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Conceptualize once, design anywhere
Stefano BussolonDario Betti
Definitions of UX
UX is about the user(s) internal states (predispositions, expectations, needs, motivation, mood, etc.), the (eco)system, and the context.
Law, Roto, Hassenzahl, Vermeeren, Kort (2009)
La vida no es la que uno vivió, sino la que uno recuerda y cómo la recuerda para contarla.
Gabriel García Márquez
Experiences
Defining experiences
An experience is a valenced, structured, hierarchical, subjective representation of a past, current, or future sequence of episodic elements.
An experience is a representation.
An experience designer creates representations.
Experiences and Episodic memory
The episodic memory is at the basis of any phenomenological emergence of an experience.
There can't be any experience without episodic memory.
The episodic memory is involved not just in remembering an experience (Conway, 2009), but also in immagining one (Addis et al, 2009), and is recruited, online, while we are living - and experiencing (Kurby et al, 2008).
The building parts of the experience
We conceptualize our experiences using our cognitive frames and the objects and resources as semantic concepts.
Concepts are the building blocks of the experience
Concepts features
When asked to list the main attributes of a concept, participants productions can be classified in four main categories:
1.Surface properties (identification and diagnosis of the internal state)
2.Functional properties (the affordances of the concept)
3.Taxonomic properties (classification of the concept)
4.Affective properties (emotional and cognitive valence of the object)
Wu, Barsalou (2009)
The user’s mental model
A mental model represents a person’s thought process for how something works.
It is the high-level understanding of how the artifact (not necessary a technological one) works: this allows the user to predict what the application will do in response to various user’s actions.
UCD and users' concepts
Methods to elicit the users' implicit concepts and attributes:
- Identifying their lexicon: there is a natural correspondence between vocabulary and concepts
- Asking them to list the most important attributes of any concept.
From user’s mental model to conceptual model
The "conceptual model" of an application is
- the ‘ideal’ mental model (designed by the designer) of what the app allows you to manipulate and what manipulations can do. UX designere shoud design a conceptual model that is as close as possible to the mental models of users.
- the set of objects and related operations the artifact provides the user to accomplish a certain task
- a statement of concepts that the application will expose to users
(Johnson and Henderson, 2011)
Mental models, conceptual models, ontologies
service/app usagechanges
mental model
User mental models
Domain expert mental model
Service/app conceptual
model
Service/app conceptual
model
IMPLICIT EXPLICIT
formal or semi-
informal ontology
multi-channelimplementation
FORMAL
User mental models
User mental models
implementation conceptual model (e.g. UML)
user research
automated reasoning
semantic interoperability
Conceptual models and IA
Define a conceptual model is needed in both informative and applicative dimensions described by (Garrett, 2010).
Between taxonomies and ontologies
(Guarino, 2007)
Vocabulary + Structure = Taxonomy
Taxonomy + Relationships, Constraint and Rules = Ontology
Between taxonomies and ontologies
(adapted from Guarino, 2007)
Ontological precision
Axiomatic theory
Glossary
Thesaurus
Taxonomy
DB/OO scheme
tennis
football
game
field game
court game
athletic game
outdoor game
game athletic game court game tennis outdoor game field game football
gameNT athletic game NT court game RT court NT tennis RT double fault
game(x) → activity(x)athletic game(x) → game(x)court game(x) ↔ athletic game(x) ∧ ∃y. played_in(x,y) ∧ court(y)tennis(x) → court game(x)double fault(x) → fault(x) ∧ ∃y. part_of(x,y) ∧ tennis(y)
Catalog
Conceptual model as
“ideal mental model”
What is a conceptual model made of?
Description of functionality at a high level, i.e. what are the main functions offered to the user.
What are the relevant concepts covered by the application, creating a “vocabulary”.
For each of them, which are the attributes, operations and relationships with other concepts?
Finally, how user tasks match with the concepts?
(Johnson and Henderson, 2011)
Model, representation, interaction
The conceptual model collects every relevant information of every concepts that is required for the whole representation of the artifact.
The representations project the informations that are relevant in a given context
The interaction collects the informations (and the choices) the user needsto explicitly communicate to the artifact
An example
The conceptual model of a clinical exam
Clinical exam experience
tbd
User research
User: "I go to this office, wait on in line, then give the prescription to the clerk and she tells me the availability. She offers me a date, then I accept or reject, and asks me if I prefer the morning or in the afternoon. After I made arrangements on the date, ske asks me to pay. Of course I was asked for the health card in order to record my booking."
Interviewer: "at this point what happens?"
User: "and then she records everything on my card. She prints a confirmation from the computer and then presents me, and tells me how much I have to pay"
Interviewer: "and what is written in the press?"
User: "The type of examination, the date, the name of the doctor and the cost”. I had to sign the confirmation too."
Interviewer: "Perfect. Anything else?"
User: "The hospital name, its address, my name and my data too. My health card number. And no more."
Concepts
A draft of conceptual model
Objects Attributes Operations Relationships
Patient Name, surname, Health card ID, email, mobile, password
change email, mobile, password
One patient - many prescriptions
One patient many appointments
Prescription Date and time, priority, repetitiveness view details, book One prescription - many health services
Health service name, notes, cautions view detailsOne health service - many prescriptions
One health service - many physicians
Physician name, surname, email send message, rate One physician - many health services
(Adapted from Johnson and Henderson, 2011)
A draft of conceptual model
Objects Attributes Operations Relationships
Point of care address, building, floor locate on map One point of care - many appointments
Organizational unit name, phone send message
One organizational unit - many physicians
One organizational unit - many point of care
Appointment date and time, cost, status book, cancel, rate
One appointment - one point of care
One appointment - one health service
One appointment - one physician
From conceptual model to multichannel UX
“conceptualize once, use anywhere”
- design the model of the whole user experience
- design different views for different channels (devices) and contexts
Takeaways
“conceptualize once, use anywhere”
- design the model of the whole user experience
- design different views for different channels (devices) and contexts
“conceptualize once, use anywhere”
“conceptualize always, formalize when required”
Essential bibliography
Addis, D. R., Pan, L., Vu, M. A., Laiser, N., & Schacter, D. L. (2009). Constructive episodic simulation of the future and the past: Distinct subsystems of a core brain network mediate imagining and remembering. Neuropsychologia, 47(11), 2222-2238.
Conway, M. A. (2009). Episodic memories. Neuropsychologia, 47(11), 2305-2313.
Garrett, J. J. (2010). The elements of user experience: user-centered design for the Web and beyond. New Riders Pub.
Guarino, N. (2007). Ontologies and Classifications, Italian IA Summit, Trento, 16th Novembre, unpublished
Johnson J., and Henderson A. (2011), Conceptual Models: Core to Good Use, Volume 12 of Synthesis Lectures on Human-Centered Informatics Series Synthesis digital library of engineering and computer science, Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2008). Segmentation in the perception and memory of events. Trends in cognitive sciences, 12(2), 72-79.
Law, E., Roto, V., Hassenzahl, M., Vermeeren, A., Kort, J. (2009). Understanding, scoping and defining user experience: a survey approach. In: CHI, Boston, pp. 719–728
Wu L., Barsalou L. W. (2009). Perceptual simulation in conceptual combination: Evidence from property generation in Acta Psychologica, Volume 132, Issue 2, October 2009, Pages 173–189
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