy - tidier - tidily - tidiness.

HOW DO NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES THAT END IN "Y" PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT BEHAVE ? Nouns and

... behave in a similar way to verbs ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE pity - pitiful - pitiless

JUST assim que (somente) PREFERABLY preferencialmente CAN YOU REMEMBER WHAT YOU DID JUST AS YOU CAME INTO THE ROOM ?/ Yes, I can ...

WHAT MUST A DRIVER DO WHEN THE GAP BETWEEN TWO OTHER CARS IS ONLY JUST WIDE ENOUGH TO ALLOW HIM TO PASS ? When a gap

between two other cars is only just wide enough to allow a driver to pass, he must drive very slowly

and preferably have someone standing in front of his car to wave him to the left or to the right ...

LARGELY QUALITY CLEVER largamente qualidade inteligente DO YOU THINK THAT SUCCESS IN LIFE (LIKE MAKING A FORTUNE) IS LARGELY A MATTER OF LUCK, OR DO YOU THINK CERTAIN QUALITIES ARE REQUIRED WHICH ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN LUCK. IN


861

OTHER WORDS, DO YOU THINK THAT RICH, SUCCESSFUL PEOPLE ARE CLEVERER THAN POOR AND UNSUCCESSFUL PEOPLE, OR JUST LUCKIER ?/ I

think that ... or ... I don't think that ... but I think that ...

MAY AS WELL ... AS WE MAY GO poder também ... como podemos ir WE MAY AS WELL GO podemos também ir DO YOU THINK THAT PEOPLE WHO ARE IN PRISON FOR LIFE OFTEN THINK THAT THEY MAY AS WELL BE DEAD AS IN PRISON ? Yes, I think

that people ... or ... No, I don't think ...

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO SENTENCES ? - WE MAY GO TO THE CINEMA THIS EVENING AND, WE MAY AS WELL GO TO THE CINEMA THIS EVENING The difference is that the first sentence

expresses a possibility, whilst the second one is saying that, as we do not know what else to do this evening,

we may as well go to the cinema. In other words, going to the cinema would be better than doing nothing



862

ON ACCOUNT OF BOMB EXPLOSION por causa de bomba explosão TIP gorjeta, dica, ponta TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT ON MY OWN ACCOUNT/ levar em consideração por minha própria conta IF IT SNOWED IN THE MIDDLE OF SUMMER, WOULD YOU SAY THAT IT WAS ON ACCOUNT OF PAST ATOMIC BOMBS AND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS HAVING DISTURBED THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE ? Yes, if it ...

or ... No, if it ... I wouldn't say ...

WHEN CONSIDERING THE PRICE OF A MEAL IN A RESTAURANT, DO YOU TAKE INTO ACCOUNT SUCH THINGS AS THE SERVICE CHARGE AND THE WAITER'S TIP ETC. ?/ Yes, when considering the ...

or ... No, when ...

ARE YOU STUDYING ENGLISH ON YOUR OWN ACCOUNT OR BECAUSE YOU ARE FORCED TO ?

I'm studying English ...

WHAT PART OF MY TONGUE IS THIS AND WHAT PART OF MY FINGER IS THIS ? That's the tip of your

tongue and the tip of your finger

When we are trying to think of a word or a name that we know well but doesn't come to us immediately, we say it's on the tip of our tongue./


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WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE ARE TRYING TO THINK OF A WORD OR A NAME THAT WE KNOW WELL BUT DOESN'T COME TO US IMMEDIATELY ?

When we are trying ... we say it's on the tip of our tongue

NOT ... NOR não … nem IF YOU ARRIVED HOME AT MIDNIGHT DYING OF THIRST AND FOUND THAT, FOR SOME REASON, THERE WAS NOT A SINGLE DROP OF WATER IN THE HOUSE NOR A BOTTLE OF DRINK, WHAT'D YOU DO ?/

If I arrived ... nor a bottle of drink, I'd ...

DELICATE delicado HOW SHOULD DELICATE THINGS BE HANDLED ?

Delicate things should be handled with great care, i.e. delicately

OBSERVE observar DO PEOPLE BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY NORMALLY DO WHEN THEY THINK THEY'RE NOT BEING OBSERVED ? Yes, people behave ...

or ... No, I don't think ...

WHY DO YOU THINK THIS IS ? I think this is because, when we are in company with other people,

we have to behave as we are expected to behave, out of consideration for them, but when we are alone,

we can behave as we wish ...


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RIVAL rival WHY IS IT THAT, IN ALMOST EVERYTHING ONE DOES, ONE NEARLY ALWAYS HAS A RIVAL ? I think the

reason that one nearly always has a rival in almost everything one does is that, when something is worth doing and pays well, there's nearly always more

than just one person wanting, or trying, to do it ...

PRESERVE preservar (conservar) HOW DO WE PRESERVE FRUIT ?/ We preserve fruit

by putting it in bottles or tins

PAW pata WHAT'S A PAW ? A paw is the foot of an animal which has

nails, like that of a cat, a dog, a lion etc ...

IDIOM 34 LUCKY BREAK = a piece of good luck usually following a period of little or no success período de sorte e.g. For many weeks I was without work and without money, but then I had a lucky break: a man offered me a very good job on a ship.

HITCH - HIKE pedir carona WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "LUCKY BREAK" MEAN ?

The idiom ... "a piece of ..."


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GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE We had to hitch-hike, and for hours, no one stopped for us. Then we had

a lucky break: someone stopped for us and we covered 400 miles in one day

SELLER vendedor SWIMMER nadador DICTATION 72 He is now/ in control of one of the largest/ printing presses in the country./ Another step/ and the child would have stepped/ right off the table/ and fallen onto the floor./ After a bill has been passed by parliament,/ it becomes an act./ My uncle was always talking with pride/ about his many adventures abroad/ as a young man./ I was introduced to the seller/ and gave the car a trial run/ and found it was working all right./ Although he was a strong swimmer,/ he was borne out to sea/ by the tide. LESSON 132 WOODEN HUT WOOLLEN SILKEN GOLDEN de madeira cabana laneado (de lã) sedoso dourado (a) A wooden hut is a hut made of wood; a woollen hat is a hat made of wool; a silk dress is a dress made of silk, whilst silken hair is hair which is soft and smooth like silk; a gold watch is a watch made of gold, whilst golden hair looks like gold in colour. WHAT'S A WOODEN HUT ? A wooden ... made of wood

WHAT'S A WOOLLEN HAT ? A woollen ... made of wool


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WHAT'S A SILK DRESS ?/ A silk ... made of silk

WHAT'S SILKEN HAIR ? Silken ... like silk

WHAT'S A GOLD WATCH ? A gold ... made of gold

WHAT'S GOLDEN SKIN ? Golden ... looks like gold in colour

EVERY OTHER DAY um dia sim, outro não DO YOU HAVE ENGLISH LESSONS EVERY DAY OR EVERY OTHER DAY ? I have English ...

OTHERWISE ENGAGED ocupado de outra forma WHEN A FRIEND CALLS UPON YOU AT YOUR HOUSE AND YOU ARE OTHERWISE ENGAGED, WHAT DO YOU DO ?/ When a friend ... I ...

IF A CAR HAD NO WHEELS AND ALL ITS WINDOWS WERE BROKEN BUT OTHERWISE WAS IN GOOD CONDITION, WOULD YOU BUY IT ? Yes, if a car

.. or ... No, if a car ...

PERFORM TRICK PERFORMANCE executar (representar) truque atuação


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IF YOU HAD TO PERFORM IN A PLAY, WHAT KIND OF PART WOULD YOU LIKE TO PERFORM ?/ If I had to

perform ... I'd like to ...

CAN YOU PERFORM ANY TRICKS ? Yes, I can ... or ... No, I can't ...

WHICH ONES ?

WHAT TIME DOES THE LAST PERFORMANCE BEGIN AT YOUR LOCAL CINEMA ? The last ... at

my ... begins at ... ENVY invejar DO YOU ENVY A TEACHER HIS JOB ? ADVICE (n) ADVISE (v) PRACTICE (n) conselho aconselhar prática PRACTISE (v) LICENCE (n) LICENSE (v) praticar licença licenciar WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "ADVICE" AND "ADVISE" ?/ The difference ... that "advice"

is the noun, whilst "advise" is the verb

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN SPELLING BETWEEN THE NOUN "PRACTICE" AND THE VERB "PRACTISE" ?

The difference ... that the noun is spelt "-ce", whilst

the verb is spelt "-se"


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AND BETWEEN THE NOUN "LICENCE" AND THE VERB "LICENSE" ? It's the same difference


RECORD (n)-the "e" is RECORD (v)-the "e" is pronounced as in "rest" pronounced as in "sit" registro, disco registrar, gravar WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "RECORD" (n) AND "RECORD" (v) ?/ The difference

... is that "record" is the noun, whilst "record" is the verb

CAN YOU THINK OF ANY RECORD THAT HAS BEEN BROKEN RECENTLY ? Yes, I can

think ... or ... No, I can't ...

WHICH ?

HAVE YOU EVER RECORDED YOUR OWN VOICE ? Yes, I've

recorded ... or ... No, I haven't ...

WHAT DID IT SOUND LIKE ? It sounded ...

SCATTER ROW DISORDERLY espalhar fileira desordenadamente WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF SCATTERING SEEDS ON THE LAND INSTEAD OF SETTING THEM CAREFULLY IN THE GROUND IN ROWS ?/

The disadvantages of ... are that birds eat them,


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the wind blows them away, etc ...

WHY DOES A DISORDERLY CROWD OF PEOPLE SCATTER WHEN THE POLICE ARRIVE ? When the

police arrive, a disorderly crowd of people scatters because people are afraid

of being arrested or hit by the police, ... etc.

TAP TURN ON ANTICLOCKWISE bater, torneira girar anti-horário WHAT AM I DOING ? You're tapping your fingers on the table

IN WHICH DIRECTION DOES ONE NORMALLY TURN A WATER-TAP ON ? One normally

turns a water-tap on in an anticlockwise direction

UPSIDE-DOWN RIGHT WAY UP de ponta cabeça de cabeça para cima WHAT AM I DOING ?/ You're turning the book upside-down

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF "UPSIDE - DOWN" ? The opposite

of ... is the right way up

WEAR RUB WORN-OUT MEND usar, gastar esfregar gasto consetar WHAT'D HAPPEN IF I KEPT RUBBING MY ARM ON THE EDGE OF THE TABLE, LIKE SO ? If you kept


870

rubbing your ... you'd wear the arm of your jacket (or dress) smooth and probably wear a hole in it

WHAT DO WE DO WITH THINGS THAT ARE WORN - OUT ? / We mend or throw away

things that are worn-out

EXPERIENCE experiência QUALIFICATION qualificação WHICH DO YOU THINK'S MORE IMPORTANT - EXPERIENCE OR QUALIFICATIONS ? I think it

depends ...

DEBT débito WHAT DOES IT MEAN : "TO BE IN DEBT" ? "To be in

debt" means that we owe somebody something, usually money

INTERRUPT interromper INTERRUPTION interrupção WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE INTERRUPT SOMEONE WHO'S SPEAKING ? When we ... we say "Excuse me"

WHAT DO THEY SAY ON TELEVISION WHEN THERE'S AN INTERRUPTION ? When there's

an interruption on television, they say "We're sorry for the interruption ..."


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MENTION mencionar, menção GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "MENTION" IN IT. / Would you mention to Mr. Green

the fact that he still hasn't paid his bill, and see what he says

IDIOM 35 GET HOLD OF THE WRONG END OF THE STICK = understand the opposite

of what is meant entender errado

e.g. No, you've got hold of the wrong end of the stick. It's the opposite of what I meant.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GET HOLD OF THE WRONG END OF THE STICK" MEAN ? The idiom ...

"understand the opposite ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE Every time you explain anything to him, he always

seems to get hold of the wrong end of the stick

DICTATION 73 CLOTHING roupa, vestimenta On the whole,/ we speak English rather well now./ I have a clothing account/ at Westman's,/ where I spend nearly all my money./ The eastern states of North America/ were settled by the Europeans before the western states./ Before drawing money from a bank,/ it is usually necessary/ to sign a cheque./ The size of the temple/ was much greater than we had expected./ After a very violent storm,/ the navy found/ that many of its best ships/ had been broken on the rocks./ I would not dare/ to differ with his opinions.


872

LESSON 133

WAS + INFINITIVE —————————— "Was" (or "were") plus an infinitive expresses a future event in relation to the past, e.g. "I did not realize back in 1940 that I was never to see my mother again." GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF "WAS" OR "WERE" PLUS AN INFINITIVE. They were to

find out later that he had lied to them – at the time they had believed him

ACT CAPABLE BRING AN ACTION AGAINST ato (atuar) capaz fazer uma ação contra alguém entrar com uma ação em face de alguém WHAT DO YOU CONSIDER TO BE THE NOBLEST ACT A PERSON IS CAPABLE OF PERFORMING ?/

I consider ... the noblest act a person is capable of performing

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO JUDGE A PERSON - BY WHAT HE SAYS OR HOW HE ACTS ? I think the

best way to ...is by ...

WHERE'D YOU HAVE TO GO IF YOU WANTED TO BRING AN ACTION AGAINST SOMEONE ? You'd have

to go to the law courts if you wanted ...


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BAR MADMAN LOCK BARRISTER barra, barrar louco trancar advogado

WHICH IS HEAVIER: A BAR OF GOLD OR A BAR OF IRON (IF, OF COURSE, THEY ARE THE SAME SIZE) ?

A bar of gold is ....

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN THE POLICE PUT A BAR OF WOOD OR METAL ACROSS THE ROAD ?

When the police put ... it means that cars are not allowed to pass ...

SUPPOSING AN ESCAPED MADMAN WERE RUNNING AROUND IN THIS BUILDING, WOULD YOU FEEL SAFER IF YOU LOCKED THE DOOR OF THE ROOM OR IF YOU BARRED IT ?/ Supposing an

escaped ... I'd feel safer if ... We can also use "bar" in a legal sense. For example, when we talk about the "prisoner at the bar", or a "lawyer" being "called to the bar" when becoming a barrister

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "BAR" BEING USED IN A LEGAL SENSE. The prisoner

at the bar; called to the bar ...

CART carroça WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "TO PUT THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE" ?/ "To put the ..."

means to put something first when it should come second


874

CAN YOU GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ? Learning to read and write a language before learning to speak and understand it is like

putting the cart before the horse, as a language should be listened to first, then spoken,

then read, and then finally written

DECEIVE enganar ARE YOU VERY GOOD AT DECEIVING PEOPLE ?

Yes, I'm ... or ... No, I'm not ...

EITHER SIDE ambos os lados NOT ... EITHER não … nem ARE THERE STUDENTS SITTING ON EITHER SIDE OF YOU ? Yes, there are ...

or ... No, there aren't ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF "NOT ... EITHER"./ This pen isn't

his, and it isn't yours either

STUDENTS READ LESSON 126 ON PAGE 822 WHAT AND WHICH ——————————–

The word "what" is generally used in a somewhat unlimited sense, whilst "which" is used in a more limited sense, e.g.

"What kind of books do you like reading ?"- that is, of all the books that exist, whilst


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"Which of these books do you prefer ?" - that is, of the limited number we have here at the moment.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "WHAT" AND "WHICH" ? The difference ...

is that "what" is generally used in a somewhat unlimited sense, whilst "which"

is used in a more limited sense

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE / "What kind of

food do you like to eat most ?" - that is, of all the foods that exist, whilst,

"Which of these dishes would you prefer ?" - that is, of the limited number of dishes of

food we have here at the moment

FAINT ENERGETIC EXCITEMENT FEAR leve (desmaiar) energético excitação medo WHAT DO PEOPLE THINK OR DO WHEN A FAINT SMELL OF BURNING REACHES THEIR NOSES ?

When a faint ... reaches people's noses, they think something is on fire, a cigarette

end that is still burning has perhaps fallen on something ... they try to find out

where the smell is coming from ...

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "YOU MUST NOT BE FAINT - HEARTED IF YOU WISH TO SUCCEED IN LIFE" ? /

"You must not be ... " means that you must be strong,

energetic, courageous and determined ...


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WHY DO PEOPLE FAINT ? People faint because of excessive heat, excitement, fear, pain, ...

GLASSES óculos WHY DO PEOPLE WEAR GLASSES ? People wear ...

DO YOU THINK PEOPLE LOOK BETTER WITH OR WITHOUT GLASSES ? I think some people ...

HAPPEN TO acontecer de WHEN YOU HAPPEN TO SEE SOMEONE IN THE DISTANCE WHILST WALKING DOWN THE STREET AND THAT SOMEONE IS A PERSON YOU DON'T PARTICULARLY WANT TO SPEAK TO, WHAT DO YOU DO ?/ When I happen to see ...

want to speak to, I ...

OUTWARD(S) INWARD(S) para o lado de fora para o lado de dentro WHY DOES A MAN'S STOMACH GROW OUTWARDS INSTEAD OF INWARDS AS HE GETS OLDER ?

A man's stomach... as he gets older because he eats too much and does not take enough exercise ...

LEAN BENEATH GIVE WAY apoiar(inclinar) abaixo de, embaixo dar passager FEATHER pena LEAD chumbo VACUUM vácuo


877

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're leaning on the table

WHY DOES THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA LEAN ?/ The leaning ...

because the ground beneath one side has given way

WHAT WAS THE FAMOUS EXPERIMENT THAT GALILEO IS SAID TO HAVE PERFORMED FROM THE TOP OF THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA ? The famous experiment ...

was the one that showed that two objects of different weights, such as a feather and a piece of lead, fall at the same speed as each other if they fall through a vacuum ...

MANKIND raça humana WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MANKIND ? By mankind we

mean people in the world in general MONKEY macaco CLOSELY perto (próximo) NAME AN ANIMAL THAT IS CLOSELY RELATED TO MAN ? The monkey is an animal that is .... PIGEON COUPLE MATE CAGE / pombo casal companheiro gaiola WHICH BIRD DO WE USE FOR RACING ? We use the pigeon …

HOW DO WE MAKE PIGEONS RACE ? We make pigeons race by taking

them a long way from home and then letting them go free to fly back home


878

Two little tricks that are sometimes used to make a pigeon hurry home faster are as follows:- If the pigeon's a female bird, her owner can give her a couple of false eggs to sit on a few days before the race.

On the day of the race he takes her off the eggs and sends her away. She will fly home faster, because she will be worried about her eggs.

If, on the other hand, the pigeon's a male bird, on the day of the race the owner can take the pigeon out of its cage where it has its female mate, and at the same time show him that he's putting another male bird in with his mate. During the race the pigeon will hurry home fast and angry, wanting to get back to his mate and throw out his rival.

WHAT ARE TWO LITTLE TRICKS THAT CAN BE USED IN PIGEON RACING ?/ The two

little ... are ...

ARE YOU FOR OR AGAINST KEEPING ANIMALS IN CAGES ? I'm for

keeping ... or ... I'm against ... IDIOM 36 SNAP DECISION = A quick decision - fast, like the snap of one's fingers decisão rápida e.g. There wasn't time to think carefully; I had to make a snap decision.


879

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "SNAP DECISION" MEAN ? The idiom ... "quick ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE Although it was a snap decision, it was the right one

DICTATION 74 It doesn't matter/ if we occasionally make a mistake./ We were suddenly forced to stop/ by the appearance of men/ standing in front of us/ with bows and arrows./ Some of them/ had drawn back their bows/ ready to let fly at us./ The youth claimed/ that he had not stolen the apples/ but the shopkeeper would not believe him./ Last year, I paid a visit/ to the Holy Land/ which is the birthplace of Christ./ We stood on the shore/ and watched the sun go down over the lake.

LESSON 134

"SO" AND ITS MANY USES (CONT .) ——————————————————— IT IS NOT SO SO, YOU HAVE COME ! não é verdade Você veio! (exclamação) IT SO HAPPENS SO KIND AS acontece que tão gentil que JUST (EXACTLY) WASH UP exatamente lavar Some further examples of the uses of the word "so" are:-


880

1) He said the train had left, but it was not so (not true) 2) So, you have come after all! (said as an exclamation) 3) It so happens that I have just the thing you are looking for 4) Would you be so kind as to help me wash up the plates and

dishes ?/

CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME FURTHER EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THE WORD "SO" ? Some further

... are 1) He said the train had ... MELT derreter WHAT DO WE GET WHEN ICE MELTS ? We get water

when ice melts

NOTHING TO DO WITH IT nada a ver com WHAT HAS THAT GOT TO DO WITH IT ? o que aquilo tem a ver com isto? IF WE WERE DISCUSSING ART AND I SUDDENLY SAID "AH YES, BUT WHAT ABOUT THE COST OF FOOD THESE DAYS ?", DO YOU SUPPOSE THAT'D HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE DISCUSSION ? No, if we

were discussing ... I don't suppose that'd have ...

AND WHAT'D YOU PROBABLY ASK ME ?/ I'd probably ask you what the cost of food

had got to do with art


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PICK AT pegar (pinçar) PICK OUT escolher WHAT AM I DOING ? You're picking at your clothes (or

at the corner of your book, etc.)

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "TO PICK OUT" ? "To pick out" means to choose ...

REGARD REGARDS GREET GREETINGS considerar, consideração saudar saudações BYE – BYE CHEERIO CHEERS tchau tchau tchau (obrigado) WHAT'D YOU REGARD AS THE GREATEST FAVOUR THAT ANYONE COULD DO YOU ? I'd regard ...

as the greatest favour that ...

WHEN WE WISH TO SEND OUR GREETINGS TO A FRIEND THROUGH A THIRD PERSON, WHAT DO WE SAY ?/ When we wish... we say

"Give my regards to John when you see him"

WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE GREET SOMEONE IN THE STREET ? We say "Hallo!"

or "Good evening!" etc. when we greet ...

AND WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE LEAVE SOMEONE ? We say

"Goodbye; Bye-bye; Cheerio" or just "Cheers" when we leave someone


882

SCENT GIVE OFF RIDER cheiro (perfume) exalar cavaleiro WHICH FLOWER DO YOU THINK GIVES OFF THE NICEST SCENT ?/ I think the ...

gives off the nicest scent

CAN YOU TELL ME OF A CASE YOU KNOW WHERE AN ANIMAL HAS SHOWN IT HAS SCENTED DANGER (I.E. AS IF BY SMELL) BEFORE THE DANGER HAS ACTUALLY BEEN REACHED ? Yes, I can ...

or ... No, I can't ...

As an example, a horse will sometimes refuse to cross a bridge that is in danger of breaking, even though its rider might try to make it go on ... and animals, such as deer, can also scent (or sense) danger when a tiger is about ...


GO RIGHT TEMPER LOSE ONE'S TEMPER dar certo temperamento perder a paciência THOUGHTFUL GO BAD SWEET pensativo dar errado doce (dócil) WHEN THINGS DON'T GO RIGHT, WHAT DO YOU DO - LOSE YOUR TEMPER, OR JUST BECOME VERY QUIET


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AND THOUGHTFUL, ETC. ? When things don't go ... I ...

WHAT DO WE DO WITH FOOD THAT HAS GONE BAD ? We throw away food that has gone bad

WHAT KIND OF THINGS PUT YOU INTO A BAD TEMPER ?/ The kind of

... temper are ...

WOULD YOU SAY THAT, GENERALLY SPEAKING, WOMEN WERE MORE SWEET-TEMPERED THAN MEN ?

Yes, I'd say that ... or ... No, I wouldn't say ...

FOUR WAYS OF FORMING THE FUTURE —————————————————————–

There are four ways in which we can form the Future, and they are as follows:- 1) I shall go to London tomorrow (Normal Future) 2) I go to London tomorrow (Present Simple) 3) I am going to London tomorrow (Present Progressive) 4) I am going to go to London tomorrow (Future Intention)

Naturally, we can't use these different forms as we like. In some cases we use one form, whilst in other cases we use another, and, as with so much else in English, we best learn when to use them through practice./

WHAT ARE THE FOUR WAYS IN WHICH WE CAN FORM THE FUTURE ? The four ways

... are 1) I shall got to London tomorrow (Normal Future) 2) I go to ...


884

CAN WE USE THESE DIFFERENT FORMS JUST AS WE LIKE ? No, we can't ...

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO LEARN WHEN TO USE THEM ? The best way

to ... is through practice

BY NOW agora IF YOU HAD LEFT FOR SCOTLAND TEN HOURS AGO, WOULD YOU HAVE ARRIVED THERE BY NOW ?

Yes, if I'd left ... or ... No, if I'd ...

WARN AHEAD TRIANGLE prevenir, avisar a frente triângulo WHAT KIND OF SIGN DO WE SEE ON THE SIDE OF THE ROAD THAT WARNS US THAT THERE'S DANGER AHEAD ?/ The kind of

sign we ... ahead is a red triangle with a picture of the danger in the

middle. If, for example, it's a dangerous bend, a line in the shape of a dangerous bend ...

MERCY piedade HAS IT BEEN THE HABIT THROUGHOUT HISTORY FOR THE CONQUEROR TO SHOW MERCY TO THOSE HE HAS CONQUERED ? No, usually it

hasn't been the ...


885

WHAT WOULD YOU HAVE DONE ? I'd have ...

DESIRE desejar (desejo) WHAT'S A SIMILAR WORD TO "WISH" ? A similar

word to "wish" is "desire"

HAVE YOU ANY GREAT DESIRE TO VISIT A PARTICULAR FOREIGN COUNTRY ? Yes, I've a

great ... or ... No, I haven't any ...

WHICH ?/ IDIOM 37 IT NEVER RAINS BUT IT POURS = problems never come

in ones and twos but many come together problemas nunca vêm sozinhos e.g. There was nowhere we could buy any petrol for the car, there were no trains or buses until the next morning, and there was only one hotel, and that was full. Well, you know what they say, it never rains but it pours.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "IT NEVER RAINS BUT IT POURS" MEAN ? The idiom ...

means that problems ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE One thing went wrong after another. It's always the

same; it never rains but it pours


886

DICTATION 75 INJUSTICE injustiça The chickens/ have not laid a single egg/ for an entire week./ The soldiers behaved with great courage/ and fought well,/ but still they lost the battle./ He had the choice/ of either entering the government/ and becoming some kind of official/ or of entering the church/ and becoming a priest./ The village looked very pretty/ lying in the valley/ in the morning sunshine./ It is not uncommon/ to find public speakers/ preaching against the social injustices/ of the day./ His eyes travelled to the ceiling.

LESSON 135

UPRIGHT LUNG ORGAN ereto pulmão órgão WHY IS IT HEALTHIER TO SIT AND WALK UPRIGHT RATHER THAN WITH HEAD AND SHOULDERS BENT FORWARD ? The reason it's healthier ...

is that the lungs and other organs of the body are not pressed against

each other, and, with an upright back, the blood moves more freely in the body

and the person feels less tired ...

WORK OUT resolver WORK OUT THIS PROBLEM PLEASE - WHAT IS IT THAT THE MORE WE TAKE AWAY FROM IT, THE BIGGER IT GETS ? It is a hole:

because the more we take away from a hole, the bigger the hole becomes


887

WHAT ARE YOU DOING ?/ I'm working out the problem of - "What is it ..."

ADVANCE STEP BY STEP CONFUSION avançar o a passo confusão IN ADVANCE IN ARREARS adiantado atrasado WHY IS IT BETTER TO ADVANCE SLOWLY STEP BY STEP WHEN LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE RATHER THAN RUSH FORWARD TOO QUICKLY ?/

The reason it's better to advance ... too quickly is that, unlike many

other subjects, a foreign language requires that page one is thoroughly learnt before page two can be

completely understood, as the work on each page is based on the work on the pages that have

gone before it, so to rush on too quickly would mean eventual confusion ...

WHEN PEOPLE WORK FOR A WAGE, ARE THEY PAID IN ADVANCE OR IN ARREARS ? When people

work ... in arrears

BARE WEAPON SILENCE (v) BARELY nu (a) (s) arma silenciar apenas ARE MY HANDS COVERED ? No, your hands ... but

they're bare

IS IT POSSIBLE TO KILL A MAN WITH ONE'S BARE HANDS; THAT IS, WITHOUT USING A WEAPON OF


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ANY KIND ? Yes, it's possible to ...

HOW ?/ By putting your hands round his neck and pressing your thumbs hard into his throat

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "HE SILENCED HIM WITH A BARE WORD" ? "He silenced ..."

means he silenced him with nothing more than a word ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "WE BARELY HAD TIME TO EAT" ? When we say

"We barely ..."we mean we only just had time to eat

GO BACK COME BACK GO IN voltar voltar entrar COME IN RETURN ENTER entrar voltar entrar DESCEND GO DOWN COME DOWN/ descer descer descer Sometimes you may find it difficult to know when to use the verb "go back" and when to use "come back", when to use "go in" and when to use "come in", exactly as when to use "bring" and when to use "take". There may appear to be no problem with these words but, in fact, pupils often confuse their use, as everything depends on where the person who is doing the act is at the time, and where the person who is speaking or writing about the action is at the time./


889

For example, if at the time of speaking I am at the school, I would say "After the lesson tomorrow, I shall go back home", whilst, if at the time of speaking I were at home, I would say "After the lesson tomorrow, I shall come back home".

If, therefore, you are in any doubt as to what you should use, you can easily overcome the problem by using the word "return", which serves for both "go back" and "come back", and the word "enter", which serves for both "go in" and "come in"./

WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH THE WORDS "GO BACK" AND "COME BACK" AND "GO IN" AND "COME IN" ? The problem

with the ... is that everything depends on where the person who ...

HOW CAN WE OVERCOME THE PROBLEM ? We can overcome the problem by using

the word "return" ... and the word "enter" ...

The same thing can be applied to the word "descend", which can be used for both "go down" and "come down". Though, in fact, it is seldom used in this way, you can use it if you are in difficulty and don't know whether you should use "go down" or "come down"./


890

WHAT WORD CAN WE USE INSTEAD OF "GO DOWN" OR "COME DOWN" ? We can use the

word "descend" instead of ...

DO WE, IN FACT, GENERALLY USE THE WORD "DESCEND" INSTEAD OF "GO DOWN" OR "COME DOWN" ? No, we don't,

in fact, generally use ...

GET

Although the word "get" has many different meanings, we cannot always use it in place of the other verbs with the same meaning./ For example, we cannot say, "I hope one day to get (become) a doctor". For this reason, when there is any doubt, it is perhaps safer to avoid using "get" and use the verb of the same meaning.

WHAT'S THE PROBLEM WITH USING THE WORD "GET" ? The problem with

... is that we can't always use it in place of the other verbs with the same meaning

HOW DO WE OVERCOME THE PROBLEM ? We overcome ... by avoiding its use and using the verb

of the same meaning instead

CASE IN CASE RISK RUN A RISK / caso no caso risco correr o risco WHAT DO WE CALL THE PERSON WHOM WE EMPLOY TO FIGHT OUR CASE IN THE LAW COURTS ? We call

the person whom we


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employ to fight our case in the law courts a lawyer or a barrister

DO YOU CARRY AN UMBRELLA IN CASE IT RAINS, OR ARE YOU THE TYPE OF PERSON WHO PREFERS TO RUN THE RISK OF IT RAINING ?/ I carry an ...

or ... No, I don't carry ... I'm the kind of ...

DEGREE BY DEGREES ANGLE RIGHT ANGLE grau aos poucos ângulo ângulo reto WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "WE ADVANCED BY DEGREES" ?

"We advanced by degrees" means we moved slowly and

carefully forward

HOW MANY DEGREES ARE THERE IN A RIGHT ANGLE ? There are 90

degrees in a right angle WHAT'S THE TEMPERATURE TODAY ? - I.E. ABOUT HOW MANY DEGREES IS IT TODAY ? It's about ...

degrees today

EXCUSE (v) (pronounced "excuz") EXCUSE (n) desculpar desculpa WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "EXCUSE" (v) AND "EXCUSE" (n) ?/ The difference...

is that "excuse" is the verb, whilst "excuse" is the noun


892


FANCY WAIST WAISTCOAT imaginar, extravagante cintura colete WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "I FANCY THAT JOHN WILL NOT COME THIS EVENING" ? If you

said "I fancy that ..." you'd mean you had a feeling that

John would not come

AND WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "I FANCY MYSELF TO BE IN ANCIENT GREECE" ?/ If you

said "I fancy myself ..." you'd mean you imagined

yourself to be ...

WHAT PART OF THE BODY IS THIS ? That part of the body is the waist

DO YOU LIKE FANCY WAISTCOATS FOR MEN ? Yes, I like

... or ... No, I don't like ...

WHAT DO YOU FANCY FOR YOUR DINNER THIS EVENING; THAT IS, WHAT'D YOU LIKE TO HAVE ?

I fancy ... for my dinner this evening

PINT GALLON LITRE 0.5679 litro galão litro


893

8 PINTS = 1 GALLON 1 PINT = 0.5679 LITRES /

HOW MANY PINTS MAKE A GALLON ? 8 pints make a gallon

HOW MANY LITRES MAKE A PINT ? Point 5679 litres make a pint

JEALOUS ciumento HAVE YOU GOT A JEALOUS NATURE ? Yes, I've got

a ... or ... No, I haven't got a ...

MINE mina MINER mineiro WHAT DO WE CALL A MAN WHO WORKS IN A MINE ?

We call a man who works in a mine a miner

TEND tender DO YOU THINK MOST PEOPLE TEND TO LIKE OTHERS OR TO DISLIKE OTHERS ?/ I think most

people tend to ...

TOUGH duro (ríspido, difícil) WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "TENDER" ? The contrary

of "tender" is "tough"

NAME A TOUGH METAL Steel is a tough metal


894

CONTENT (n) (kontent) CONTENT (v or adj) (kon'tent) (with the accent on the first syllable) (with the accent on the second syllable) conteúdo contente WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "CONTENT" (n) AND "CONTENT" (v or adj) ? The difference

... is that "content" is a noun, whilst "content" is a verb or adjective

WHAT ARE THE CONTENTS (n) OF YOUR POCKETS OR BAG ? The contents

of my ... are a handkerchief, some money ...

ARE YOU CONTENT (adj) WITH YOUR LIFE ? / Yes, I'm ... or ... No, I'm not ...

WITNESS testemunha HAVE YOU EVER HAD TO GO TO THE LAW COURTS AS A WITNESS TO AN ACCIDENT OR A CRIME ?

Yes, I've had to go ... as a witness ...or ... No, I've never had ...

RID livrar-se GET RID OF livrar-se WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO RID OURSELVES OF SOMEONE WHO'S CAUSING US TROUBLE ?/ The best

way to... is,if the problem is serious, to call the police

WHAT'D I EXPECT YOU TO DO IF I TOLD YOU TO GET RID OF THAT PEN ? If you told

me ...you'd expect me to throw it away


895

ABOVE ALL acima de tudo GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "ABOVE ALL" IN IT. Don't forget we need plenty of paper, pencils,

rulers, etc. for the exam, but above all pens that write properly

IDIOM 38 IN A NUTSHELL = briefly; in a few words em resumo e.g. After all the complicated explaining you have been doing, what you really mean to say - to put everything in a nutshell - is that you are not able to do the job.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "IN A NUTSHELL" MEAN ? The idiom... "briefly ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE To put it in a nutshell, the answer is "no"

DICTATION 76 As a rule,/ I do not waste a lot of time/ worrying about details of little importance./ Last night/ there was a terrible storm/ and the surface of the sea/ looked like/ a mass of hills and valleys./ There has been a wonderful improvement/ in his health/ and he is now beginning/ to enjoy life again./ Wisdom usually comes with experience./ Although he objected,/ he was still defeated./ I do not mind you smoking your pipe/ whilst I am eating./ We switched on the light/ and found that all the Christmas gifts/ had been stolen from the tree.


896

LESSON 136

FLOUR GRIND - GROUND – GROUND SHARPEN farinha moer- moeu- moído amolar (afiar) HOW IS FLOUR MADE ? Flour is made by grinding corn

HOW DO WE SHARPEN AN AXE ? We sharpen an axe by grinding it on a stone

HARM HARMFUL HARMLESS CREATURE machucar nocivo inofensivo criatura IF YOU WANTED TO HARM SOMEBODY, WHAT'D YOU DO ? If I wanted ... I'd ...

WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST HARMFUL CREATURE AND WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST HARMLESS CREATURE ON EARTH ?/ I think the ... is the

most harmful creature and the ... is the most harmless creature on earth

"DO" WITH "WHO" ——————————

The auxiliary verb "do" is not used with the interrogative pronoun "who" - e.g. "Who speaks German here ?" and not "Who does speak German here ?", unless, of course, one is being emphatic.

Sometimes, however, you will find "do" together with "who",


897

but this is because in such cases the word "who" should really be "whom", e.g. "Who do you think I saw yesterday ?" should really be "Whom do you think I saw yesterday ?"/

WHY IS IT WE SOMETIMES FIND THE AUXILIARY VERB "DO" WITH THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN "WHO" WHEN, IN FACT, "DO" IS NOT SUPPOSED TO BE USED WITH "WHO" ? The reason we

sometimes find ... "who" is that the word "who" in such cases

should really be "whom"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE "Who did you give the money to ?" should really

be "Whom did you give the money to ?"

IRON (v+n) passar roupa, ferro DO YOU IRON YOUR CLOTHES YOURSELF OR DOES SOMEONE ELSE IRON THEM FOR YOU ? I iron

my ... or ... Someone else irons my clothes for me

LIKELY provável UNLIKELY improvável DO YOU THINK IT'S LIKELY TO RAIN IN THE NEXT 24 HOURS ? Yes, I think

it's likely to ... or ... No, I don't think ...

DO YOU THINK IT'S VERY UNLIKELY THAT YOU WILL


898

GO THROUGH THE ENTIRE WINTER NEXT YEAR WITHOUT CATCHING A SINGLE COLD ?/ Yes, I

think it's very ... or ... No, I don't think it's very ... but

I think it's very likely that I will catch a cold

DO SOMEONE A FAVOUR THAT'S ALL RIGHT fazer um favor à alguém tudo certo NOT AT ALL IT'S NOTHING de maneira alguma não é nada WELCOME DON'T MENTION IT bem-vindo (de nada) nem fale nisto When we give something to someone or do someone a favour etc., and they say "Thank you", there are many ways in which we can reply, depending to some extent on what we have given them or what we have done. We can say, for example, "That's all right. That's O.K. Not at all. It's nothing. You're welcome. Don't mention it" etc., or we can just reply with a smile without saying a word./

WHEN WE GIVE SOMETHING TO SOMEONE, OR DO SOMEONE A FAVOUR ETC., AND THEY SAY "THANK YOU", WHAT DO WE REPLY ? When we

give ... we reply "That's all right. That's O.K. Not at all ..."


899

UP TEAR - TORE - TORN completamente rasgar- rasgou- rasgado

When we add the word "up" to a verb it sometimes gives it the meaning of doing something more completely. For example, "I'm breaking this match"; that is, once, whilst "I'm breaking this match up" means I'm breaking it many times./

WHEN WE ADD THE WORD "UP" TO A VERB, WHAT MEANING DOES IT SOMETIMES GIVE THE VERB ?

When we add ... it sometimes gives the verb the meaning

of doing something more completely

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE "I'm cutting a loaf of bread into two halves",

means, I'm cutting the loaf once, whilst "I'm cutting the loaf of bread up"

means I'm cutting it many times

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're tearing a piece of paper

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're tearing a piece of paper up

PILE ONE ON TOP OF THE OTHER HEAP pilha, empilhar um em cima do outro pilha WHAT AM I DOING ? You're piling your books one on top

of the other

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD SIMILAR IN MEANING TO THE WORD "PILE" ? Another word

similar to ... is "heap"


900

As with many words which are similar in meaning, in some cases we prefer to use the word "pile", whilst in other cases we prefer to use the word "heap", whilst in still other cases we can use either one word or the other. A pile is usually tidier than a heap.

POINT FREEZE - FROZE - FROZEN ponta (ponto) congelar – congelou - congelado NOUGHT CENTIGRADE ZERO FAHRENHEIT nulo centígrados zero fahrenheit WHAT'S THIS ? It's the point of your pencil

WHAT DO WE USE TO SHARPEN THE POINT OF A PENCIL ? We use a knife to sharpen ...

WHAT IS BOILING POINT ? Boiling point is 100 degrees centigrade or 212 degrees Fahrenheit

WHAT IS FREEZING POINT ? Freezing point is nought (or zero) degrees centigrade, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit


SCRATCH CHEEK SCRAPE SCRATCH OUT arranhar maçã do rosto raspar raspar WHAT'S THIS ? It's your cheek The teacher scratches his cheek with his finger moving quickly up and down.


901

WHAT AM I DOING ?/ You're scratching your cheek with your finger

The teacher scrapes his cheek with a long, slow movement with all his fingers held together, with the tips acting like the blade of a knife, and asks:-

WHAT AM I DOING NOW ? You're scraping your cheek with your fingers

WHAT DO WE HAVE TO USE IN ORDER TO SCRATCH OUT THE DATE ON A COIN ? We have to

use the point of a knife ... etc., in order to scratch ...

DO WE USUALLY HAVE TO SCRAPE OFF OLD PAINT FROM A CAR OR A WOODEN DOOR BEFORE PUTTING ON A NEW COAT ?/ Yes, we usually

have to scrape off ...

THE ... THE THE SOONER ... THE BETTER o … o quanto mais cedo melhor WOULD YOU SAY THAT THE MORE WE LEARN, THE HAPPIER WE BECOME ? Yes, I'd say

that ... or ... No, I wouldn't say ...

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "THE SOONER ... THE BETTER". The sooner

we get the job finished, the better, so that we can have a rest

RESPONSIBLE responsável COUNCIL prefeitura


902

AT ABOUT WHAT AGE IS A CHILD CONSIDERED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR HIS OWN ACTIONS ?/

A child is considered to be ... at about ... years old

WHAT’S A LOCAL TOWN COUNCIL RESPONSIBLE FOR ? A local town council is

responsible for keeping the streets clean, looking after the public gardens, supplying water

and electricity to the houses, etc. ...

FRIGHT medo, espanto FRIGHTEN assombrar HAVE YOU EVER BEEN FRIGHTENED BY A GHOST ?

Yes, I've been ... or ... No, I've never been ...

WHAT HAPPENED ?

MEAN (adj) sovina WHO DO YOU THINK ARE THE MEANEST PEOPLE YOU KNOW OF ? I think ... are

the meanest people I know of

THOUGHTLESS sem consideração WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A THOUGHTLESS PERSON ?

By a thoughtless person, we mean either someone

who doesn't think, or someone who shows little consideration for others ...


903

PALE pálido SICKNESS doença WHAT CAN MAKE A PERSON'S FACE TURN PALE ?/

Fright, fear, sickness etc. can make a person's face turn pale

IDIOM 39 PREPARATION preparação

OFF THE CUFF = without preparation, or, not official. (The expression comes from the

habit in the old days of men writing notes on their

hard shirt cuffs.) sem preparação, improvisado (a)

e.g. I can't give you a full and proper answer to your question but only one off the cuff.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "OFF THE CUFF" MEAN ? The idiom

"off the cuff" means ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE He had no time to prepare a proper speech and so

had to give one off the cuff

HAVE YOU EVER HAD TO MAKE A SPEECH "OFF THE CUFF" ?

LESSON 137

-ISH “mais ou menos” SICILY sicília ——


904

When we add the letters "-ish" to an adjective, it means "rather" or "more or less". For example, "Sicily is not exactly a big island, like Japan or Britain, but it's biggish compared with the other islands in the Mediterranean."

WHAT MEANING DO THE LETTERS "-ISH" GIVE WHEN WE ADD THEM TO AN ADJECTIVE ? The letters "-ish" give the

meaning of "rather" or "more or less" when we add them to an adjective

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE / "The ceiling is not exactly white, but it's whitish"

We cannot always add the letters "ish" to an adjective. We do not say, for example, "simplish". This is because it does not sound very nice. We would instead say, "fairly simple".

UPSET FEEL UPSET perturbar, chatear, chateado (a), perturbado (a) sentir-se preocupado TERRIBLY terrivelmente WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "MY PLANS FOR THE FUTURE HAVE ALL BEEN UPSET BY THE INTERFERENCE OF MY FATHER" ? If you said

that your plans for the future had all been ... you would

mean that he had not agreed with your plans, and had made you

change them ... etc.

IF YOU UPSET A DRINK OVER A LADY'S DRESS, WHAT'D YOU SAY AND DO ?/ If I upset

a ... I'd say "I'm terribly


905

sorry" and would try to help her clean the dress in some way

IF I SAID "I'M FEELING VERY UPSET TODAY", WHAT WOULD I MEAN ? If you said that

you were feeling very upset today, you'd mean that something unpleasant had happened to you,

or you had seen something unpleasant etc.

WRECK MISFORTUNE SHIPWRECK TAKE TO destruir azar naufrágio recorrer HOW WOULD YOU FEEL, AND WHAT WOULD YOU DO, IF ALL YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE WERE WRECKED THROUGH SOME ACCIDENT OR SOME PIECE OF MISFORTUNE ?/ If all my plans for the future

were wrecked ... I'd feel ... and I'd ...

DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS IN A SHIPWRECK. In a shipwreck, the ship sinks and people take

to small boats, or drown ...

ADVERTISE SALE FOR SALE anunciar vender à venda (saldo) ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISING COMMERCIAL anúncio publicidade comercial PRODUCT produto HOW WOULD YOU ADVERTISE THE FACT THAT YOU


906

HAD A HOUSE FOR SALE ? I'd advertise the fact that ... by putting an advertisement

in the newspaper ... etc.

WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST FORM OF ADVERTISING FOR SELLING A COMMERCIAL PRODUCT ?/

I think the best form ... is ...


"SOME" IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES ————————————————————— USUAL usual We sometimes use the words "some, somebody" and "something" in interrogative sentences instead of the usual "any, anybody" and "anything". We generally do this when we expect a positive answer, and especially when we offer something to somebody. For example, "Would you like some more tea ?" - "Is there somebody here you're looking for ?" - "Would you like me to buy you something nice for Christmas ?" etc./ WHEN DO WE USE "SOME, SOMEBODY" AND "SOMETHING" IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES INSTEAD OF THE USUAL "ANY, ANYBODY" AND "ANYTHING" ? We use "some"

... when we expect a positive answer, and especially when we offer

something to somebody GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE "Would you

like some more tea ?" "Did I hear somebody ring the front door bell just then ?"

"Would you like something nice for dinner ?"


907

BARGAIN OVER SECOND-HAND negociar, barganha, negócio além segunda-mão GET THE BETTER OF THE BARGAIN BASEMENT/ conseguir o melhor do negócio porão WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID THAT I HAD HAD TO BARGAIN FOR OVER AN HOUR WHEN I BOUGHT MY SECOND-HAND CAR, BUT EVENTUALLY GOT THE BETTER OF THE BARGAIN ?/ If you said

that you had had to bargain ... you would mean that you had bought a car that

was not new and that, for more than an hour, you had had to argue about the price, because

the price was not fixed. Eventually, the deal was to your advantage, which meant you got the

car for less than the expected price ...

WHAT KIND OF GOODS WOULD WE EXPECT TO FIND IN THE BARGAIN BASEMENT OF A SHOP ? The kind

of goods we'd expect ... would be those which the shop was able to sell

more cheaply than at the normal price ...

CAUTION CAUTIOUSLY precaução (cautela) cautelosamente IN WHAT KIND OF SITUATIONS DO PEOPLE MOVE VERY CAUTIOUSLY ? The kind of situations in

which people ... is when there's danger ... etc ...


908

HOW MANY TIMES DO THE POLICE CAUTION YOU ABOUT BAD DRIVING BEFORE THEY TAKE AWAY YOUR LICENCE ?/ The police

caution you ... about bad driving before ...

DELIVER MAIL BEFOREHAND SET FREE entregar correspondência de ante-mão libertar AT WHAT TIME DO THEY DELIVER THE MAIL AT YOUR HOUSE ? They deliver the ... at about ...

IF YOU HAD TO DELIVER A SPEECH, WOULD YOU CAREFULLY PREPARE NOTES BEFOREHAND OR WOULD YOU GIVE IT "OFF THE CUFF" ?/ If I had

to deliver a speech, I'd ...

WHICH WOULD SOUND MORE NATURAL ? Delivering the

speech off the cuff would sound more natural

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "THE PRISONERS WERE DELIVERED FROM THE ENEMY" ? When we

say that the prisoners were ... we mean that they were set free

CRITIC crítica DO YOU THINK CRITICS SERVE A USEFUL PURPOSE ? IF SO, WHAT ? Yes, I think

critics ... because they ... or ... No, I don't think ...


909

DO THEY ALWAYS KNOW WHAT THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT ?/ Yes, they

always ... or ... No, they don't always ...

IDIOM 40 HARD UP = having very little money estar duro e.g. I can't let you have any money this week; I'm very hard up.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "HARD UP" MEAN ? The idiom ... "having very ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE We were so hard up we couldn't even buy a newspaper

OPPOSITION oposição SADLY tristemente DICTATION 77 Some people find it sad/ that the steam engine/ is hardly any longer used/ on the railways these days./ Although he strongly opposed the bill,/ he knew it would be passed/ all the same/ and so, after replying to the opposition,/ he returned sadly to his seat./ The guards were given orders/ to shoot the enemy on sight./ I am an early bird,/ and so feel very bright/ in the morning/ and dull in the evening./ Find out if he is fit/ to do the job first.

LESSON 138

DOUBLE CONTRACTIONS —————————————– One of the reasons spoken English is difficult to understand is due not only to contractions but to double contractions. For


910

example, "I would have seen him if he had been there" becomes "I'd've seen him if he'd been there." - "I would have" becomes "I'd've."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF A DOUBLE CONTRACTION. An example

of a double contraction is "He'd've gone if he'd been able to"

EXPECT = TO LOOK FORWARD TO AN EVENT esperar TOGETHER WITH ITS OTHER USES RELY ON confiar ARE YOU EXPECTING A LETTER FROM ANYONE IN THE NEXT FEW DAYS ? Yes, I'm

expecting ... or ... No, I'm not ...

DO YOU THINK A CHILD CAN BE EXPECTED TO STUDY WITHOUT BEING FORCED TO DO SO, EITHER BY HIS TEACHER OR HIS PARENTS ?/ Yes, I think

a child ... or ... No, I don't think ...

I EXPECT BY NOW THAT YOU UNDERSTAND EVERYTHING I SAY WITH EASE - IS THAT RIGHT ? Yes, that's

right ... or ... No, that isn't right ...

CAN YOU ALWAYS BE RELIED UPON TO DO THINGS THAT YOU HAVE PROMISED SOMEONE YOU WILL DO ? Yes, I can

always be relied upon to ... or ... No, I can't always be ...


911

FAST FASTEN AEROPLANE rápido(apertado) apertar avião TAKE OFF TOUCH DOWN SAFETY-BELT decolar pousar cinto de segurança WHAT DO WE HAVE TO DO IF WE WANT TO HOLD TWO PIECES OF WOOD FAST TOGETHER ? If we want

to ... we have to hammer a nail into them ... etc.

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE NOTICE "FASTEN YOUR SEAT - BELTS" THAT APPEARS IN AN AEROPLANE JUST BEFORE THE PLANE TAKES OFF OR LANDS ? The meaning of the notice

"Fasten your seat-belts" that appears in an aeroplane just before the plane takes off or

lands is that we must tie our safety-belts around us to hold us fast when the plane

leaves the ground and when it touches down

HASTEN apressar HASTE pressa WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO HASTEN A LAZY WORKER ?/ The best way to …

is to offer him more money or tell him he will lose his job ...

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "MORE HASTE LESS SPEED" ? "More haste

less speed" means that often, if we try to do


912

something too fast, we finish by doing it much slower than if we had taken our time

GARDEN GATE = GATE OF THE GARDEN —————————————————————— ELIMINATE PORTER HALL PORTER eliminar porteiro porteiro da sala We can often put two nouns together in English and, by doing so, eliminate the need for the words "of the". For example, "the clock face" means "the face of the clock".

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF PUTTING TWO NOUNS TOGETHER AND SO ELIMINATING THE WORDS "OF THE". /

"Hall-porter" meaning "the porter of the hall".

"Book cover" meaning "the cover of the book". "Table top" meaning "the top of the table"

OVERNIGHT da noite para o dia IF YOU WERE EVER TO BECOME VERY RICH AND FAMOUS, WOULD YOU PREFER IT TO HAPPEN OVERNIGHT OR LITTLE BY LITTLE ? If ever I

were to become ... I'd prefer it to ...



913

MERE mero

IS THERE ANY JOB YOU COULD THINK OF THAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO DO, NOT FOR MONEY, BUT FOR THE MERE HONOUR THAT GOES WITH THE JOB ?

Yes, there's a job I can think of that I'd like ... or ...

No, there isn't any job I can ...

WHICH JOB ?/

NUISANCE mal, aborrecimento

WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST THING TO SAY TO PEOPLE, OR DO WITH PEOPLE, WHO MAKE THEMSELVES A NUISANCE ? I think

the best ... is to ...

GOAL DIG - DUG – DUG POSTAGE gol cave,cavar postagem POST poste, posto, postar DOORPOST batente da porta WHAT ARE THESE ? These are doorposts

WHAT DO WE HAVE TO DO WHEN WE WANT TO PUT POSTS IN THE GROUND TO MAKE THE GOALS FOR A GAME OF FOOTBALL OR RUGBY ?/ When we

want to put posts in the ground to make the ... we must dig

fairly deep holes in the ground

ABOUT HOW LONG DO YOU THINK IT TAKES TO REACH THE POST OF BANK MANAGER IF YOU START


914

RIGHT FROM THE BOTTOM ? I think it takes about ... years to reach the ...

HOW MUCH IS THE POSTAGE FOR A LETTER FROM YOUR COUNTRY TO ENGLAND ?/ The postage

for a letter from ... is ...

PUNISH punir HOW'D YOU PUNISH A PUPIL WHO WAS LACKING IN DISCIPLINE ? I'd punish a

pupil who was lacking in discipline by ...

FOLD dobrar WHAT AM I DOING ? You're folding a page of your book

NATIVE nativo COLONIALISM colonialismo A native is a person born in a certain country or place. For example, "I'm a native of ...". In the old days of colonialism, the people of a conquered country were referred to as "natives".

WHAT'S A NATIVE ?/ A native is a person born in a certain country or place

TREASURE tesouro IS THERE STILL ANY LOST TREASURE IN THE WORLD ?

Yes, there's still ... especially at the bottom of


915

the sea where treasure ships sank during storms in the old days

RECEIPT recibo PROVE provar WHY DOES ONE ASK FOR A SIGNED RECEIPT WHEN ONE DELIVERS GOODS OR PAYS FOR SOMETHING ?/

One asks for a signed receipt when ... in order to prove that they have, in fact,

been delivered or paid for IDIOM 41 TELL OFF = to speak angrily to someone for doing something wrong dar bronca (chamar a atenção) e.g. The teacher told the pupil off for being late for his lesson.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "TELL OFF" MEAN ? The idiom...

"to speak ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE If I'm not home early at night, I get told off by my mother

DICTATION 78 We spent the whole afternoon/ gathering up the apples/ that had fallen on the ground./ A railway line/ does not have to be level,/ but it cannot climb too rapidly,/ otherwise a train cannot run on it./ As we weighed the cake/ my father gave a cry of surprise./ He had not realized/ it would weigh so much./ The theatre seats were well-made,/ so that the audience/ could relax/ and watch the play in comfort./ For one brief moment,/ I was certain he would obey.


916

LESSON 139

EXCUSE ME I'M SORRY ACCIDENTALLY desculpe-me sinto muito acidentalmente Generally speaking, we use "Excuse me" for something that is not very important and "I'm sorry" for a more important apology. This, however, like so many other things, is only a general rule.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "EXCUSE ME" AND "I'M SORRY" ? The difference

... is that we generally use "Excuse me" for something that is not very important,

and "I'm sorry" for a more important apology

WHAT DO YOU SAY WHEN YOU WANT TO PASS BETWEEN TWO PEOPLE WHO ARE SPEAKING TO EACH OTHER ?/ When I want

to ... I say "Excuse me, please"

AND WHAT DO YOU SAY IF, IN PASSING, YOU ACCIDENTALLY STEP ON THE FOOT OF ONE OF THE TWO PEOPLE WHO ARE SPEAKING ? If, in passing,

I accidentally step ... I say "Oh, I'm terribly sorry! I hope I haven't

hurt you"

REJOICE REJOICING WEALTHY DISASTER regojizar regozijo abastado desastre


917

WHY ARE PUBLIC REJOICINGS NOT AS COMMON NOW AS THEY WERE IN THE PAST ?/ Public rejoicings

are not as common ... because many countries in the world today are at peace; and

with the progress of science, people are becoming wealthier and healthier than in the past, and so national disasters

such as war, plague, hunger etc. are rarer ...

SCREW SCREWDRIVER parafuso, parafusar chave de fenda

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A NAIL AND A SCREW ? The difference

... is that a nail we hammer into a piece of wood, whilst a screw we turn and turn

with a screwdriver THEN então The word "then" has three meanings:- 1) At that time - e.g. I shall see him on Thursday and will give him the news then. 2) Next - e.g. We'll have dinner first, and then watch T.V.

3) In that case - e.g. If you don't understand, then ask.

WHAT ARE THE THREE MEANINGS OF THE WORD "THEN" ?/ The three

meanings ... are "at that time; next; in that case"


918

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE 1) I began

studying English last year, and before then (i.e. before that time) did not know a single word.

2) I shall study first, then go to the cinema. 3) You will find the door locked;

then what will you do ? URGE pedir encarecidamente, urgir WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO URGE SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING HE DOES NOT WANT TO DO ?/ The best

way to urge someone to ... is to tell him how much better everything will

be after he has done it ...

YOU'RE RIGHT YOU'RE WRONG você está certo você está errado AM I RIGHT WHEN I SAY THAT THE OPPOSITE OF "BELIEVE" IS "UNBELIEVE" ? No, you

aren't right when you say that ... but you're wrong, because the opposite of "believe" is "disbelieve"

AFFAIR caso LOVE AFFAIR caso amoroso IS IT WISE TO SPEAK ABOUT ONE'S PRIVATE AFFAIRS IN PUBLIC ? No, it isn't wise to ...

ARE LOVE AFFAIRS ALWAYS HAPPY ?/ No, love affairs aren't ...

BASIN WASH BASIN RIVER BASIN SHAPED LIKE leito pia leito do rio da forma de


919

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WASH - BASIN AND A RIVER BASIN ? The difference

between ... is that a wash-basin is an object in which we wash our hands and face, whilst a river basin

is so called because it is shaped like a basin ...


CHARM CHARMING MUSICAL SNAKE encantar encantador (a) musical cobra SNAKE-CHARMER INSTRUMENT MAGIC encantador-de-cobras instrumento mágico WHO'S THE MOST CHARMING PERSON YOU KNOW ?

The most charming person I know is ...

WHAT'S A SNAKE - CHARMER ?/ A snake charmer is a person who charms a snake by playing

a musical instrument ...

DO YOU BELIEVE THAT THERE ARE PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WHO CAN PUT A MAGIC CHARM ON OTHER PEOPLE ? Yes, I believe

that there ... or ... No, I don't ...

WHETHER —————–

Just a short note to remind ourselves about the use of the word "whether". With the word "whether" we generally add the words "or not", and it usually expresses a doubt, e.g. "I wonder


920

if Tom will come " or " I wonder whether Tom will come or not. "

The word "whether" cannot generally be used to express a condition. Only "if" will do in such cases, e.g. If you meet James, tell him to come and see me./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN USE BETWEEN THE WORDS "WHETHER" AND "IF" ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE. The difference

in ... is that with the word "whether" we generally add the words "or not", and it usually expresses a doubt, e.g. "I wonder if Tom ..." or

"I wonder whether Tom ...". The word "whether" can't generally be used to express a condition ...

LAST LATEST LAST BUT ONE último (a) mais recente penúltimo The difference between "last" and "latest" is that, if I say "Have you read John Brown's last book ?" it usually means John Brown is dead and I am talking about the last book he wrote, whereas, if I say "Have you read John Brown's latest book ?" it means that John Brown is still alive and I am talking about the book he has written most recently./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "LAST" AND LATEST" ? The difference

... is that if I say "Have you seen Charles Smith's last painting ?" it usually means Charles Smith is dead;

whereas if I say "... Charles Smith's latest painting ?" ... he is still alive ...

WHICH'S THE LAST LETTER BUT ONE IN THE


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ENGLISH ALPHABET ? Y's the last letter but ...

BLACKBOARD lousa CHALK giz WHAT DO WE WRITE ON A BLACKBOARD WITH ?

We write on a blackboard with a piece of chalk

EYEBROW EYELASH EYELID LID PAN sobrancelha cílio pálpebra tampa panela WHAT'S THIS ? It's an eyebrow

WHAT ARE THESE ?/ Those are eyelashes

WHAT'S THIS ? It's an eyelid

DOES WATER IN A PAN BOIL MORE QUICKLY WITH THE LID ON OR WITH THE LID OFF ? AND WHY ? Water in a

pan boils more quickly with the lid on because, with the lid on, the

steam and the heat are kept in ...

FAVOUR (v) = TO APPROVE OF;TO HELP YACHT aprovar (ajudar) iate

WHAT KIND OF FILMS DO THE PEOPLE IN YOUR


922

COUNTRY FAVOUR THE MOST ?/ The kind of films the people ... are ...

(westerns, action films, war films, films about love ...)

DOES BAD WEATHER FAVOUR A YACHT IN A RACE AT SEA ? No, bad weather doesn't ...

WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU DON'T APPROVE OF SOMETHING ? When I don't approve ... ,

I say so, or shake my head

CLOTHE vestir-se CAN A WOMAN CLOTHE HERSELF MORE CHEAPLY THAN A MAN ?/ Yes, a

woman can ... or ... No, a woman can't ...

ABILITY abilidade HAVE YOU ANY SPECIAL ABILITY THAT MOST PEOPLE DON'T HAVE ? Yes, I've

a special ... or ... No, I haven't any ...

WHAT ?

ENDLESS sem fim GIVE ME A SENTENCE CONTAINING THE WORD "ENDLESS". There was an endless

stream of traffic on the road


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BUNCH ramalhete (cacho) GRAPE uva WHICH'D YOU RATHER RECEIVE, A BUNCH OF FLOWERS OR A BUNCH OF GRAPES ?/ I'd rather

receive a bunch of ...

RESIST RESISTANCE GO QUIETLY resistir resistência ir silenciosamente WOULD YOU RESIST ARREST BY THE POLICE ? Yes, I'd

resist ... or ... No, I wouldn't resist arrest by the police, but I'd go quietly ...

IDIOM 42 GIVE THE COLD SHOULDER = make to feel unwelcome fazer algém não se sentir bem-vindo e.g. I didn't know what I had done wrong, but everyone seemed to give me the cold shoulder. WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GIVE THE COLD SHOULDER" MEAN ? The idiom

... "make to ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE Instead of a friendly welcome we were given

the cold shoulder


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NOBLE (n) nobre REVOLUTION revolução DICTATION 79 Lacking central heating,/ we managed to keep the room/ sufficiently warm with an oil heater/ which our next-door neighbour/ had lent us./ The nobles had behaved so wickedly/ that the people marched against them,/ and so a bloody revolution broke out./ The Greeks in the old days/ believed in many gods,/ whereas in the Christian Bible/ there is only one god./ The accident was not really the soldier's fault;/ he simply did/ what the captain commanded him to do./ It was quite plain/ that he was a policeman,/ even though he was not in uniform.

LESSON 140

THE MEALS APPROXIMATE CEREAL ——————– as refeições aproximado cereal FRY - FRIED - FRIED BACON TOAST fritar- fritou- fritado bacon torrada MARMALADE SUBSTANTIAL SNACK compota de laranja substancial lanche SANDWICH BREAK (n) SOUP sanduíche pausa sopa DESSERT TEA TAKE TEA CHEESE sobremesa chá tomar chá queijo


925

SUPPER BISCUIT CHOCOLATE ceia biscoito chocolate Most people in England eat three average meals a day, the names of which depend on what time of the day they are eaten. The following is a list of six possible meals with their approximate times:-

1) 8 a.m. Breakfast - consisting of a cereal with milk; fried eggs and bacon; toast and marmalade, and a cup of tea or coffee, generally with milk and sugar./

The English usually like to face the day with something substantial in their stomachs, as it helps to steady the nerves and keeps them calm. It also means that they do not need to eat too much at midday or in the evening.

WHAT'S THE FIRST MEAL OF THE DAY; AT WHAT TIME DO WE HAVE IT; AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? The first

meal of ... we have it ... and it consists of ...

2) 11 a.m. Snack - consisting of a cup of tea or coffee and a sandwich, usually taken during a ten or fifteen-minute break at work.

WHAT DOES A SNACK CONSIST OF, AND WHEN DO WE TAKE IT ? A snack

consists of ... and we take it ...


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3) 1 p.m. Lunch - consisting of soup, meat, vegetables and a dessert. The main meal of the day is called dinner, which means that if lunch is the main meal of the day, then it can be called dinner instead of lunch./

WHEN IS LUNCH, AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? Lunch is

at ... and it ...

WHY IS LUNCH SOMETIMES CALLED DINNER ? Lunch is

sometimes ... because it is sometimes the main meal of the day

4) 4 p.m. Tea - consisting of a cup of tea and a piece of cake or a sandwich; again taken during a ten or fifteen minute break at work, or by a housewife together with her friends.

WHAT DOES TEA CONSIST OF, AND WHEN AND BY WHOM IS IT TAKEN ?/ Tea consists

of ... and it's taken at ... by ...

5) 7 to 9 p.m. Dinner - generally speaking it is more the middle and upper classes that have dinner. It consists of soup, meat, vegetables and dessert etc. Most other people have a large tea, as soon as they arrive home from work at about 6 p.m., consisting of sandwiches, cakes or perhaps something more substantial, such as cheese, fish, meat etc.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE EVENING MEAL TAKEN BY THE MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASSES AND THAT TAKEN BY MOST OTHER PEOPLE ?/


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The difference ... is that middle and ... eat between 7 and 9 p.m.

and the meal is called dinner, and consists of ... whereas that taken by ... is eaten at about 6 p.m., and consists of ...

6) 10 to 11 p.m. Supper - consisting of either the same kind of food as at dinner or just something like cheese and biscuits and a hot drink of chocolate etc. It can be taken instead of dinner. Not many people take supper, as they do not like to go to bed on a full stomach.

WHEN IS SUPPER, AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? Supper is

at ... and consists of ...

WHY DON'T MOST PEOPLE TAKE SUPPER ?/ Most people

don't ... because ...

As has already been stated, most English people only eat three times a day, and then these three meals are not usually very big. If they do eat more than three times a day, the meals they have are usually very light.

If they have a fairly large breakfast, they might have no snack at 11 a.m., and have a light lunch. If they have a large lunch, then they will probably have no tea and a light evening meal, and so on.

HOW MANY MEALS A DAY DO MOST PEOPLE GENERALLY EAT ?/ Most people generally eat three ...

IF THEY DO EAT MORE THAN THREE MEALS A DAY,


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WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? If they do eat more ... it means that the meals are very light ...

DINE jantar DINING – ROOM sala de jantar WHAT'S THE NAME OF THE ROOM IN WHICH ONE DINES ? The name of the room ... is the dining-room

JAM ORANGE PEAR PLUM geléia laranja pera ameixa The difference between marmalade and jam is that marmalade is generally made from oranges whilst jam is made from other fruits, such as pears, apples, plums etc./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MARMALADE AND JAM ? The difference

... is that marmalade is generally made from oranges ...

jam ... other fruits ... STUDENTS READ LESSON 133 ON PAGE 872

THE COUNTRY povo VICTORY vitória Sometimes we use "the country" not with the meaning of "the opposite of the town" but meaning "the people of a nation", e.g. "The country rejoiced at the news of the victory".


929

HOW ELSE CAN WE USE "THE COUNTRY" BESIDES MEANING "THE OPPOSITE OF THE TOWN" ?/ We can

use "the country" besides meaning "the opposite of the town"

with the meaning of "the people of a nation"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE Most of the country was in favour of his election

HEAL sarar ABOUT HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR A CUT ON THE HAND TO HEAL ? The time it takes for a cut on

the hand to heal depends on how deep the cut is ...

LIVE (v) LIVE (adj) The "i" is pronounced as in the verb "to lie" viver vivo WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIVE (v) AND LIVE (adj) ? The difference

... is that "live" is a verb, whilst ...

DO YOU THINK IT'S ALL RIGHT TO PERFORM EXPERIMENTS ON LIVE ANIMALS ?/ Yes, I

think it's all right to ... or ... No, I don't think it's all right to ...

MILD REMARK LOOK (n) STORMY leve (fraco) observação olhar tempestuoso WHAT KIND OF REMARK WOULD SOMEONE HAVE TO MAKE TO BRING A MILD LOOK OF SURPRISE TO


930

YOUR FACE ? The kind of remark someone would ... would be that he has the

same first name or surname as me, or that he used to live in the same town as me ... etc.

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD WEATHER ? By mild weather, we mean weather

that is not stormy, or very hot, or very cold. In other words, not extreme

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD DISCIPLINE ?/ By mild discipline, we

mean discipline that is not very severe

AND WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD WINE, MILD EXERCISE, ETC. ? By mild wine,

we mean not strong wine, whilst by mild exercise we mean not violent exercise

PROOF prova IN YOUR COUNTRY, DO YOU HAVE TO CARRY DOCUMENTS AS PROOF THAT YOU ARE WHO YOU SAY YOU ARE ? Yes, in my country,

we have to carry ... or ... No, in my country, we don't ...

SAYING ditado popular WHAT DOES THIS SAYING MEAN - "A BIRD IN THE HAND IS WORTH TWO IN THE BUSH" ?/ That saying

means that what you've actually

got in the hand you can be sure of, and that is worth twice what you might be able to get, because


931

you can't be sure of getting it ...

HUNT caçada WOULD YOU JOIN THE HUNT FOR A MURDERER ?

Yes, I'd join the ... or ... No, I wouldn't ...

WHY OR WHY NOT ?

ARMS armas ARE YOU FOR OR AGAINST THE POLICE CARRYING ARMS WHILST WALKING AROUND THE STREETS ON DUTY ? I'm for the

police ... whilst ... or... I'm against the ...

TRAP armadilha WHAT FOOD DO WE PUT IN A TRAP TO CATCH A MOUSE ?/ We put cheese in a trap to catch a mouse

WHY ? Because mice like cheese, and cheese has a strong smell, and so attracts the mice to it

IDIOM 43 TOUCH WOOD = what people say when they touch wood in the hope of preventing bad luck. bater na madeira

e.g. We've been very lucky and everything's gone very well until now; touch wood.


932

WHAT DO PEOPLE DO AND SAY WHEN THEY WISH OR HOPE TO PREVENT BAD LUCK ? When people ...

they touch wood and say "touch wood"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE I've been driving now for ten years without an accident;

touch wood

DICTATION 80 She picked up her wedding ring/ from the floor/ and put it back on her finger./ A bird has a pair of wings/ and a tail./ The value of goods/ depends a great deal/ on how much they are in demand./ Unless the sea is very rough,/ the ship won't rock and roll very much./ Most people like to live a settled life,/ but often find their lives/ are interfered with/ by those who like to stir up trouble./ A chicken is not a very brave bird.

LESSON 141

"BY" AND ITS MANY USES ——————————————

GO PAST BY HIMSELF NEARBY passar sozinho perto The word "by" has many different uses. The following sentences will serve as examples of how it is used:-

1) "I like to sit and watch people pass by my window." "Pass by" in this case means "to go past ".


933

2) "Mr. Williams lives by himself" means that nobody lives with him, whereas "Mr Williams did the job all by himself" means "without help".

3) "He worked by night and slept by day" means "during the night" and "during the day".

4) "Hamlet was written by Shakespeare" means "Shakespeare was the writer of Hamlet"./

5) "He came from a nearby village" - Exactly as we don't say "a far village" but "a distant village" so we don't say "a near village" but "a nearby village".

TELL ME THE MEANING OF THESE SENTENCES WITHOUT USING THE WORD "BY":-

"I SAW HIM PASS BY MY HOUSE YESTERDAY" I saw him going

past my house yesterday

"HENRY SAT IN THE ROOM ALL BY HIMSELF" Henry sat alone

in the room "HENRY DID THE TRANSLATION ALL BY HIMSELF" /

Henry did the translation without help

"THIEVES OFTEN WORK BY NIGHT" Thieves often work during the night

"THIS PICTURE WAS PAINTED BY ME" I was the painter of this picture


934

IS IT CORRECT TO SAY "THE MAN LIVED IN A NEAR TOWN" ? No, it isn't correct to ...

WHAT MUST WE SAY INSTEAD ? We must say "The man lived in a nearby town" instead

POT COOKING - POT FLOWERPOT pote panela vaso INKPOT INK JAMPOT TEA-POT tinteiro tinta pote de geléia pote de chá NAME ME SOME DIFFERENT KINDS OF POTS WE CAN HAVE. Some different kinds

of pots we can have are cooking-pots, flowerpots, jampots, inkpots,

tea-pots, coffee-pots ...

IN RELATION TO RELATIONSHIP RELATIVES em relação a relação parentes RELATIVE OVERWEIGHT PYGMY DWARF relativo acima do peso pigmeu anão GIANT gigante DO YOU THINK MOST PEOPLE ARE OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT IN RELATION TO THEIR HEIGHT ?

I think most people are ... in relation ...


935

WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP LIKE BETWEEN SERVANT AND MASTER IN THE OLD DAYS ?/

The relationship between servant ... was often not very good, and sometimes quite cruel ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT EVERYTHING IS RELATIVE ? When we say that

everything is relative, we mean, for example, that a man is only tall because, in relation

to himself, the people around him are short. Among pygmies or dwarfs, a man of normal height would

be considered a giant, whereas the same man in Scandinavia or Texas would be considered

short - it's all relative ...

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD WE CAN USE INSTEAD OF "RELATIONS" WHEN TALKING ABOUT THE FAMILY ?

Another word we can ... is "relatives"

AT SEA no mar BY SEA pelo mar HOW LONG ARE YOU AT SEA FOR WHEN YOU TRAVEL BY SEA FROM EUROPE TO AMERICA ?/

How long you are at sea when you travel by ... depends on

the ship, but I should think about ...

IN SEASON OUT OF SEASON na estação fora da estação


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ARE APPLES IN OR OUT OF SEASON AT THE MOMENT ? Apples are ... season at the moment


THREAD NEEDLE SEW COMPASS linha agulha costurar bússola INJECTION injeção Pretend to wet the end of a piece of cotton thread in your mouth and thread it through a needle. Explain what you are doing, then ask:-

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO ? You're pretending to thread a piece of cotton through

the eye of a needle

ABOUT HOW LONG DOES THE THREAD OF COTTON HAVE TO BE TO SEW A BUTTON ON A SHIRT ? /

The thread of cotton has to be about a foot long

to sew a button on a shirt

WHAT OTHER KINDS OF NEEDLES ARE THERE BESIDES SEWING NEEDLES ?/ There are compass

needles, and needles for giving injections ... besides sewing needles

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO SEW" ? The paradigm ...

sew - sewed - sewed or sew - sewed – sewn


937

USE UP GO SHOPPING DO THE SHOPPING usada completamente ir às compras fazer a compras WHEN ALL THE FOOD IS USED UP AT HOME, WHAT DO YOU HAVE TO DO ? / When all the

food is ... I have to go shopping and buy some more ...

WHO DOES THE SHOPPING IN YOUR HOUSE ? ... does the

shopping in my house

AGENT agente AGENCY agência WHEN YOU GO ON HOLIDAY, DO YOU FIX EVERYTHING UP THROUGH A TRAVEL AGENCY BEFOREHAND OR DO YOU JUST GO ? When I go

on holiday, I ...

TITLE CHAMPION BOXER DUKE LORD título campeão boxeador duque lorde WHAT WAS THE TITLE OF THE LAST BOOK YOU READ ?/ The title of

the last book I read was ...

WHO, AT PRESENT, HOLDS THE TITLE OF WORLD HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPION BOXER ? At present ...

holds the title of ...

WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE THE TITLE OF DUKE OR LORD ETC. ? Yes, I'd like


938

to have ... or ... No, I wouldn't like ...

BELIEF crença DO YOU THINK THAT BELIEF IN RELIGION IS INCREASING IN THE WORLD GENERALLY, OR GROWING LESS ?/ I think that

belief in religion is ...

SHAVE barbear-se (depilar-se) RAZOR lâmina WHAT DO WE SHAVE WITH ? We shave with a razor

EFFORT esforço IS IT AN EFFORT FOR YOU TO GET UP IN THE MORNING ? Yes, it's an

effort for ... or ... No, it isn't an ...

IDIOM 44 KEEP ONE'S FINGERS CROSSED cruzar os dedos (fazer figa) When we wish for something to happen, we cross our fingers like this (second finger over the first).

IS IT THE CUSTOM IN YOUR COUNTRY FOR PEOPLE TO CROSS THEIR FINGERS WHEN THEY WISH FOR SOMETHING. IF NOT, WHAT DO THEY DO INSTEAD ?


939

Yes, it's the custom in my ... or ... No, it isn't the

custom ... Instead they ... DICTATION 81 The storm had done/ a lot of damage on the beach,/ which took a lot of tidying up./ It was clear/ that the poor fellow/ was suffering from stage-fright,/ as it was the first time/ he had ever spoken in public./ Our plans/ were at a very advanced stage/ of development/ when we had to change them entirely,/ and in doing so received/ a stream of letters in protest./ They all went to the railway station/ to wave goodbye to their guest.

LESSON 142

VERB + AND + VERB E.G. GO AND HAVE ir e ter ——————————– GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF A VERB + AND + ANOTHER VERB, PLEASE Come and see me

next Sunday. Let's wait and see what will happen. Would you go and

buy me a newspaper, please ?

GO AHEAD JUST THE SAME vá adiante da mesma maneira WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE SEE A NOTICE BY THE SIDE OF THE ROAD SAYING "WARNING - DANGEROUS BEND AHEAD"/ When we see a


940

notice ... it means that further down the road, the road bends suddenly and that we should slow down if we

want to avoid having an accident

WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD AND YOUR PARENTS FORBADE YOU TO DO SOMETHING, DID YOU USED TO GO AHEAD AND DO IT JUST THE SAME ? Yes, when

I was a child and ... I used to go ahead and ... or ... No, when I was a

child ... I didn't used to go ...

WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES ? The consequences were that ... my parents scolded me ...

BATH BATHE SUNBATHE banho banhar-se tomar banho de sol (bronzear-se) One of the main differences between "bath" and "bathe", apart from the fact that "bath" is generally used as a noun, whilst "bathe" is generally used as a verb, is that we have a bath at home, whilst we go for a bathe in the sea, in a river, or in a swimming pool etc.

WHAT'S ONE OF THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN "BATH" AND "BATHE" ? One of the ... apart from the fact

that "bath" is generally used as a noun whilst "bathe" is generally used as a verb, is that we ...

Other uses of the word "bathe" are, for example, "to bathe a wound with water, to bathe in sunshine" or "to sunbathe"./


941

WHY DO PEOPLE SOMETIMES BATHE THEIR EYES ? People sometimes ...

because they have some kind of eye illness, or because their eyes feel tired ...

DO YOU DO ANY SUNBATHING ? Yes, I do some sunbathing ... or ... No, I don't do any sunbathing

CHEAT trapacear WHO'S THE BIGGEST CHEAT, OR WHAT IS THE BIGGEST CHEAT, YOU'VE EVER COME ACROSS OR HEARD OF ? The biggest

cheat I've ever ... was ...

WHAT HAPPENED ?

WHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO HAPPEN WHEN A PUPIL IS CAUGHT CHEATING IN AN EXAM ?/

When a pupil is caught cheating in an exam, I think ... he

should be sent out of the room...

DIP HORIZON HORIZONTAL imergir horizonte horizontal WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO ? You're pretending

to dip your pen into some ink in order to write

WHAT'S MY HAND DOING ? You're hand's moving in a horizontal direction, then suddenly

dipping and coming up again


942

DOES THE SUN RISE OVER THE HORIZON IN THE EAST OR THE WEST ? The sun rises over

the horizon in the east.


FEED - FED - FED alimentar – alimentou - alimentado IF A DOG SITS LOOKING AT YOU WHILST YOU ARE EATING AT TABLE, DO YOU FEED IT WHILST YOU YOURSELF ARE FEEDING, OR DO YOU LEAVE SOME FOOD ON YOUR PLATE AND GIVE IT TO THE DOG AFTER YOU'VE FED ?/ If a dog sits ... I ...

HAY STRAW STEM feno palha talo The difference between hay and straw is that hay is dried grass, whilst straw is the stems of wheat or other types of corn after it has been cut.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HAY AND STRAW ? The difference ... is that hay is ...

THE USE OF THE APOSTROPHE "S" ———————————————————

PREFERENCE TASTE STYLE preferência gosto estilo


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DETERMINE RUN determinar corer Generally speaking, we use the apostrophe "s" for people or animals, e.g. Mr Johnson's tie, my uncle's house, the horse's tail etc., but sometimes we can also use it for things, e.g. "The book's main purpose is to teach", which is the same as saying "The main purpose of the book is to teach". /

WHEN DO WE USE THE APOSTROPHE "S" ? - AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE We use the

apostrophe "s" for people or animals, e.g. Mr. Johnson's tie, the horse's tail ...

also ... for things, e.g. the book's main purpose ...

As with so much else in a language, it is mainly a question of making a pleasant sound, being easy to pronounce, and having a smooth rhythm. For example, we might prefer to say "The history of Athens" rather than "Athens's history" as it runs more smoothly off the tongue. It is often a question of taste or style.

WHAT MAINLY DETERMINES THE USE OF THE APOSTROPHE "S" ?/ The use of the

apostrophe "s" is mainly determined by whether or not it makes a pleasant sound,

is easy to pronounce, and has a smooth rhythm With the names of people, we are almost obliged to use the apostrophe "s", whilst with animals and things we often have the


944

choice. Often, however, even with the names of people, we have a choice. For example, we can say "The works of Shakespeare" if we like, in preference to "Shakespeare's works".

WHEN ARE WE ALMOST OBLIGED TO USE THE APOSTROPHE "S", AND WHEN DO WE HAVE THE CHOICE ?/ We are almost

obliged to ... with the names of people, whilst with animals and things

we often have the choice ...

HELP ajudar (servir-se) CAN'T HELP não conseguir evitar AT A PARTY, DO YOU THINK IT'S BETTER TO LET EVERYONE HELP THEMSELVES TO THE FOOD, OR FOR THEM TO BE SERVED BY SOMEONE ? At a party, I

think it's better to let ... or ... At a party ... for people to be

served by someone

IS THERE ANY MISTAKE IN ENGLISH THAT YOU CAN'T HELP MAKING WHEN YOU WRITE OR SPEAK ?

Yes, there's a mistake in ... or ... No, there isn't any mistake ...

WHICH ?/

LOAD BARREL ELEPHANT ROD carga barril elefante vara


945

WHICH ANIMAL DO YOU THINK CAN PULL THE HEAVIEST LOAD ? I think the

elephant can ...

HOW DID THEY USED TO LOAD A GUN IN THE OLD DAYS ? They used to

load a gun in the old days first by pouring gunpowder down the barrel of the gun, then

packing the powder down hard with a metal rod ... and then finally dropping the lead ball

down the barrel on to the powder

WHAT DO WE USE TO FISH WITH ? We use a rod (a fishing-rod) to fish with

VOYAGE viagem SPACE espaço WHAT IS A VOYAGE ? A voyage is usually a journey by

water, or into space

EXCELLENT excelente CAN WE EXPECT EXCELLENT FOOD IN A FIRST CLASS RESTAURANT ?/ Yes, we can expect ...

LOVER amante CAN YOU NAME ANY GREAT LOVERS IN HISTORY ?

Yes, I can name ... Casanova, Don Juan, Lord Byron ...

TOUR passeio (excursão) TOURIST turista


946

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN ON A TOUR ? Yes, I've been on ... or ... No, I've never ...

WHERE ?

RABBIT coelho PET bicho de estimação DO YOU LIKE RABBITS AS PETS OR AS FOOD ? I like rabbits as ...

IDIOM 45 KICK THE BUCKET = to die bater as botas e.g. The old man had been ill for quite some time, and finally kicked the bucket last night.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "KICK THE BUCKET" MEAN ? The idiom ... "to die"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE We hadn't expected him to kick the bucket so soon.

As death is a serious matter, this idiom would only be used on non-serious occasions.

LESSON 143

MILL WINDMILL WATERMILL HILLY moinho moinho de vento moinho de água montanhoso (a)


947

SAIL MILLER RUN SITUATE vela(pá de moinho) molineiro funcionar situar HOLLAND MOUNTAINOUS CLOTH PACKET holanda montanhoso tecido pacote The difference between a windmill and a watermill is that, although both might contain a machine for grinding, a windmill is worked by the action of the wind on four giant arms called sails, which, turning round in the wind, turn the large stones inside the mill enabling the miller to grind his corn to make flour. A watermill, on the other hand, is run by water, and for this reason is situated by a fast-flowing river or stream. It is worked by a large wheel which is forced round and round by the water./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WINDMILL AND A WATERMILL ? The difference ... is

that a windmill is worked by the action of the wind ... a watermill

... is run by water ...

We generally find windmills in flat country where the wind is strong. For this reason there are many in Holland. Watermills we generally find in hilly or mountainous country which has a lot of rain and many fast-flowing rivers or streams. Watermills can also be made to produce electricity or to drive various kinds of machines./

WHERE DO WE GENERALLY FIND WINDMILLS AND


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WATERMILLS ? We generally find windmills in flat country ... Watermills we

generally find in hilly or mountainous country ...

The word "mill" can also be used with the meaning of "factory", but we usually think of a mill in this sense as producing such things as cloth or steel, whilst a factory usually produces a finished article like a car, an electric iron, or a packet of cigarettes etc.

WHAT'S GENERALLY THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MILL AND A FACTORY ? / The difference ... is

that we usually think of a mill as producing such things as cloth or steel, whilst a factory

usually produces a finished article like a car ...

CONVINCE ADMIT TRY convencer admitir tentar WHEN A MAN COMMITS MURDER AND THE LAW CANNOT PROVE HE DID IT, EVEN THOUGH EVERYONE IS CONVINCED HE DID, WHAT HAPPENS ? When a

man ... the man is set free

AND IF AFTERWARDS HE ADMITS TO THE CRIME, WHAT HAPPENS ?/ If afterwards he ...

he is still left free, because a man can't be tried twice for the same crime

(unless perhaps further proof can be found)

WHAT MUST YOU BUY IN ORDER TO BE ADMITTED TO THE CINEMA ? You must buy


949

a ticket in order ...

RELIEVE PILL RELIEF PARCEL aliviar pílula alívio pacote IF WE HAVE TOOTHACHE, HEADACHE, STOMACH-ACHE ETC., WHAT CAN WE DO TO RELIEVE THE PAIN ?/

If we have toothache ... we can take a pill

etc. to relieve the pain

HOW LONG IS A SOLDIER GENERALLY ON GUARD FOR BEFORE HE'S RELIEVED ? A soldier is

generally on guard for perhaps two to four hours before he's relieved

WHAT'S THE NOUN OF "RELIEVE" ? The noun ... is "relief"

DURING A WAR, WHAT DO WE MEAN BY RED CROSS RELIEF ? During a war,

by red cross relief,we mean parcels of food and medicine etc. sent to the soldiers

who are prisoners behind the enemy lines ...

SELF SELFISH SELF-CONTROL próprio egoísta auto-controle CONTROL (v) EMOTION controlar emoção WHY IS IT THAT WE SELDOM KNOW ANOTHER PERSON'S REAL SELF ?/ The reason we


950

seldom ... is that most people keep a part of themselves hidden from others ...

WHAT DO YOU THINK A SELFISH NATURE IS DUE TO ? I think a selfish

nature is perhaps due to the person being spoilt as a child ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SELF-CONTROL ? By self- control we mean we

control our own feelings, desires and emotions without discipline coming from others ...


LIE - LAY – LAIN recostar – recostou - recostado LIE - LIED – LIED mentir – mentiu - mentido LAY - LAID – LAID pôr – pôs – posto, jazer – jazeu - jazido

Three verbs which sometimes get confused with one another are - 1) The irregular verb "to lie" as in "to lie in bed", its paradigm being "lie - lay - lain" 2) The regular verb "to lie" meaning "not to tell the truth", its paradigm being "lie - lied - lied" and 3) The verb "to lay" as in "to lay the book on the table", its paradigm being "lay - laid - laid". The teacher should also get the students to translate the verbs as they answer the following questions.

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE IRREGULAR VERB "TO LIE" AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ?/

The paradigm ... lie - lay - lain, and it means ... as in "to lie in bed"


951

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE REGULAR VERB "TO LIE", AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? The paradigm ...

lie - lied - lied, and it means ... i.e. "not to tell the truth"

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO LAY" AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? The paradigm ...

lay - laid - laid, and it means ... as in "to lay the book on the table"

TIGHT TIGHTLY TIGHT-FITTING AIRTIGHT justo apertado justo hermético LOOSE-FITTING CONTAINER WATERTIGHT folgado recipiente, reservatório impermeável WHAT AM I DOING ? You're holding on tightly to the arm

of the chair

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "TIGHT" ? The contrary ... "loose"

WHICH ARE MORE COMFORTABLE - TIGHT-FITTING OR LOOSE-FITTING CLOTHES ? Loose-fitting clothes

are more comfortable

WHY ? Because they allow one to move more easily. In hot weather they keep one cool whilst in cold

weather they keep one warm, as they allow plenty of air between the body and the material the

clothes are made of and so act as a form of protection ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY A CONTAINER IS


952

AIRTIGHT AND WATERTIGHT ?/ When we say a ... we mean that no air or water can pass

into it from outside, or vice versa AIM objetivo (mira) TAKE AIM mirar WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO ? You're pretending

to take aim at the window with a gun

HAVE YOU ANY PARTICULAR AIM IN LIFE ? Yes, I've a ...

or ... No, I haven't a ... WHAT ?

DAMP úmido IS IT HEALTHY TO LIVE IN A DAMP HOUSE ? No, it

isn't healthy to ...

WHY NOT ? Because it can make us ill ...

INDEED realmente, de fato WHAT DOES THE WORD "INDEED" MEAN, AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR ?/ The word "indeed"

means "really", and we use it for emphasis

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE It's very cold indeed

JAW mandíbula


953

WHAT PART OF THE BODY'S THIS ? It's the jaw

LADDER escada pequena DESCRIBE A LADDER./ A ladder's two pieces of wood or

metal with several smaller pieces put horizontally across the two to act as steps

for climbing when the ladder is leant against a wall ...

USE OF THE HYPHEN ———————————— When to use a hyphen and when not to use a hyphen in English is by no means easy to learn. These days, writers, and sometimes even dictionaries, will disagree about the use of the hyphen. As with most things, it is often safer to observe each individual case and remember it. One point worth noting, however, could be that a hyphen can make a difference in meaning. For example, a "paper-knife" with a hyphen, is a knife which is used for cutting paper, whilst a "paper knife" without a hyphen is a knife made of paper.

TELL ME SOMETHING ABOUT THE USE OF THE HYPHEN IN ENGLISH./ When to use a

hyphen and when not to ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF HOW A HYPHEN CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING. "Paper-knife"

with a hyphen means ... whilst the same words without

the hyphen mean ...


954

IDIOM 46 A LOAD OFF ONE'S MIND = a relief from worry um peso fora da cabeça e.g. Now that I know the results at last, it's a great load off my mind.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "A LOAD OFF ONE'S MIND" MEAN ? The idiom "a load off one's mind"

means "relief from worry"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE I'm glad you've arrived safely. It's a great load off my mind

DICTATION 82 I am afraid/ I cannot recommend him for the job./ A wound we get from fighting,/ whilst an injury we get by accident./ They decided to separate/ and sit at separate tables./ We generally finish a business letter/ with "Yours faithfully" or "Yours sincerely"./ When we apply for a job,/ the manager, or whoever it might be,/ usually asks for a reference./ The corn stood shoulder high/ but, sad to relate,/ was full of weeds./ There is still a chance/ that the envelope containing the money/ might be found./


STAGE 9 EXAM – Answers can be found after the vocabulary test

Yes - No Quiz

1) Can we cut bread with the thick edge of a knife ? 2) Can we say "usefuller" when forming the comparison of

"useful" ? 3) By the "background" of a picture, do we mean its main

subject ? 4) Do dogs bury bones ? 5) Do ten pennies make a shilling ? 6) Is the word "sadder" spelt with two "d"s ? 7) Does tea with sugar taste bitter ? 8) Is it correct to say - "The thief robbed my watch" ? 9) Must we handle eggs gently ? 10) Do horses have paws ? 11) Does a disorderly crowd usually scatter when the

police arrive ? 12) Does one turn a tap on clockwise ? 13) Is it easy to read a book upside-down ? 14) Do we throw worn-out things away ? 15) Is this sentence correct - "They were never see their

home again" ? 16) Is a bar of gold heavier than a bar of iron of the same

size? 17) Is it nice to be deceived by people ? 18) Do some people faint with excitement ? 19) Do people's stomachs grow inwards as they get older ?


20) Do we get water when ice melts ? 21) Do we run risks when we cross the road ? 22) Are there 100 degrees in a right angle ? 23) Is a miner a person who works in a mine ? 24) Is a tough person faint-hearted ? 25) Are tigers harmless creatures ? 26) Can we use the word "do" with "who" ? 27) If you bought something for more than its value, would

you be getting a bargain ? 28) Ought we to say "Excuse me, please" when we wish to

pass between two people who are speaking to each other ?

29) Do we screw nails into wood ? 30) Are our eyebrows above our eyelashes ? 31) Does water in a pan boil faster with the lid on ? 32) Is the weather at the North Pole mild ? 33) Is straw dried grass ? 34) Can pills relieve certain kinds of pain ? 35) Are tight clothes comfortable ? 36) Is it correct to say "She came from a near town" ? 37) Is it healthy to live in a damp house ? 38) Do most students have gaps in their memories ? 39) Do people light candles when there is a failure in the

electricity supply ? 40) Do you like thieves and liars ?


Vocabulary Test

1) Tin

2) Sympathy

3) Entertain

4) Somewhat

5) At all

6) Run over

7) Knelt

8) Mystery

9) Forbidden

10) View

11) Hid

12) Detail

13) Shape

14) Neat

15) Ill at ease

16) Escape

17) Clever

18) Tip

19) Hut

20) Otherwise

21) Perform

22) Trick

23) Envy

24) Advice

25) Row

26) Rub

27) Beneath

28) Give way

29) Feather

30) Monkey

31) Couple

32) Cage

33) Pick out

34) Scent

35) Work out

36) Weapon

37) Bare

38) Witness

39) Get rid of

40) Upset


Yes - No Quiz Answers

1) No, 2) No, 3) No, 4) Yes, 5) No, 6) Yes, 7) No, 8) No, 9) Yes, 10) No, 11) Yes, 12) No, 13) No, 14) Yes, 15) No, 16) Yes, 17) No, 18) Yes, 19) No, 20) Yes, 21) Yes, 22) No, 23) Yes, 24) No, 25) No, 26) Yes, 27) No, 28) Yes, 29) No, 30) Yes, 31) Yes, 32) No, 33) No, 34) Yes, 35) No, 36) No, 37) No, 38) Yes, 39) Yes, 40) No. Dictation

A fence and a hedge/ went round the pool/ to protect it from the wind./ We wandered up the path/ towards the ancient-looking house./ I was sweating from the heat,/ and the bottoms of my feet/ felt very tender/ from our long walk./ Inside the hall of the building/ everything was very untidy/ with heaps of old torn cloth/ scattered about. The lock on the door was badly worn/ and needed mending,/ and one of the door-posts/ was leaning inwards./ Someone had scratched/ a notice on the door/ warning people to lower their heads/ as they went in. Note: The above type of exam is not so important from now on, as the students are getting near to the Cambridge First Certificate. It does, however, serve to show the teacher how much vocabulary his students have remembered, and also gives the director of a school or of a company an idea of how well the students are progressing.


Page No. ABILITY 922 ABOUT 849 ABOVE ALL 895 ABSORB 840 ACCIDENT 819 ACCIDENTALLY 916 ACCORDING TO 848 ACCOUNT 862 ACT 872 ACTION 872 ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE 831 ADMIRE 851 ADMIT 948 ADVANCE 887 ADVERTISE 905 ADVERTISEMENT 905 ADVERTISING 905 ADVICE (N) 867 ADVISE (V) 867 AEROPLANE 911 AFFAIR 918 AFRAID OF 827 AFRAID THAT 827 AFRAID TO 827 AGAINST 872 AGENCY 937 AGENT 937 AGREE ABOUT 822 AGREE THAT 822 AGREE TO 822 AGREE WITH 822 AHEAD 884 AIM 952 AIRTIGHT 951 ALL RIGHT 898 ANCIENT 820 ANGER 826 ANGLE 891 ANNOYANCE 847 ANTICLOCKWISE 869 ANXIETY 818 ANXIOUS 818 APOSTROPHE "S" 942 APPLY 819 APPROVE OF 921 APPROXIMATE 924 ARM - IN - ARM 856 ARMS 931 ARREARS 887 AT ALL 820 AT EASE 853 AT SEA 935 ATTACK 825 BACKGROUND 819 BACON 924 BAND 848 BAR 873 BARE 887 BARELY 887 BARGAIN 907 BARREL 944 BARRISTER 873 BASEMENT 907 BASIN 918 BATH 940 BATHE 940 BEFOREHAND 908 BELIEF 938 BENEATH 876 BISCUIT 925 BITTER 851 BLACKBOARD 921 BOMB 862

BOXER 937 BREAK (N) 924 BRING AN ACTION 872 BUNCH 932 BURY 825 BY ACCIDENT 819 BY AND ITS MANY USES 932 BY CHANCE 841 BY DEGREES 891 BY HIMSELF 932 BY NOW 884 BY SEA 935 BYE - BYE 881 CAGE 877 CANDLE 854 CAN'T HELP 944 CAN'T MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT (Idiom 33) 858 CAPABLE 872 CARE FOR 823 CARRIAGE 849 CART 873 CASE 890 CAUTION 907 CAUTIOUSLY 907 CENTIGRADE 900 CEREAL 924 CHALK 921 CHAMPION 937 CHANCE 841 CHARM 919 CHARMER 919 CHARMING 919 CHEAT 941 CHEEK 900 CHEERIO 881 CHEERS 881 CHEESE 924 CHOCOLATE 925 CLEVER 860 CLOSELY 877 CLOTH 947 CLOTHE 922 CLOTHING 871 COLD SHOULDER (Idiom 42) 923 COLONIALISM 914 COME BACK 888 COME DOWN 888 COME IN 888 COMMERCIAL 905 COMPASS 936 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES 816 COMPOUND WORDS 828 CONFIDENT 822 CONFUSION 887 CONTAINER 951 CONTENT (N) 894 CONTENT (V) 894 CONTINUATION 841 CONTRACTIONS (DOUBLE) 909 CONTROL (SELF-) 949 CONTROL (V.) 949 CONVINCE 948 COOKING - POT 934 CORNER 844 COTTON 840 COTTON - WOOL 840

COUNCIL 901 COUNTRY 928 COUPLE 877 CREATURE 896 CRITIC 908 CUSTOM 856 DAMP 952 DARING 824 DEAR 853 DEBT 870 DECEIVE 874 DEGREE 891 DELICATE 863 DELIVER 908 DESCEND 888 DESIRE 885 DESSERT 924 DETAIL 844 DETERMINE 943 DIG 913 DINE 928 DINING - ROOM 928 DIP 941 DISASTER 916 DISORDERLY 868 DISSATISFACTION 851 DISTINGUISH 846 DISTURBANCE 848 DO SOMEONE A FAVOUR 898 DO THE SHOPPING 937 DO WITH WHO 896 DOCUMENTS 859 DON'T MENTION IT 898 DOORPOST 913 DOUBLE CONTRACTIONS 909 DOUBLING CONSONANTS 837 DUG 913 DUKE 937 DWARF 934 EAGER 824 EASE 853 EASY 853 EDGE 815 EFFORT 938 EGYPT 820 EITHER OF THEM 839 EITHER SIDE 874 ELEPHANT 944 ELIMINATE 912 EMOTION 949 ENABLE 858 ENDED 832 ENDLESS 922 ENERGETIC 875 ENGAGED 866 ENGLISH MONETARY SYSTEM 836 ENQUIRE 857 ENQUIRY OFFICE 857 ENTER 888 ENTERTAIN 819 ENTERTAINMENT 819 ENTRANCE 829 ENVY 867 EQUALLY 839 ESCAPE 857 EVERY OTHER DAY 866 EXCELLENT 945 EXCITEMENT 875 EXCUSE (N) 891

EXCUSE (V) 891 EXCUSE ME 916 EXPECT = TO LOOK FORWARD TO AN EVENT 910 EXPERIENCE 870 EXPLAIN TO 822 EXPLOSION 862 EYEBROW 921 EYELASH 921 EYELID 921 FACE (V) 825 FACE TO FACE 825 FAHRENHEIT 900 FAILURE 854 FAINT 875 FANCY 892 FAST 911 FASTEN 911 FAVOUR 898 FAVOUR (V) 921 FEAR 875 FEATHER 876 FED 942 FEED 942 FEEL UPSET 904 FENCE 829 FINGERS CROSSED (Idiom 44) 938 FITTING 951 FLOUR 896 FLOWERPOT 934 FOLD 914 FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE (Idiom 29) 826 FOR SALE 905 FOR WEEKS AND WEEKS 849 FORBADE 837 FORBID 837 FORBIDDEN 837 FOUR WAYS OF FORMING THE FUTURE 883 FREE 908 FREEZE 900 FRIED 924 FRIGHT 902 FRIGHTEN 902 FROZE 900 FROZEN 900 FRY 924 FUNERAL 833 GALLON 892 GAP 829 GARDEN GATE 912 GATE 912 GATHER SPEED 837 GENEROUS 851 GENTLE 855 GET 890 GET HOLD OF THE WRONG END OF THE STICK (Idiom35) 871 GET ONE DOWN (Idiom 31) 844 GET RID OF 894 GET THE BETTER OF THE BARGAIN 907 GIANT 934 GIRLFRIEND 856 GIVE WAY 876 GIVE OFF 882


Page No. GIVE THE COLD SHOULDER (Idiom 42) 923 GLASSES 876 GO AHEAD 939 GO AND HAVE 939 GO BACK 888 GO BAD 882 GO DOWN 888 GO IN 888 GO PAST 932 GO QUIETLY 923 GO RIGHT 882 GO SHOPPING 937 GOAL 913 GOLDEN 865 GOOD HEAVENS ! 847 GRAPE 923 GREET 881 GREETINGS 881 GRIND 896 GROUND 896 HALL 829 HALL - PORTER 912 HAND - IN - HAND 856 HAND (V) 856 HANDLE (V+N) 855 HAPPEN TO 876 HARD UP (Idiom 40) 909 HARM 896 HARMFUL 896 HARMLESS 896 HASTE 911 HASTEN 911 HAY 942 HEAL 929 HEAP 899 HEDGE 829 HELP 142 HELP (V) 944 HELPFUL 816 HID 843 HIDDEN 843 HIDE 843 HIGHLY 820 HILLY 946 HITCH - HIKE 864 HOLLAND 947 HORIZON 941 HORIZONTAL 941 HOW ARE YOU ? 845 HOW DO YOU DO ? 845 HUMBLE 833 HUNT 931 HUNTING 829 HUT 865 HYPHEN (USE OF) 953 HYPHENATED 835 HYPHENED (OR HYPHENATED) COMPOUNDS 835 I DARE SAY 824 ILL AT EASE 853 I'M SORRY 916 IN A NUTSHELL (Idiom 38) 895 IN ADVANCE 887 IN ARREARS 887 IN CASE 890 IN RELATION TO 934 IN SEASON 935 INDEED 952 INDOOR (S) 830

INJECTION 936 INJUSTICE 886 INK 934 INKPOT 934 INQUIRE 857 INQUIRY OFFICE 857 INSTRUCTION 858 INSTRUMENT 919 INSULT 826 INSURE 833 INTEND 815 INTEREST 859 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES 906 INTERRUPT 870 INTERRUPTION 870 INWARD(S) 876 IRON (V+N)/ 897 ISH 903 IT IS NOT SO 879 IT IS PROBABLE 824 IT IS WELL TO... 831 IT NEVER RAINS BUT IT POURS (Idiom 37) 885 IT SO HAPPENS 879 IT'S NOTHING 898 JAM 928 JAMPOT 934 JAW 952 JEALOUS 893 JUDO 832 JUST 860,879 JUST THE SAME 939 KEEP ONE'S FINGERS CROSSED (Idiom 44) 938 KICK THE BUCKET (Idiom 45) 946 KIND 879 KNEE 832 KNEEL 832 KNELT 832 LADDER 953 LAID 950 LAIN 950 LAND IN PRISON 822 LARGELY 860 LAST 920 LAST BUT ONE 920 LATE = ENDED 832 LATE = RECENTLY DEAD 832 LATELY 832 LATEST 920 LAY 950 LEAD 876 LEAN 876 LIAR 843 LICENCE (N) 867 LICENSE (V) 867 LID 921 LIE 950 LIED 950 LIGHT 854 LIKELY 897 LIQUID 830 LIT 854 LITRE 892 LITTLE BY LITTLE 815 LIVE (ADJ) 929 LIVE (V) 929 LOAD 944 LOAD OFF ONE'S MIND (Idiom 46) 954

LOCK 874 LONG - HAIRED 828 LOOK 929 LOOK FORWARD TO AN EVENT 910 LOOSE - FITTING 951 LORD 937 LOSE ONE'S TEMPER 882 LOVE AFFAIR 918 LOVER 945 LOVINGLY 858 LUCKY BREAK (Idiom 34) 864 LUNG 886 MADNESS 827 MAGIC 919 MAIL 908 MAKE + SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING + ADJECTIVE OR INFINITIVE 831 MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT (Idiom 33) 858 MANKIND 877 MARMALADE 924 MATCH 832 MATE 877 MAY AS WELL ... AS 861 MEALS 924 MEAN (ADJ) 902 MELT 880 MEND 869 MENTION 871 MERCHANT 821 MERCY 884 MERE 913 MICE 829 MILD 929 MILITARY 848 MILL 946 MILLER 947 MINE 893 MINER 893 MISFORTUNE 905 MONETARY 836 MONETARY SYSTEM 836 MONKEY 877 MOUSE 829 MUSICAL 919 MYSTERY 833 NATIVE 914 NATURAL 837 NEAT 851 NEARBY 932 NEEDLE 936 NEITHER OF THEM 839 NEXT 839 NICE TO SEE 831 NOBLE 924 NOISELESSLY 824 NOT ... EITHER 874 NOT ... NOR 863 NOT AT ALL 898 NOTHING TO DO WITH IT 880 NOUGHT 900 NUISANCE 913 OBJECT 839 OBSERVE 863 OFF THE CUFF (Idiom 39) 903

ON ACCOUNT OF 862 ON MY OWN ACCOUNT 862 ONE ON TOP OF THE OTHER 899 OPPOSITION 909 ORANGE 928 ORGAN 886 OTHERWISE 886 OUT OF DOORS 830 OUT OF SEASON 935 OUTDOOR (S) 830 OUTWARD(S) 876 OVER 907 OVERCOME 837 OVERNIGHT 912 OVERWEIGHT 934 PACKET 947 PAD 840 PALE 903 PAN 921 PARCEL 949 PAW 864 PEAR 828 PECULIAR 837 PECULIARITY 837 PENCE 836 PENNY 836 PERFORM 866 PERFORMANCE 866 PET 946 PICK AT 881 PICK OUT 881 PICK UP 837 PIGEON 877 PILE 899 PILL 949 PINT 892 PLUM 928 POINT 900 POOL 830 PORTER 921 POST 913 POSTAGE 913 POT 934 POVERTY 851 PRACTICE (N) 867 PRACTISE (V) 867 PREFERABLY 860 PREFERENCE 942 PREPARATION 903 PRESERVE 864 PRODUCT 905 PROOF 930 PROVE 915 PUNISH 914 PYGMY 934 QUALIFICATION 870 QUALITY 860 QUIETLY 923 RABBIT 946 RAZOR 938 REACH OUT 840 RECEIPT 915 RECORD (N) 868 RECORD (V) 868 RED - CROSS 949 REGARD 881 REGRET 857 REJOICE 916 REJOICING 916 RELATION TO 934


Page No. RELATIONSHIP 934 RELATIVE 934 RELATIVES 934 RELIEF 949 RELIEVE 949 RELY ON 910 REMARK 929 RESIST 923 RESISTANCE 923 RESPONSIBLE 901 RETURN 888 REVOLUTION 924 RID 894 RIDER 882 RIGHT 882 RIGHT ANGLE 891 RIGHT WAY UP 869 RISK 890 RIVAL 864 RIVER BASIN 918 ROB 854 ROD 944 ROW 868 RUB 824,869 RUN 943,947 RUN A RISK 890 RUN OVER 823 SAFETY-BELT 911 SAIL 947 SALE 905 SAYING 930 SCALE 840 SCATTER 868 SCENT 882 SCRAPE 900 SCRATCH 900 SCRATCH OUT 900 SCREW 917 SCREWDRIVER 917 SEA 935 SEAT - BELT 859 SECOND - HAND 907 SELF 143 SELF - CONTROL 949 SELFISH 949 SELLER 865 SET FREE 908 SEW 936 SHAPE 848 SHAPED LIKE 918 SHARES 859 SHARPEN 896 SHAVE 938 SHILLING 836 SHIPWRECK 905 SHOPPING 937 SHORTHAND 856 SICILY 903 SICKNESS 903 SILENCE (V) 887 SILKEN 865 SITUATE 947 SLOW DOWN 837 SNACK 924 SNAKE 919 SNAKE - CHARMER 919 SNAP DECISION (Idiom36) 878 SO AND ITS MANY USES (CONT.) 879 SO KIND AS 879 "SO, YOU HAVE COME !" 879

SOME IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES 906 SOMEWHAT 820 SORE POINT (Idiom 30) 834 SORRY 916 SOUP 924 SPACE 945 SPOON 835 STEAL 854 STEM 942 STEP BY STEP 887 STILL 846 STORMY 929 STRAW 942 STRESS 847 STYLE 942 SUBSTANTIAL 924 SUFFIX 837 SUGGEST TO 822 SUNBATHE 940 SUNNY 837 SUPERLATIVES 816 SUPPER 925 SWEAT 848 SWEET 882 SWIMMER 865 SWIMMING POOL 830 SYMPATHY 818 TAKE A BATH 9 TAKE AIM 952 TAKE BY SURPRISE 841 TAKE CARE 823 TAKE HOLD OF 841 TAKE INTO ACCOUNT 862 TAKE OFF 924 TAKE TEA 924 TAKE TO (BOATS) 905 TAP 869 TASTE 942 TEA 924 TEA - POT 934 TEAR 899 TELL OFF (Idiom 41) 915 TEMPER 882 TEMPTATION 843 TEN - MINUTE TALK 835 TEND 893 TENDER 858 TERRIBLY 904 THAT'S ALL RIGHT 898 THE ... THE 901 THE BROWNS 820 THE COUNTRY 928 THE SOONER ... THE BETTER 901 THEN 917 THERMOMETER 840 THIEF 854 THOUGHTFUL 882 THOUGHTLESS 902 THREAD 936 TIDINESS 859 TIGHT 951 TIGHT - FITTING 951 TIGHTLY 951 TIN 815 TIP 862 TITLE 937 TO BE OBLIGED 854 TO DO WITH 880 TOAST 924

TORE 899 TORN 899 TOUCH AND GO (Idiom 32) 852 TOUCH DOWN 911 TOUCH WOOD (Idiom 43) 931 TOUGH 893 TOUR 945 TOURIST 945 TOWN HALL 829 TRAP 931 TREASURE 914 TRIANGLE 884 TRICK 866 TRY 948 TURN ON 869 UNDERNEATH 845 UNFINISHED SENTENCES ENDING WITH " TO " 841 UNIT 836 UNITY 821 UNLIKELY 897 UP 899 UP TO 825 UPRIGHT 886 UPSET 904 UPSIDE - DOWN 869 URGE 918 USE OF THE APOSTROPHE "S" 942 USE OF THE HYPHEN 953 USE UP 937 USUAL 906 VACUUM 876 VERB + AND + VERB 939 VERBS , NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ENDING IN "Y" 859 VICTORY 928 VIEW 843 VOYAGE 945 WAIST 892 WAISTCOAT 892 WANDER 846 WARN 884 WAS + INFINITIVE 872 WASH - BASIN 918 WASH UP 879 WATERMILL 946 WATERTIGHT 951 WE MAY AS WELL GO 861 WE MAY GO 861 WEALTHY 916 WEAPON 887 WEAR 833 WEEKS AND WEEKS 129 WELCOME 136 WELL - TIMED 127 WHAT ABOUT (YOU) 129 WHAT AND WHICH 133 WHAT HAS THAT GOT TO DO WITH IT ? 134 WHETHER 139 WHICH 133 WHISKERS 127 WHO 136 WHY ON EARTH

(Idiom 28) 125 WINDMILL 143 WITNESS 135 WOODEN 132 WOOLLEN 132 WORK OUT 135 WORN - OUT 132 WRECK 137 WRONG 139,155 YACHT 139 YET 129 YOU'RE RIGHT 139 YOU'RE WRONG 139 ZERO 136


Callan Teo Stage 09 Portuguese[1]

Documents

callan method handbook

callan method organisation

callan method website

callan publishing

callan conditions of

horas para o ket e

callan school berwick

horas para o fce dependendo