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Brief History of Criminology 1. Criminology 2. Brief History of Criminology
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Page 1: Brief History of Criminology 1. Criminology 2. Brief History of Criminology.

Brief History of Criminology

1. Criminology

2. Brief History of Criminology

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Criminology

Not too long ago, criminology separated from its mother discipline, sociology

It has since developed habits and methods of thinking about crime and criminal behavior that are uniquely its own

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Edwin Sutherland and Donald Gressey

Scope of criminology includes:1. Processes of making laws

2. Processes of breaking laws

3. Processes of reacting toward the breaking the laws

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The main question

CAUSE CRIME

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Brief History of Criminology

Demonic Perspective (Middle Ages, 1200-1600)

Classical School (the late 1700s and the early 1800s )

Neo-classical school (emerged between 1880 and 1920 and is still with us today)

Positivism (the mid 1800s and early 1900s)

Sociological Criminology (mid 1800s till now)

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Demonic Perspective

It is not surprising that any discussion of the existence of evil behavior in the world would begin with religious explanations

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Demonic Perspective

Temptation Model

Possession Model

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Temptation Model

Mat 26:41 (NIV) "Watch and pray so that you will not fall into temptation. The spirit is willing, but the body is weak."

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Temptation Model

People are weak

Temptations to sin are impossible to avoid. (Matt. 18:7)

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Temptation Model

No matter how tempting the devil's offers might be, the individual always retains the ability to refuse to sin

“Good force" offers rewards and frequently promises spiritual aid to help the beleaguered individual resist the devil's temptations

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Temptation Model

This model has a deterrent

component

The threat of hellfire or other eternal punishment for those who chose to do evil

Those who have sinned more will suffer more. For them, there is no end to suffering and despair.

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Temptation Model-how to treat criminals?

Public humiliation and banishment were frequently used by religious societies as ways of controlling their deviant populations

For serious deviants, capital punishment wouldbe a final solution

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Temptation Model-how to treat criminals?

Cutting of Hands and Feet is a punishment given to people who steal

"As to the thief, Male or female, cut off his or her hands: a punishment by way of example, from Allah, for their crime: and Allah is Exalted in power." - Quran 5:38

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Possession Model

Once possessed by an evil spirit the person is no longer responsible for his/her actions

The devil controls the individual's mind and body resulting in evil behavior

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Possession Model

One question that is frequently raised concerning the possession model is whether good or moral persons can be possessed

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Possession Model-how to treat criminals?

One way of "curing" the individual is through exorcism-a religious ritual aimed at jettisoning the unclean spirit from the body

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Exorcism today

Mario Garcia ended up in jail on charges of puncturing his mother-in-law's esophagus with a pair of crucifixes

Prior to the incident, the mother-in-law displayed erratic behavior. The hospital had suggested psychiatric treatment for her

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Exorcism today

Garcia had the woman lie down on a bed, while the woman's son, her husband, Garcia's wife, and three young children contributed prayers for support Garcia shoved not one but two 8-inch steel crucifixes into his mother-in-law's mouthThe crosses went deep enough down her throat to pierce her esophagusPolice who were called to the scene found the woman bleeding profusely from the mouth on Garcia's front porch, with Garcia shouting, "The devil is inside her!"

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Exorcism today

Garcia was arrested for assault with a dangerous weapon and taken under psychiatric observation.

Police are in agreement with Garcia's family that he did not act with intent to harm “I've seen suspects who thought they had psychic powers, but never one that had a family who believed it, too.”

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The origin of classical school

Started in Europe (the late 1700s and the early 1800s)

Criminal justice needed to be updated

Throughout Europe the use of torture to secure confessions and force self-incriminating testimony had been widespread

Classical school was against tortures

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Before classical school… (in the early 1800s)

Infliction of bodily pain to extort evidence or confession

Torture employed devices such as the rack (to stretch the victim's joints to breaking point), the thumbscrew, the boot (which crushed the foot), heavy weights that crushed the whole body, the iron maiden (cage shaped like a human being with interior spikes to spear the occupant)

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Classical School

Two famous writers during this classical period were Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) and Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

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Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

People should be presumed innocent until proven guilty (no torture) The law should be codified (written) with punishments prescribed in advance Punishment should be limited (less harsher) to only that necessary to deter people from ever committing it again (no capital punishment)

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Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

Punishment should be severe, certain, and swiftSeverity is the least important, certainty the next in importance, and celerity, or swiftness, is about as equal in importance as certainty) The criminal justice system should be organized around crime prevention

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Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

Believed that individuals weigh the probabilities of present and future pleasures against those of present and future pain

People act as human calculators, they put all factors into a sort of mathematical

equation to decide whether or not

to commit an illegal act

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Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

Punishment should be just a bit in excess of the pleasures derived from an act and not any higher than that

Since punishment creates unhappiness it can be justified if it prevents greater

evil than it produces

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The Neo-classical School

A revision of classical school

Neo-classical criminologists recognized that the free will approach had a number of shortcomings

Leading proponents were Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) and his student Raymond Saleilles (1898)

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The Neo-classical School

Some behaviors are very irrationalSelf-defense or mistake of fact

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Mistake of fact

If a defendant goes into a supermarket and places eight items in a basket which is presented to the cashier Both honestly believe that all eight items have been scanned, and the defendant pays the sum shown on the billA store detective, however, notices that a mistake was made by the cashier so that only seven items were actually pricedThis detective arrests the defendant after leaving the storeThe defendant honestly believes that he has become the owner of goods in a sale transaction (not a thief)

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The Neo-classical School

So, not all persons were completely responsible for their own actions

Positive treatment toward "mental illness" type explanations

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Categorization of Motives

Understanding homicide

The accurate determination of motive in any crime is highly subjective

Social scientists have used several approaches to categorize motives

One strategy is to distinguish b/w instrumental and expressive motivation

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Instrumental Motivation

Violent acts with instrumental motivations are directed at some valued goal beyond the act itself (Menendez brothers may have killed their parents for the instrumental goal of protecting themselves or collecting the insurance payment)

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Instrumental Motivation

Eric and Lyle Menendez were convicted of first-degree murder for the brutal shotgun slaying of their parents in Beverly Hills. Their defense was based on the “abuse excuse”

The apparent motives ranged from the brothers’ fear of their father’s abuse to their desire to collect $11 million in insurance

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Expressive Motivation

Expressive actions are those motivated exclusively by rage, anger, frustration, or more generally, the heat of passion (self-defense, accidental homicides)

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UCR Supplementary Homicide Reports classification of motives

Arguments (53%)Participation in other felony crimes, especially robbery and drug offenses (32%)Youth gang activity (8%)Brawls under the influence of drugs or alcohol (4%)Miscellaneous situations such as killings by babysitters, gangland slaying, and sniper attacks (1%)

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The Victim-Offender Relationship

Three types of relationships are often identified:

A. Familial (especially spouses and siblings)(22%)

B. Acquaintances (including friends, girlfriends, boyfriends, neighbors, and coworkers)(57%)

C. Strangers (21%)

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Positivist School in Criminology

The demand for facts, for scientific proof (determinism) There are body and mind differences between peoplePunishment should fit the individual criminal, not the crime (indeterminate sentencing, disparate sentencing, parole) Criminals can be treated, rehabilitated, or corrected (if not, then they are incurable and should be put to death)

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Fundamental assumptions

The basic determinants of human behavior are genetically based

Observed gender and racial differences in rates and types of criminality may be at least partially the result of biological differences b/w the sexes and racially distinct groups

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Positivist School in Criminology

Most people believe the leading figure of positivist criminology (often called the father of criminology) was Lombroso (1835-1909). 

On Criminal Man, was first put together in 1861, and made the following points:

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The Underlying Logic

Defective genes

AtavismMental and

Physical Inferiority

CriminalBehavior

Inability to Learn and

Follow legal rules

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Sociological Theories of Crime

Search for factors outside the individual - socialization, subcultural membership, social class

Explains crime by reference to the institutional structure of society

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Sociological Theories of Crime

Society

Neighborhood

Parents

School

Peers

Role models