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Botany 1985 PAPER – I SECTION A 1. Answer any three of the following: Answers to parts (b), (c) and (d) should not exceed 200 words each: (a) Write the correct technical term for the following (i) Developmental pattern by which the outer most layers of xylem differentiate before any others. (ii) Process of sexual reproduction in which a large nonmotile egg is fertilized by a smaller male gamete. (iii) Hairlike structure common in lower organisms used for absorption and anchorage. (iv) Accessory fruit developed from a floral receptacle rather than from an ovary. (v) A kind of inflorescence in which flowers are located sessile on an elongated axis. (b) What is syngamy? Does it occur in bacteria? Explain. (c) Compare and contrast the life cycles of Saprolegnia and Vaucheria. (d) Present the differences that distinguish liverworts, bornworts and mosses. What are the common characteristics shored by all of them? 2. (a) Do you consider that heterospory in pteridophytes has led to seed habit? Explain. (b) Would you designate the life cycle of Pinus as haplontic, diplonaplontic or diplomatic? Explain suitably. 3. (a) What is the unique feature of Ginkgo with respect to its evolutionary history? (b) Differentiate between carposporophyte and tetrasporophyte. What is the ploidy of each? (c) Why are yeasts included in Ascomycota? Explain with reasons. 4. (a) Outline the nature of vascular system in Equisetum and
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Page 1: Botany

Botany1985PAPER – ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following:Answers to parts (b), (c) and (d) should not exceed 200 words each:(a) Write the correct technical term for the following(i) Developmental pattern by which the outer most layers of xylem differentiate before any others.(ii) Process of sexual reproduction in which a large nonmotile egg is fertilized by a smaller male gamete.(iii) Hairlike structure common in lower organisms used for absorption and anchorage.(iv) Accessory fruit developed from a floral receptacle rather than from an ovary.(v) A kind of inflorescence in which flowers are located sessile on an elongated axis.(b) What is syngamy? Does it occur in bacteria? Explain.(c) Compare and contrast the life cycles of Saprolegnia and Vaucheria.(d) Present the differences that distinguish liverworts, bornworts and mosses. What are the common characteristics shored by all of them?2. (a) Do you consider that heterospory in pteridophytes has led to seed habit? Explain.(b) Would you designate the life cycle of Pinus as haplontic, diplonaplontic or diplomatic? Explain suitably.3. (a) What is the unique feature of Ginkgo with respect to its evolutionary history?(b) Differentiate between carposporophyte and tetrasporophyte. What is the ploidy of each?(c) Why are yeasts included in Ascomycota? Explain with reasons.4. (a) Outline the nature of vascular system in Equisetum and ferns. Which is more advanced?Why?(b) Why are slime molds sometimes classified as animals? Explain how they are plant-like andgive the characteristics of the different classes of slime molds.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following:Answers should not exceed 200 words for each part.(a) What is quiescent centre? Briefly explain the nature of apical ineristems.(b) Summaries the development of different types of embryo sacs in angiosperms.(c) Discuss the role of biosystematics in the under-standing of the taxonomy of angiosperms.(d) Explain the role of symmetry and polarity in plant morphogenesis.6. Discuss any two of the following:(a) Distinctive anatomy of the monocotyledonous stem with suitable diagrams.(b) The role of light in morphogenesis.(c) The most important applications of tissue culture method in agriculture.7. Describe the uniqueness of the following:(a) Androecium in Asclepiadaceae.

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(b) Corolla in Scrophulariaceae.(c) Pollination in Labiatate.(d) Gynoecium in Cyperaceae.(e) Fruite and seed in Umbelliferae.8. Answer any three using not more than 200 words for each part:(a) Discuss the merits and demerits of the system of classification proposed by Hatchinson.(b) Give the most important features of the family palmae and discuss its phylogeneticrelationships.(c) Bring out the importance of palynology in the phylogenetic systems of classification.(d) Present a critical account of the development of microsporangium in angiosperms.PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following using not more than 200 words for each part:(a) Distinguish between lysosome and peroxisome.(b) How are adjacent cells in higher plants held together? Describe the functions ofplasmodesmatta.(c) Mitochondria is a cell within a cell. Discuss.(d) The use of Schiff’s aldehyde reaction.2. Explain the fluid-mosaic model of biomembrane.3. Describe the experiments that led to the formulation of Operon theory4. Answer any three of the following:(a) Explain the coacervate hyyothesis.(b) Enumerate genetic evidences for evolution.(c) How have isolation mechanisms influcnced evolution?(d) Differentiate between plasmid and cosmid.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part:(a) List the major chemical group found in –(i) cell wall(ii) chromosome(iii) ribosome(iv) oil droplet(v) uncleosome.(b) When a potato tuber is cut, it turns brown, Explain.(c) ‘Mangroves protect the coastal soil from erosion.’ Justify the claim.(d) List three major plant products exported from our country. Write their botanical names and the States in which they are cultivated.6. Why is Hatch-Slack pathway of photosynthesis considered efficient? Describe the pathway.7. (a) Describe energy flow in an ecosystem.(b) An environmental scientist was ship-wrecked and found himself in a barren-rock island withvery little vegetation. Fortunately, a large box containing corn flakes and a box containing a

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dozen hens were also found in the island by the scientist. The scientist wants to live whileawaiting rescue. When he should do in order to service as long as possible? Will he (i) eat thecorn flakes first (ii) eat the hen first (iii) feed the hens (iv) maintain hens for egg production?8. (a) What is ethno botany? Are economic botany and ethonobotany interrelated? Describe.(b) Outline the important bioassays used to detect auxin and abscises acid.1986PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following. Answer to parts (b), (c) and (d) should not exceed 200 wordseach:(a) Write the correct technical term for the following:(i) Aquatic free floating algae characterized by a median constriction that divides the cellinto two halves.(ii) The first formed mechanical tissue of stems composed of elongated cells thickenedonly at the angles by cellulose.(iii) The condition of a flower in which bases of stamens, petals and sepals are fused into ahypanthium, that surrounds but is not fused to the pistil.(vi) A sterile filament unicellular or multicultural and interspersed among gametangia orsporangia.(v) The basal enlarged portion of the female gametangium in Archegoniatae.(b) In what important ways does the reproductive cycle of Ulva differ from that of Ulothrix?Explain the significance that this may have with respect to higher land. Plants.(d) Where does karyogamy occur in Accomycetes and Basidiomycetes? How does this differ inPhycomycetes?2. (a) Make a critical comparison of the reproductive cycle of Marsilca with that of Pteridium.(b) Give a brief account of the role of microbes in industry and agriculture.3. (a) Explain in what important respects Cycadeoids differ from Cycads. Why have Cycadeoidsbeen proposed as ancestors to the flowering plants?(b) iscuss the evolutionary relationship of the class Gnetopsida.(c) What are downy mildews? Describe the disease cycle of any of the diseases caused by themand also give its control measures.4. (a) Describe the unique characters of Rhyniophtya and discuss the evolutionary trends.(b) Bring out the special features of the three evolutionary series in brown algae and discuss thepattern of life cycle of each.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following. Answer should not exceed 200 words for each part.(a) What is extrastelar cambium? Describe briefly the activity of such a tissue using any twospecific examples.(b) Discuss briefly the different type of endosperm formation. Explain the structure and fate ofendosperm.

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(c) What are the International Rates of Botanical Nomenclature? When were they propounded?Let the main principles involved.(d) Explain photo morphogenesis and its regulation.6. Discuss any two of the following:(a) The process of angiosperm in microsporogenesis.(b) The secondary growth in a dicotyledonous root.(c) The role of protoplast culture in plant improvement.7. Describe the uniqueness of the following:(a) Flower in Asteraceae.(b) Inflorescence in Euphorbiaceae.(c) Gynoecium in Rosaceae.(d) Androecium in Cucurbitaceae.(e) Spikelet in Gramineae.8. Answer any three using not more than 200 words for each part:(a) What are the salient features of the system of classification proposed by Takhtajan? Howdoes it compare with that of Engler?(b) Explain the unique features of the family Liliaceous. Discuss its phylogeny.(c) Discuss the role of photochemistry in the classification and the determination ofinterrelationships.(d) Describe with diagrams the process of fertilization in angiosperms and explain the seeddevelopment.PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following using not more than 200 words for each part:(a) Describe the chemical composition of cell-wall.(b) Explain belling’s hypothesis and copy choice.(c) Explain functions of histones.(d) Sketch the ulrrastructure of chloroplast. Briefly state the function of each component.2. Describe sexduction in bacteria. What is meant by reverse transcription? How is it regulated?3. Outline the procedures you adopt to isolate biochemical mutants of a microorganism. Describechromosome puff.4. Answer any three of the following:(a) What is hyper auxiny? Give two examples and their significance.(b) Define proton motive force. What function does it sub serve in the mitochondria?(c) Protoplast fusion and its relevance in the improvement of plants.(d) Acid rain.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part:(a) What proportion of all genes causing hemophilia(b) Describe the theories on the mechanism of stomata opening.(c) What is meant by genetic engineering? Give four major applications.

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(d) Discuss the significance of dispersal and migration in evolution.6. Describe the anaerobic transformation of glucose in organisms.7. (a) Write critically on ecological niche.(b) Name two major sources of vegetable fats. Mention the names of four States in which thevegetable fat yielding plants are grown. Give four uses of fats.(c) Trade the origin of wheat.8. (a) What methods will you suggest for control of environmental pollution?(b) Outline the carbon cycle in nature.1987PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following. Answer to parts (b), (c) and (d) should not exceed 200 wordseach:(a) Write the correct technical term for the following:(i) The condition resulting from the action of a mechanism in plants that prevents selffertilization.(ii) The maturation of anthers and stigmas in a flower at different times.(iii) Condition in ferns in which the sporangium develops from the inner daughter cellproduced by the periclinal division of a superficial cell produced by the periclinaldivision of a superficial cell in the lamina.(iv) A cycle of reproduction occurring in Fungi Imperfect that involves geneticrecombination without meiosis of fusion of gametes.(v) habit in algae characterized by the presence of an upright and a prostrate system offilaments.(b) Explain the differences between the development of an ascus and that of a basidium.(c) How does rust disease of wheat spread in India?(d) Explain the more important structural features and properties of plant viruses.2. (a) Describe the fern-like characters of Cycas.(b) Discuss the morphological nature of the ovuliferous scale in conifers.3. (a) Describe the salient structural features of Blue green algae. Write a note on their importancein agriculture.(b) Write about the unique features of the sporophyte in Anthoceros, Briefly point out theevolutionary trends in the sporophyte in Bryophyte.4. (a) Describe the micro gametophyte development in Selaginella. Draw labelled diagrams.(b) Discuss the morphological nature of sporocarp of Marsilea.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following. Answers should not exceed 200 words for each part:(a) Discuss the modern trends in taxonomy.(b) Describe the events in the development of a fruit.

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(c) Describe how secondary growth takes place in Dracaeana.(d) Describe the mechanism of pollination in Salvia.6. (a) Discuss the classical concept of carpel. How is placention (axile and practical) explained onthe basis of this concept?(b) Describe the different types of nodal anatomy in angiosperms. Write a note on theevolutionary trends in nodal anatomy.7. Write the salient features of any four of the following:(a) Peperomia type of exbryo-sac.(b) Inflorescence of Euphorbiaceae.(c) Androecium in the Asclepiadanceae.(d) The primitive carpel(e) Hypanthodium8. (a) Explain how clonal propagation can be done through tissue culture.(b) What is the importance of isolation and culture of plant protoplasts? How are protoplastsisolated from leaves?(c) Explain the phenomenon of Polarity giving examples.PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following, using not more than 200 words for each part:(a) How does wobble hypothesis explain the functioning of highly degenerate genetic code?(b) What is a nucleosome? Describe the structure and function of heterochromatin.(c) Explain the functional integration of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus as a part ofendo-membrane system.(d) Describe the structural and functional differentiation within fret and grana lamellae ofchloroplast.2. Discuss the experimental evidence to prove that mutations in bacteria are random and spontaneousand not directed. What are the advantages of replica plate method?3. Discuss the salient features of Neo-Darwinian evolutionary hypotheses on origin of species.4. Answer any two of the following:(a) Discuss the current concepts on the origin and autonomy of mitochondria.(b) What is androgen sis? Discuss its significance in crop improvement.(c) What is operon concept? How does it explain the induction and repression of enzymebiosynthesis?SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part:(a) Explain carrier hypothesis for ion uptake.(b) What are the causes for SO2 pollution in air? Describe its effect on plants.(c) Discuss the functions of URBISCO under different levels of CO2 and O2.(d) Critically assess the potential use of Azolla – Anabaena azollae system for replacing

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commercial nitrogenous fertilizer in rice cultivation.6. What are the roles of light and temperature in germination of seeds? Give a critical account of thehormonal regulation of seed germination.7. (a) It is reported that a leguminous plant Cassia sericea is being used as a biological agent ineliminate parthenium hysterophorus, an ubiquitious and pernicious weed. What is thisphenomenon known as? Discuss the various ecophysiological processes that are possiblyinvolved in this method of control.(b) Explain the cyanide-insensitive pathway or alternate oxidize pathway. Under what conditionsdoes it operate?8. (a) Describe the characteristics of a tropical rain forest as a climax community. Explain how itsstability is achieved.(b) What is ‘shifting’ or ‘podu’ cultivation? What are its ill-effects? How far can social forestrysolve this problem?(c) Describe the uses and the morphological nature of the plant parts yielding economic productsin the following:(i) Shorea robusta(ii) Glycine max(iii) Trachyspermum amml(iv) Psoralea corylifolia1988PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following questions.Answer to Part (b), (c) and (d) should not exceed 200 words for each:(a) Give a precise definition of the following:(i) Plasmid(ii) Cybrid(iii) Biocide(iv) Antithetic Theory(v) Stele.(b) Describe the different ways in which genetic variation is brought about in bacteria.(c) How would you differentiate between a leafy liverwort and a moss?(d) Compare the structure of female gametophyte in Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra and Gnetum. Whatconclusions do you draw from such a study?2. (a) Give an account of the importance of microbes in agriculture.(b) What is the ecological significance of bryophytes?3. (a) Briefly describe the structure and life history of Fucus.(b) Give an illustrated account of the structure, life history and economic importance ofClaviceps.

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4. (a) Write about Sphagnum under the following headings:(i) morphology(ii) Ecology(iii) Economic Importance(iv) Relationships.(b) Describe the structure of Rhynia and discuss its evolutionary significance.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following questions. Answers should not exceed 200 words for each:(a) Discuss the theories which explain the phenomenon of apical dominance.(b) What does the term ‘morphogenesis’ men’s? Write briefly on the chemical factors controllingmorphogenesis.(c) Distinguish between the two major categories of self-incompatibility. Describe the differentmethods employed to overcome incompatibility.(d) Write suitable illustrations, explain the differences between the anatomy of C3 and C4 plants.6. (a) Describe the three major modes of endosperm development.(b) What is the difference between true polyembryony and false polyembryony? Give anillustrated account of adventives embryony.7. (a) What are the main features of the system of classification proposed by Bentham and Hooker?Discuss its merits and demerits.(b) With suitable examples, explain the chief ways in which abnormal secondary growth occursin the stems of dicotyledonous plants.8. Describe the characteristics of the following:(a) Flower of Megnoliaceae(b) Gynoecium of Cruciferae(c) Androecium of Cucurbitaceae(d) Fruit of Umbelliferae(e) Inflorescence of Grandniece.PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following is not more than 200 words for each part:(a) Write brief notes on the functional interference of nucleus, cytoplasmic ribosome’s andchloroplast in the synthesis of photosynthetic enzymes, and ribosomal and membraneproteins.(b) Describe briefly gene amplification and discuss the possible role of genetic redundancy.(c) Explain the structure and function of microtubles.(d) Explain the methodology and use of differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation.2. (a) Discuss the role of transposons in gene transfer.(b) Unrelated phenotypic expressions in different parts of the organism are controlled, in certaincases, by a single gene and it is called pleiotropy, But, the general concept is that one cistronproduces one polypeptide. Give at least two different explanations to reconcile this

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discrepancy.3. Explain the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic protein synthesis.4. Answer any two of the following:(a) Explain a polar mutation, Under what conditions a nonsense mutation will not act as a polarmutation?(b) Explain critically the role of genetic drift in evolution.(c) What are the causes for male sterility? Briefly discuss the importance of male sterility in theimprovement of crop plants.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part:(a) Explain the mechanism of facilitated diffusion. How does it differ from active transport?(b) Discuss the ole of abscissas acid in stom a tal role in plants under salt stress.(c) Describe nontoxic organic osmotic a and their role is plants under salt stress.(d) Explain the experimental evidences for the functioning of photo systems I and II.6. Explain the causes for the apparent lack of Photo-respiration in C4 plants. Critically evaluate thevarious attempts to regulate photorespiration in C3 plants.7. Answer any two of the following:(a) In the recent years, there is a dramatic change from the view of Ca2+ as a mineral nutrient toits present status as a key regulator of cellular activities and development. Discuss.(b) Explain the causes for climacteric during the ripening of a fruit. Is climacteric in fruitsqualitative or quantitative?8. (a) Explain the importance for recognition and study of biosphere reserves. Identify Indianbiosphere reserves and their location and describe their distinctive ecological features.(b) Describe the origin of rice.(c) Describe the economic products obtained, their uses and the morphological nature of the partsyielding them, in the following:(i) Cannabis Sativa(ii) Elcais Guinensis(iii) Leuaaena Leucocephala(iv) Dioscorea deltoidea.1989PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following questions. Answer to Parts (b), (c) and (d) should not exceed 200words for each:(a) Write briefly about the following:(i) A blue-green alga which may by used as food(ii) A bacterium causing plant tumour(iii) A fungus producing antifungal antibiotic

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(iv) A fern without circinate vernation(v) A grmnosperm where male cones are found in groups(b) Distinguish between ‘antibody’ and ‘complement’. What roles do they play in immunologicalreactions?(c) Compare the photosynthetic apparatus in the liver-worts and true mosses.(d) Distinguish between ‘lytic’ and ‘temperate’ life-cycles of viruses with suitable examples.2. (a) Distinguish between ‘specific’ and ‘nonspecific’ toxins produced by phytopathogens. Discussthe role in disease and mechanism of action of one of each type.(b) Comment briefly on any two of the following:(i) role of phytoalexin in disease resistance of plants(ii) Sex hormones of fungi(iii) Infestation of stored grains by fungi and the possible health hazard3. (a) give an account of asexual and sexual reproduction of Chlamydomonas. What light does itthrow on the origin of sex in plants?(b) Characterize jungermanialses, justify their position in the hepaticopsida.4. (a) Give a brief outline of the anatomy of Equisetum. What structural features of Equisetumindicate adaptations to xeric and aquatic environment?(b) Comment briefly on any three of the following:(i) Radiometric dating of fossils(ii) Angiospermic characters of Gnetum(iii) totipotency in plantsSECTION B5. Answer any three of the following questions:(a) What is paleontology and what are its applications?(b) How many nuclei are ultimately formed in germinated angiosperm pollen? What is the fate ofeach of these nuclei?(c) What are the underlying principles for the distribution of mechanical tissues in plants?(d) What are protoplasts? How are they obtained on a large scale? What are variousmethods by which protoplasts can be used for crop improvement?6. (a) Describe the post-fertilization changes that take place in a typical dicotyledonous ovuleleading to the formation of seed.(b) On the basis of the structure of reproductive organs only, how would your7. (a) discuss the differences between the systems of classification of Engler and Hutchinson.Which of these system do you consider more phylogenetic? Give reasons.(b) Distinguish between any three of the following pairs:(i) Actinostele and Atactostele(ii) Bast fibres and Wood fibres(iii) Mesogenous stoata and Perigenous stomata(iv) Protophloem and Metaphloem8. (a) Place the following genera to their respective families and indicate their economic

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importance:(i) Helianthus(ii) Digitalis(iii) Atropa(iv) Vanilla(b) Distinguish between.(i) Ring porous and Diffuse porous wood(ii) Solid carpel and Valve carpel(iii) Alfa-taxonomy and Mega-taxonomy(iv) Caryopsis and Achene.PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part:(a) Critically evaluate the role of his tones as genetic repressors in view of recent evidences.(b) Discuss the similarities between mitochondrion and chloroplast suggesting their prokaryoticorgin.(c) What are liposomes? Explain their functions and their potential in applied research.(d) What is genetic engineering? What are its prospects?2. (a) What are mutations? Comment upon their significance in evolution and for cropimprovement. What are the difficulties in studying mutation rate?(b) Discuss the views on species concept and the role of isolating mechanisms in evolution.3. Explain briefly the methodology for construction of recombinant DNA molecules containingeukaryote DNA fragment. Why do problems arise in the expression of eukaryotic genes to producefunctional proteins in such a system? What are the achievements through this technique so far and itsprospects in future?4. Answer any two of the following:(a) Due to the occurrence of double cross-avers, it is possible to determine the gene orderwithout actually mapping the genes, in a three-point cross. Explain the methodology of thistechnique. Why do double cross-over occur more rarely than expected?(b) Explain the mechanism of semi-discontinuous DNA replication in the lagging strand,stressing the role of polymerases.(c) What is meant by co-linearity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences? Explain briefly thevarious experimental evidences that support it. What is the present status of colineritybypothesis in view of recent discoveries in eukaryotes?SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part:(a) What is Warburg effect? Explain it in terms of the activity of RUBISCO under differentconditions.(b) Describe florigen concept.

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(c) What is the significance of pentose phosphate pathway? How does it differ from calvin’scycle?(d) Differentiate between ageing and senescence. What is the biological significance ofsenescence is plants?6. Explain the biochemistry of nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium with particular reference to nitrogenous,its activity, requirement of ATP, biological reluctant and oxygen restriction.7. Answer any two of the following:(a) What is greenhouse effect? How is it caused? Discuss its impact on global climate,environment, forests and productivity of crop plants. Describe briefly the suggestions made tomeet this challenge.(b) Describe the mechanisms of salt-tolerance in plants.(c) Discuss the applications of growth regulations in agrihrticulture.8. (a) A barren hill slope in a drought-prone tribal area of Eastern-Central India has to beafforested. Suggest a feasible ecological plan of action for it and give the names of plants forplantation in that area which not only stop soil erosion but also provide economic products tosup-port rural industries.(b) Describe the morphological nature of the parts of the following plants which yield productsof economic importance and give their uses also:(i) Azadirachta indica(ii) Diospyros melanoxylon(iii) Catharanthus roseus.(c) Give botanical names of 3 plants used energy plantations.1990PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following question. Answer to parts (b), (c) and (d) should not exceed 200words for each:(a) Write briefly about the following.(i) A vascular land plant more primitive than rhynia(ii) A plant disease beneficial to man(iii) An edible alga grown commercially by sea-farming(iv) A bacterium commercially exploited for antibacterial drug production.(v) A carnivores fungus.(b) Distinguish between ‘virus’ and ‘viroids’ with suitable examples.(c) What are monoclonal antibodies? How are they produced? Mention their importance.(d) What are Target-specific fungicides? Name three such fungicides and mention their modes ofaction.2. (a) Comment on any two of the following:(i) Generalized and specific transduction(ii) Evidene of role of pectin hydrolase’s and transeliminases in plant diseasedevelopment

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(iii) Post-infectional biochemical defence mechanism in plants.(b) Name the causal agent, primary inoculum and its source, two characteristic symptomexpressions, secondary inoculum and specific control measures used by the farmers for thefollowing plant diseases:(i) Downy mildew of Bajra(ii) Rust of Coffee(iii) Bacterial wiet of Potato(iv) Sandal spike(v) Ear-cockle of Wheat.3. (a) Describe the morphology and anatomy of the corn of Isoetes. Trace the origin of the taxonfrom arborescent lycopods.(b) Describe the sporophyte morphology of Azolla with special reference to its argonomic use asa bio-fertilizer.4. (a) Comment on any Three of the following:(i) Triphasic life-cycle in algae(ii) Ballistospores and mechanism of their discharge(iii) Differences between sexual and parasexual recombination(iv) Similarities and dissimilarities between photo-synthetic systems of blue-green andgreen algae(b) Attempt any two to the following:(i) State the distinguishing features of saprophytes of Sphagnidae, Andreacidae, andBryidae with sketches and examples(ii) Control of oil pollution of sea-water by microbes(iii) Economic, medicinal and ecological importance’s of bryophytes of man.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following questions:(a) Write briefly about the following:(i) An angiosperm with open carpel(ii) A herbaceous gymnosperm(iii) A saprophytic angiosperm(iv) A dicotyledonous with C4 pathway(v) A monocot with secondary growth(b) Comment on the floral structure, relationships, and economic importance of Ephedra.(c) Distinguish between the cellular and helobial endosperm development with sketches andexamples.(d) What are somatic hybrids? How are they produced? Mention their importance to mankingwith suitable examples.6. (a) Enumerate the families of Conferrals giving characteristic features, distribution and an Indianexamples of each of them.(b) What is numerical taxonomy? Briefly state the methods employed in and importance of thistaxonomy.7. (a) Answer any two of the following:(i) Outline the salient features of the classification by Bentham and Hooker. What are themerits and demerits of this system?(ii) Briefly comment on the origin of angiosperms.

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(iii) Importance of the study of photochemistry in taxonomy.(b) (i) State the distinguishing characters of Rosaceous and the affinities of the taxon withRannunculaceae and Leguminous. Mention five India fruit plants of the family.(ii) Describe the shoot apex organization of angiosperms in the light of recent researches.8. (a) Place the following genera to their respective families and indicate their economicimportance:(i) Elaeis(ii) Manihot(iii) Arachis(iv) Cephaelis(v) Nigella(b) Distinguish between:(i) Cereals and millets(ii) Omithophily and chiropteriphily(iii) utricularia and Aldrovanda(iv) Plasmodesmata and Ectodesnata(v) Sorosis and Syconus. PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) What are peroxisomes and glyoxysomes? Present brief account of their functions in the lightof modern work.(b) Define epitasis. Explain the Patten of interactions involved with a suitable example.(c) Briefly describe the cloning of eukaryotic genes in E. Coil.(d) Discuss the structure and importance of polygene chromosome in the study of generegulation.2. (a) Write a short account on male sterility and its significance in plant breeding.(b) Mention the condition required to maintain the hardy-Weinberg equilibrium over severalgenerations. How does the equilibrium get altered by a charge in these conditions?3. Give the characteristics that a substance must possess to be a hereditary carrier. Discuss the role ofgenetic code in eukaryotic protein synthesis.4. Answer any two of the following:(a) Explain gene evolution by mutation through duplication.(b) Discuss the significance of cytoplasm inheritance and its importance in hybridization.(c) Present critical evidences for the concept of organic evolution.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) What is photo system II? Discuss the structure and function.(b) Describe mitochondrial electron transport chain and its relation of oxidative phosphorylation.(c) Give the modern concept of the mechanism of stomata opening and closure.(d) Discuss the hormonal control of seed dormancy and germination.6. What is C4 photosynthesis? In what groups of plants does this occur? Explain its high efficiency withspecial reference to productivity.

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7. Answer any two of the following:(a) Forest types of India(b) The role of micronutrient elements in plant nutrition with particular reference to zinc and manganese.(c) Action of phytahrome in the physiology of flowering.8. (a) Write briefly about the conservation of ecosystems.(b) Give complete botanical names of the following plants, the family to which they belong, themorphological nature of the parts yielding the economic products and their uses:(i) Jute(ii) Saffron(iii) Teak(iv) Rubber(c) discuss in brief the major centers of origin of cultivated plants in the world with particular references to origing of wheat.1991PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following question. Answer to parts (b), (c) and (d) should not exceed 200 words for each:(a) Write briefly about the following.(i) A vascular land plant more primitive than rhynia(ii) A plant disease beneficial to man(iii) An edible alga grown commercially by sea-farming(iv) A bacterium commercially exploited for antibacterial drug production.(v) A carnivores fungus.(b) Distinguish between ‘virus’ and ‘viroids’ with suitable examples.(c) What are monoclonal antibodies? How are they produced? Mention their importance.(d) What are Target-specific fungicides? Name three such fungicides and mention their modes ofaction.2. (a) Comment on any two of the following:(i) Generalized and specific transduction(ii) Evidene of role of pectin hydrolase’s and transeliminases in plant diseasedevelopment(iii) Post-infectional biochemical defence mechanism in plants.(b) Name the causal agent, primary inoculum and its source, two characteristic symptomexpressions, secondary inoculum and specific control measures used by the farmers for thefollowing plant diseases:(i) Downy mildew of Bajra(ii) Rust of Coffee(iii) Bacterial wiet of Potato(iv) Sandal spike(v) Ear-cockle of Wheat.3. (a) Describe the morphology and anatomy of the corn of Isoetes. Trace the origin of the taxonfrom arborescent lycopods.(b) Describe the sporophyte morphology of Azolla with special reference to its argonomic use asa bio-fertilizer.

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4. (a) Comment on any Three of the following:(i) Triphasic life-cycle in algae(ii) Ballistospores and mechanism of their discharge(iii) Differences between sexual and parasexual recombination(iv) Similarities and dissimilarities between photo-synthetic systems of blue-green andgreen algae(b) Attempt any two to the following:(i) State the distinguishing features of saprophytes of Sphagnidae, Andreacidae, andBryidae with sketches and examples(ii) Control of oil pollution of sea-water by microbes(iii) Economic, medicinal and ecological importance’s of bryophytes of man.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following questions:(a) Write briefly about the following:(i) An angiosperm with open carpel(ii) A herbaceous gymnosperm(iii) A saprophytic angiosperm(iv) A dicotyledonous with C4 pathway(v) A monocot with secondary growth(b) Comment on the floral structure, relationships, and economic importance of Ephedra.(c) Distinguish between the cellular and helobial endosperm development with sketches andexamples.(d) What are somatic hybrids? How are they produced? Mention their importance to mankingwith suitable examples.6. (a) Enumerate the families of Conferrals giving characteristic features, distribution and an Indianexamples of each of them.(b) What is numerical taxonomy? Briefly state the methods employed in and importance of thistaxonomy.7. (a) Answer any two of the following:(i) Outline the salient features of the classification by Bentham and Hooker. What are themerits and demerits of this system?(ii) Briefly comment on the origin of angiosperms.(iii) Importance of the study of photochemistry in taxonomy.(b) (i) State the distinguishing characters of Rosaceous and the affinities of the taxon withRannunculaceae and Leguminous. Mention five India fruit plants of the family.(ii) Describe the shoot apex organization of angiosperms in the light of recent researches.8. (a) Place the following genera to their respective families and indicate their economicimportance:(i) Elaeis(ii) Manihot(iii) Arachis(iv) Cephaelis(v) Nigella(b) Distinguish between:(i) Cereals and millets

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(ii) Omithophily and chiropteriphily(iii) utricularia and Aldrovanda(iv) Plasmodesmata and Ectodesnata(v) Sorosis and Syconus. PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) What are peroxisomes and glyoxysomes? Present brief account of their functions in the lightof modern work.(b) Define epitasis. Explain the Patten of interactions involved with a suitable example.(c) Briefly describe the cloning of eukaryotic genes in E. Coil.(d) Discuss the structure and importance of polygene chromosome in the study of generegulation.2. (a) Write a short account on male sterility and its significance in plant breeding.(b) Mention the condition required to maintain the hardy-Weinberg equilibrium over severalgenerations. How does the equilibrium get altered by a charge in these conditions?3. Give the characteristics that a substance must possess to be a hereditary carrier. Discuss the role ofgenetic code in eukaryotic protein synthesis.4. Answer any two of the following:(a) Explain gene evolution by mutation through duplication.(b) Discuss the significance of cytoplasm inheritance and its importance in hybridization.(c) Present critical evidences for the concept of organic evolution.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) What is photo system II? Discuss the structure and function.(b) Describe mitochondrial electron transport chain and its relation of oxidative phosphorylation.(c) Give the modern concept of the mechanism of stomata opening and closure.(d) Discuss the hormonal control of seed dormancy and germination.6. What is C4 photosynthesis? In what groups of plants does this occur? Explain its high efficiency withspecial reference to productivity.7. Answer any two of the following:(a) Forest types of India(b) The role of micronutrient elements in plant nutrition with particular reference to zinc and manganese.(c) Action of phytahrome in the physiology of flowering.8. (a) Write briefly about the conservation of ecosystems.(b) Give complete botanical names of the following plants, the family to which they belong, the morphological nature of the parts yielding the economic products and their uses:(i) Jute(ii) Saffron(iii) Teak(iv) Rubber

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(c) discuss in brief the major centers of origin of cultivated plants in the world with particular references to origing of wheat.1992PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) How do eukaryote cells differ from prokaryote cells?(b) Write about different types of pollutants.(c) How has apomixes helped in evolution?(d) Write about commensalisms with examples. How does differ from ammensalism?(e) What are mycoherbicides? Explain with examples.2. Give a concise account including control measures, of any four of the following:(a) Red rot of sugarcane(b) Green ear disease of Bajra(c) Yello ear rot of wheat(d) Bacterial blight of rice(e) Yellow mosaic virus3. (a) Give a short account of the moss protonema(b) List three most important characters from which Pteridophytes differ from the Bryophytes.(c) Why is Marselia sporocarp not considered a seed?(d) Why were Bryophytes not successful on land as the vascular plants?4. (a) How will you differentiate a long shoot from a dwarf shoot in pinus?(b) What characters are common to cycads and Fern?(c) Compare the mature embryo of Pinus with that of Cycas.(d) Tripharic life cycles in Algae. Discuss.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) How does serology help in taxonomy of plants?(b) Explain the significance of palynological characters in systematics.(c) What characters are used for identification of wood(d) Outline the scope, usefulness and limitations of Chemotaxonomy and Numerical taxonomy.6. (a) Write briefly about the following:(i) Allergens(ii) Nodel anatomy and taxonomy(iii) Endothelium(iv) Vivipary(b) Distinguish between:(i) Solanaceae and Ranunulaceae(ii) Euphorbiaceae and Asclepiadaceae(iii) Gramineae and Musaceae7. (a) Write on causes of pollen incompatibility and suggest methods to overcome the same(b) Name the centres of origin and the regions of present day cultivation of any two of thefollowing.(i) Black pepper(ii) Cloves(iii) Sorghum

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(c) Name the source and economic importance of any two(i) Lac(ii) Teak(iii) Opium(iv) Katha8. Give a brief illustrated account of the following:(a) Protoplasm culture(b) Bordered pit(c) Tyloses(d) Wood seasoning(e) Transfusion tissuePAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each part:(a) Describe the structure of thylakoid membrane in relation to its function.(b) What are the principal chromosomal aberrations and how do they alter genetic ratios?(c) Give briefly essential features of the development of gene concept.(d) Discuss in short role of mutations in evolution.2. (a) What is sex-linked inheritance? Explain with suitable examples.(b) Discuss various methods employed in gene mapping.3. How does gene recombination take place in population? Explain genetic drift give basic principles ofpopulation genetics.4. Answer any two of the following:(a) Write major objectives for plant breeding. Discuss the techniques of breeding used for plantimprovement.(b) What are his tones? Examine their role as genetic repressors in the light of modernknowledge.(c) Critically evaluate the principal mechanism of organic evolution.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part:(a) What is oxidative pentose phosphate pathway? What is its role in plant metabolism?(b) Mention of causes of seed dormancy. Give the methods breaking the dormancy.(c) What is SPAC concept? Discuss he importance of this notion in plant water relations.(d) Present a brief account of the process of nitrate reduction in plants.6. How is the CO2 concentrating mechanism during photosynthesis achieved in certain plants? Explainin detail this pathway and its superiority over the C3 photosynthesis.7. Answer any two of the following:(a) What is plant succession? Discuss the process in relation to water factor.(b) Describe the various types of forest met within India.(c) Classify growth movements. Briefly mention the hormonal control of tropic movements inplants.8. (a) Write a short account of the need and technique of a forestation programme.(b) Mention the complete botanical names of plants yielding the following products, theirfamilies, the morphology of the part of economic importance and the uses in each case

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(i) Cashew(ii) Ginseng(iii) Til(iv) Sugarcane(c) Describe the role of biotic factors in the determination of plant communities.1993PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) Define “Bio-control”. Give examples of diseases controlled using this method.(b) Describe the different ways by which genetic variation is brought about in bacteria.(c) Write an account of the different aspects of microbiology in relation to human welfare.(d) How viruses differ from other prokaryotes?2. Write in detail with illustration about any four of the following diseases:(a) Late blight of potato(b) Tabacco Mosaic Virus(c) Tikka disease of ground-unit(d) Citrus canker(e) Loose smut of wheat3. (a) How would you differentiate between a leafy liverwort and a moss?(b) Describe the feren-like structure of Cyacas.(c) Write about the development eof rhizophore in Selaginella.(d) Write in short about:(i) Bars of sanio(ii) Centripetal and centrifugal xylem(iii) Pollen grains of Cycas and Ephedra4. (a) Write in brief about any four:(i) Pigmentation in algae(ii) hetereotrichy(iii) Palmelloiid stage(iv) Cystocarp in red algae(v) Diplanetism(vi) compatibility(b) “Virus directs the machinery of the host for its own reproduction.” Explain(c) What are lichens? Apart from lichens, where else algae have associated with other organism?SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) Why international rules of botanical nomenclature are important and when were theypropounded? What are the main principles governing these rules?(b) Discuss the role of tissue culture in production and propagation of virus-free plants.(c) Discuss the role of biosystematics in the understanding of the taxonomy of angiosperms.(d) What are the advantages of using plant cell culture to produce industrial compounds? Explainthe term biotransformation6. (a) What is extracellular cambium? Discuss about it activity with examples.(b) Write note on:(i) Pllen development in Cyperaceae

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(ii) Embryo sac-like pollen grains(iii) Anther tapetum(iv) unorganized embryo(c) What are penumatophores and in what type of habitat are they found?7. (a) Why the Compositae are regarded as the most highly evolved taxon?(b) What is it useful in agro-forestry?(c) How vegetation helps in control of pollution?8. (a) What are the sources of the following? In what way are the economically important?(i) Ergot(ii) Pencillin(iii) Yeast(iv) Agar-agar(b) Name the source and economic importance of any two:(i) Tea(ii) Arrowroot(iii) hashish(iv) Cashew-nut(c) State the Latin names, families, morphology and specific part of the plants from which thefollowing are obtained(i) Coir(ii) Cotton(iii) Flax(iv) hemp(v) JuteHow are the different form each other?PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part:(a) What are the criteria for distinguishing between autopolyoidy and allopolyploidy?(b) How does epistasis differ from dominance?(c) “Histones act as gene repressors and hormones as gene activators.” Explain.(d) Point out the differences between point mutation and chromosomal aberrations.2. (a) Explain the chromosome theory of inheritance.(b) How will you demonstrate that the genetic crossing over has a cytological basis?3. With the help of suitable diagrams bring out the differences between meiotic and meiotic prophase.4. Answer any two of the following:(a) What is hybrid vigour? Mention its utilization and achievements in plant breeding.(b) “Genetic activity is not the sole monopoly of the nucleus.” Explain.(c) What are the isolating mechanisms, which play a part in the evolution of plant species?SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words for each part.(a) Write on the metabolic pathway of aerobic respiration.(b) What do you understand by C3, C4 and CAM plants?(c) Describe the role of man as an ecological factor.(d) Discuss in short the regulation of protein synthesis.

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6. “Photosynthetic pigments are organized into two systems with different photochemical function.” Comment.7. Answer any two of the following:(a) Is the concept of “Florigen” purel hypothetical? Can in be homologous to Gibberellins?(b) Write on energy flow in ecosystem.(c) Describe in brief the biogeochemical cycle.8. (a) What is social forestry? What are its advantages?(b) What are herbicides? What is the effect of herbicides on seed germination, seed dormancyand growth?(c) Name the plants, their families and the parts of plant from which following is obtained:(i) Indigo(ii) Quinine(iii) Nicotine(iv) Saffron1994PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) Which features does Anthocers share with Pteridophytes?(b) Explain the mechanism of a symbiotic nitrogen fixation.(c) What are the criteria that must be met to prove that an organism is a pathogen?(d) Examine the salient features of microphylls and megaphylls.2. Write about the causal organism, symptoms and methods of control of any four of the followingplant diseases:(a) Koleroga of Coffee(b) Black rot of Cabbage(c) Powdery mildew of Wheat(d) Sheath blight of Rice(e) Bud rot of Cocount3. (a) Write an account on vegetative propagation in hepaticae.(b) Give an account of life-cycles in Rhodophyceae.(c) Explain the soral thpes in fems based on the order of development of Sporangia. What isphyletic slide?4. (a) Discuss the morphological nature of the rhizophore in Selaginella.(b) Describe the mechanism of conjugation in bacteria.(c) Write explanatory notes on the following:(i) Sex chromosomes in Bryophytes(ii) Heterocyst(iii) Elaters(iv) Male flower of GnetumSECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) “Magnoliales possess evolutionarily primitive flower”. Substantiate.(b) indicate the role of anatomy in angiosperm systematic.(c) Outline the technique of pollen culture. Indicate its importance.

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(d) What are mangroves? How do they adapt to the habitat?6. (a) Write an account on the secondary growth in lianas(b) Explain the applications of mocropropagation.(c) Comment on the following:(i) Phlem in gymnosperms and angiosperms.(ii) Male gametophyte in Cycas, Pinus and angiosperms7. (a) What is periderm? Explain its development in monocoty ledons.(b) Write an account on the importance of Karyotypein taxonomy.(c) Distinguish between:(i) Alpha taxonomy and omega taxonomy(ii) Homocellular and heterocellular rays(iii) Polygonum and Oenothera types of embryo sac(d) Give an account of adventive embryonic.8. (a) Give the floral formula and draw the floral diagram a diandrous orchid.(b) What is stomatal apparatus? Explain the different stomata types.(c) Write explanatory notes on any three of the following:(i) Dichogamy(ii) Sycouns(iii) Vessel less angiosperms(iv) Amphivasal vascular bundle(d) Name the source and economic importance of any three of the following:(i) Asafoetida(ii) Senna(iii) Haematoxylin(iv) Sal(v) Manila hempPAPER - IISECTION A1. (a) With the help of a diagram, explain the ultra structure of the granum of chloroplast.(b) What is the modern concept of cell membrane?(c) What do you understand by genetic code?(d) What are the exceptions to Mendel’s laws? Explain with examples2. Discuss the numerical changes in chromosomes and their importance. How can triploids lead toseedless ness?3. (a) Explain various evidences for organic evolution.(b) Write a note on sex-liked inheritance.4. Write a note on sex-liked inheritance.(i) H.G. Khorana(ii) Multiple alleles(iii) Reproductive isolation(iv) Agro bacterium mediated gene transferSECTION B5. (a) Discuss the relationship between osmotic pressure, turgor pressure and diffusion pressuredeficit in a vacuolated plant cell.(b) Write about the path of carbon in photosynthesis in the maize plant.

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(c) What do you know about the centre of origin of wheat and the relatives of wheat?(d) Write a note on the applications of plant growth regulations in agriculture.6. Describe the chemical nature of cytokining. Discuss in detail the various physiological effects of cytokinins.7. (a) How are long chain fatty acids synthesized in plant cells?(b) What is agro forestry? What are its advantages?8. (a) Write critical notes on the following:(i) Behaviour of guard cells during water stress(ii) Food chain and food web(b) Write the botanical name, family, plant part form which it is obtained, and uses of thefollowing:(i) Vetiver oil(ii) Teak wood(iii) Reserpine(iv) Sesame oil1995PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in nor more than 200 words each:(a) What are plasmids? How are they related to bacteria?(b) Discuss the significance of heterophony seen in selaginella.(c) Briefly describe the physiological changes induced in a host plant by a parasite.(d) With examples discuss how progressive sterilization of sporogenous tissue occurs inbryophytes.2. Give a concise account of the life cycle of the causative organism, symptoms and control measuresof any four of the following:(a) Powdery mildew of Pea(b) White rust of Brassica(c) Blast of rice(d) Little leaf of brinjal(e) Damping off of seedings3. (a) Give an account of the structure and mode of reproduction of bacteriophage.(b) Describe the morphological nature of the sporocarp of marsilea.(c) Describe the alternation of generations in Ectocarpus.4. (a) Describe the life history of Sphagnum.(b) Discuss the usefulness of microbes in agriculture.(c) Write notes on the following:(i) Mycotoxins(ii) Megasporophyll of isoetes(iii) Reproductive structures of Chara(iv) Heterothallism in FungiSECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) Give an account of the female cone of Pinus.(b) What is apomixes? What is its significance in plants?

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(c) Describe the method of producing somatic hybrid plants.(d) Describe the floral structure of Musa along with floral diagram and floral formula.6. Compare the following(a) System of classification of plants by Bentham Hooker and Engler & prantl.(b) Female gametophyte of Cycas and Gmetum.(c) Inflorescence of Euphorbia and Gmetum.7. (a) Enumerate with brief notes the cytogenetic criteria in biosystematics.(b) Describe the characteristic features of the family Cucurbitaceous. Give the floral formula andflora diagram. Write botanical names of five plants of the family having economicimportance.(c) Write short notes on:(i) Totipotency(ii) Orchid flower(iii) Pollen sterility(iv) Somatic embryo8. (a) Describe the structure and morphological nature of endosperm in angiosperm.(b) Compare the floral structure of Magnoliaceae with that of Ranunculaceae.(c) Write a brief account on each of the following:(i) male cone of Cycas(ii) Flower of a grass(iii) Leaf anatomy of C4 plants(d) Briefly describe each of the following:(i) Tetrasporic embrayosac(ii) Somaclonal variation(iii) Wood of Gnetum(iv) Polarity(v) Flower of UmbellifeaePAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words.(a) With the help of a diagram explain the ultra structure of the mitochondrion.(b) What is male sterility? Explain its importance.(c) Describe the structural variations in chromosomes.(d) Explani the term Crossing over and write a note on its significance.2. What is nutation and how can it be induced? Write a note on mutation breeding with specialreference to achievements made in India.3. (a) Discuss the modem concept of gene.(b) Explain the term Hybrid vigour and write about its importance.4. Write critical notes on any three of the following:(i) M.S. Swaminathan(ii) Somatic hybridization(iii) Origin of life(iv) Genetic transformationSECTION B5. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words.(a) Explain the carrier concept of ion absorption.

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(b) Write a note on green revolution(c) What is verbalization? Explain its importance.(d) What is the importance of conservation of germplasm? Briefly describe the methods used forconserving germplasm.6. How was abscisic acid discovered? Discuss in detail the physiological role of abscisic acid.7. (a) Describe the important characteristics of RUBISCO and PEP carboxylase. What is theimportance of these enzymes?(b) Discuss the role of trace elements in plant metabolism.8. (a) Write critical notes on the following:(i) Water pollution and its control(ii) Red-Far Red interaction(b) Write the botanical name, family, plant part fro which it is obtained and uses of the following:(i) Citronella oil(ii) Atropine(iii) Coco(iv) Sugar.1996PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) Give an account of the role of microbes in industry.(b) Describe the process of fertilization (from pollination to gametic fusion) in angiospermicplants.(c) Describe the development of cyst carp in Rhodophyceae.(d) Trace the evolutionary trends in the gametophytes in bryophytes.2. Give a concise account of the symptoms, disease cycle, life cycle of the causal organism and controlmeasures of any four of the following:(a) Powdery mildew of wheat(b) Downy mildew of grapes(c) Early blight of potato(d) Bacterial blight of paddy(e) Yellow vein mosaic of bhindi3. (a) Describe the life cycle of a blue green algae and discuss ite role in nitrogen economy of thesoil. Why it is otherwise called as cyan bacterium?(b) Give a general account of plant viruses, their ultra structure and mode of transmission.(e) Describe the structure and discuss the morphological £nature of the spike of Ophioglossum.4. (a) Discuss the salient features in the life cycle of Coleochaete and their evolutionarysignificance.(b) Describe the steps of dikar oxidation and development of basidium in Basidiomycetes.(c) Write short notes on the following:(i) Apothecium(ii) Elator(iii) Oogonial conceptacle of Focus(iv) Azolla

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SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) Discuss the role of palynology in systematizes of flowering plants.(b) Describe the development of typical dicot embryo.(c) Discuss the role of hormones in cell differentiation.(d) Give an account of the staminate strobilus in Gnetum upto the stage of pollen germination.6. (a) Describe anomalous secondary growth in the stems of(i) Aristolochia(ii) Dracaena(b) What is a natural system of classification of plants? Give the outline of Bentham andHooker’s system of classification justifying that it is a natural system.(c) Describe the development of the male cone of pinus till the germination of pollen grain.7. (a) Give an account of the characteristic features of the family Asclepiadaceous along with floraldiagram and floral formula. Give botanical names of three plants belonging to the family.(b) What are haploid plants? How do they originate? What is their utility in crop improvement?(c) Write brief notes on the following(i) Periderm(ii) Helobial endosperm(iii) Protoplast(iv) Pinus needle8. (a) What is micro propagation? Describe various routes by which plants are micro propagatedthrough tissue culture.(b) Give an account of the family Arecacea (Palmae) with floral diagram and floral formula ofany representative member. Give botanical names of five plants of the family havingeconomic importance.(c) Write short notes on the following:(i) Flower of Hibiscus(ii) Female gametophyte of Gnetum(iii) Pollen embryo sac(d) Give brief account of the following:(i) Senescence(ii) Nucellus(iv) Interxylary phloem(iii) Coenospecies(v) Embryo culturePAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words.(a) Describe the sub-microscopic structure of a living plant cell. How does it differ from aprokaryotic cell?(b) In modem concept of evolution, natural selection and mutation are not alternative butcomplementary processes-Explain.(c) What are the forest types of India? Write the botanical names of 1. Redwood, 2. Hemp fibre,3. Linseed, 4. Penicillium and 5. Rye.(d) Explain the origin of nitrogenous compounds in the soil.

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2. In genetic language both divisions of meiosis are partly reductional and party equational-Explain.3. Distinguish between:(i) Gynandromorphs and Intersexes(ii) Transductsion and Bacterial Transformation(iii) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)(iv) Forward mutation and Frame-shift mutation4. What is transpiration? Discuss its importance to plant biology. Is there any difference betweentranspiration and evaporation?SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words.(a) What do you know about the molecular aspects of enzyme synthesis and its regulation?(b) How would you determine whether a particular trait was inherited via the nucleus or ascytoplasmic particle?(c) What are biospheres? What are the commonest causes for endangering the survival ofspecies? How are the endangered species conserved?(d) What are the growth substances? Explain their importance in agriculture.6. What is pollution? What are the types of pollution? What are the principal means to check pollution?7. Write short notes on energy plantation and agrochemicals.8. What is genetic engineering? Discuss its importance to agriculture, forestry and medicine.1997PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each(a) Describe the characters which indicate that blue-green algae are primitive and ancientmembers of plant kingdom.(b) What is retrogressive origin of Saprophytes in Bryophytes?(c) Describe the various types of fruiting bodies in Ascomycetes.(d) Describe the reproductive structure in Ectocarpus.2. Give a concise account of the life cycle of the causal organism, snptoms and control measures of anyfour of the following diseases(a) Root knot disease of tomato(b) Late blight of potato(c) Leaf curl disease of papaya(d) Red rot of sugarcane(e) White wart of cucurbits3. (a) Describe different types of vascular steles in Lycopodium.(b) Describe sexual reproduction in Oedogonium.(c) Give structure of a bacterial cell.(d) Describe the leaf structure of Polytrichum.4. (a) Describe the structure of psilotum.(b) Describe Puri and Garg’s theory of morphological nature of Marsilea sporocarp.(c) Write short notes on(i) Gemma Cup

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(ii) Endothecium(iii) Carposporphyte(iv) ApotheciumSECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each(a) Enumerate the primitive and advanced characters of flowers.(b) Give an account of the pollen morphological characters.(c) Describe the structure of the flower of Liliaceae.(d) Describe variations in placentation in Thalamiflorae.6. Compare the following sets(a) Microsporophyll of Cycas and Pinus(b) Inflorescence in Ficus and Morus(c) Dorsiventral and Isobilateral leaf(d) Glandular and Amoeboid tapetum7. (a) Describe the ovule structure at the time of pollination in Gnetum.(b) Give an account of the organization of shoot apical meristem.(c) Describe the importance of a Herbarium. Mention two major Herbaria of India.8. (a) What are somatic hybrids? How are they produced? Discuss the significance of these hybrids.(b) Describe the floral structure of Rosaceous giving floral diagram and floral formula.(c) Write short notes on the following:(i) ICBN(ii) Apomixis(iii) Totipotency(iv) Heterostyly(v) Cltrastructure of egg apparatusPAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words:(a) What is the role of Golgi complex in a cell? Describe how Golgi complex is structurally andfunctionally interconnected with endosplasmic reticulum.(b) Why was Mendel fortunate in his choice of the pea plant as the experimental material? Whyare Mendel’s laws important?(c) ‘The C3 cycle and C4 cycle are temporally separated in CAM plants, whereas they arespatially separated in C4 plants.” Explain.(d) Give the botanical name, family, cultivation and processing of any beverage plant you havestudied.2. Discuss the operon concept of gene action.3. (a) Write an account of polyploidy and its role in evolution.(b) Discuss the chemical organization of a chromosome:4. (a) Write short notes on any four of the following:(i) Chemical mutagens(ii) Downs syndrome(iii) Seed dormancy(iv) Active and passive uptake of ions(v) Shifting cultivation

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(b) “Forests are an important natural resource and need to be conserved.” Discuss.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words:(a) Write a short account of photoperiodism in plants.(b) Discuss the dynamics of translocation of organic substances.(c) Name the vaznous phytogeographical zones of India and give two examples of characteristicplants from each region.(d) How is the centre of origin of cultivated plants determined? Discuss the importance of such astudy in relation to improvement of crop plants.6. Describe the process of rhizobial infection and nodule development in a legume root. What is thefunction of leghaemoglobin in symbiotic nitrogen fixation?7. (a) Define succession and explain with the help of a suitable example.(b) Write a note on ecosystem under the following heads.(i) Components(ii) Energy flow(iii) Nutrient movement8. (a) Mention any three timber-yielding plants of India. Give the botanical names, their respectivefamilies and distribution. Add a note on seasoning of wood(b) With suitable example enumerate the chief characteristics and importance of the following(i) Essential oils(ii) Fatty oils1998PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) Bryophytes function as “indicator plants” and as “element indicators”. Justify.(b) Why is Dryopteris called walking fern? Why are Azolla and Marsilea lumped with otherferns in the order Filicales?(c) What are extremophylls? Why are they getting lot of attention now?(d) Despite their similarities with other bacteria, Cyanophycease share several morphological,biochemical and biological characters with Rhodophyceae. Enumerate these characters anddiscuss the significance of this similarity.2. Sexual reproduction in Cystopus as well as Vaucheria is oogamous, yet there are differences indetail. With brief description and appropriate diagrams bring out the differences and also commentupon the mode of nutrition of the two thallophytes.3. Distinguish between(a) White rust and Black rust(b) Downy mildews and Powdery mildews(c) Root-knot and Root-rot disease(d) Late blight and Early blight of potato4. (a) Explain why Anthocerotae is considered a synthetic group.(b) Explain, by referring to anatomy of stem, morphology of reproductive parts and biology of

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reproduction of Gnetum, why this gymnosperm is considered advanced.SECTION B5. Attempt any three of the following in not more than 200 words each(a) Explain the difference between somatic embryos and sexual embroys(b) What are subterranean flowers? Name some plants which carry such flowers. What can bethe possible advantages and disadvantages of such flowers?(c) Describe the structure and function of medullary rays.(d) With the help of labelled diagram describe the peculiarity in the anatomy of Dracaena stem.6. Discuss the role of systematic and biosystematics in biodiversity inventorisation. Describe theparameters which are employed for estimation of biodiversity.7. (a) Describe the phenomenon of pollen-stigma interaction.(b) Write brief account on in vitro fertilization.(c) Describe the procedure of intro-ovarian pollination.8. (a) By referring to specific examples discuss the role anatomy can play in taxonomy.(b) Give specific differences between:(i) Spring wood and Autumn wood(ii) Cystoliths and Raphides(iii) Tectum and Tapetum(iv) Abscission and Wound healing PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should answer in not more than 200 words:(a) With the help of a diagram, throw light on the organization of a cell(b) Mitochondria as “powerhouse” of the cell(c) CAM Pathway(d) Greenhouse gases2. Explain why do you expect differences among cells arising from meiosis and not among those frommitosis.3. What is polyploidy? How would you differentiate between different kinds of polyploidy?4. (a) Discuss in brief the structure of DNA and compare it with that of RNA.(b) What do you understand by the term allopatry and sympatry? How are they connected withspeciation?SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words:(a) Anti-transparent(b) Differentiate between co-factors and co-enzymes(c) Male sterility in plants(d) Energy plantations6. How is a seed attributed to be dormant? Give a test of seed viability.7. Write short notes on:(a) Conservation of ecosystem(b) Endangered plants(c) Characteristics of desert plants8. Write botanical names, their respective fami1ie one important use of the following:

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(a) Flax(b) Mahogany(c) Saffron(d) Cocoa(e) Aspirin(f) Opium(g) Lavender(h) Senna(i) Hops(j) Indigo1999PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each(a) What is mycoplasma? How does it differ from a fungus? Describe the important mycoplasmadiseases of plants and their methods of control.(b) Write an account of different types of steles found in pteridophytes with the help of suitablediagrams. Arrange these steles in an evolutionary sequence.(c) With the help of suitable diagrams describe in detail the reproductive organs found inBatrachospermum. Comment on the life cycle. How does the life cycle of Batrachospermumdiffer from that of Polysiphonia?(d) Differentiate between the spore bearing organs of Anthoceros and Polytrichum. Draw neatlabelled diagrams.2. Classification of the class. Phaeophyceae is based on various kinds of life cycles. Discuss. Makegraphic representation of all types of life cycles.3. (a) Write an account of the role of microbes in environmental pollution managementprogrammes.(b) With the help of diagrams only describe the life history of Puccinia4. Distinguish between the following pairs giving suitable labelled diagrams: (any three)(a) Carpogonium and Archegonium(b) External morphology of Psilotum and Equisetum(c) Desmids and Diatoms(d) Liverworts and Mosses.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(a) Describe the anomalous secondary growth in three dicot stems. Draw labelled diagrams ineach case.(b) Give the methodology and applications of tissue culture technique.(c) Describe the major stomatal types in plants.(d) Describe the anatomy of root stem transition region with the help of suitable diagrams only.6. Write an account of the floral structure of the following families(i) Euphorbiaceae(ii) Rubiaceae(iii) OrchidaceaeGive botanical names of three important plant species belonging to each of the three familities.

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Specify why these are important.7. Give an account of the vegetative anatomy of Cycas with the help of diagrams. Enumerate importantdifferences in the anatomical features of Cycas and Gnetum (only vegetative features).8. (a) What is polynology? Describe the basic and applied importance of this science.(b) Enumerate various types of angiospermic embryo sacs in a tabular form.PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words(a) Cellular function of oncoproteins(b) Photochemical smog(c) Physiological role of essential elements in plants(d) Genetic basis of inbreeding depression and heterosis2. How does mutation contribute to organic evolution? What modifications in mutation theory’ of Hugode Varies were found necessary to reach the present state of our knowledge?3. Distinguish between the following:(a) Linkage map and Linkage group(b) Physical xerophytes and Physiological xerophytes(c) Euromatin and Heteromatin(d) Photo-system-I and Photo-system-II4. What is population? Discuss the genetic forces that disturb the genetic equilibrium and modify thegene frequencies in population.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words:Discuss:(a) TCA-an amphibole pathway(b) Atmosphere is an essential life supporting system(c) An organism is a bundle of adaptation(d) Bio-fertilizers improve soil fertility6. What is ‘Bioenergy’. Explain the energy cycle in the cells. What is the role of ATP in this cycle?7. Write short notes on any three of the following(a) Ageing and senescence(b) Cell cycle(c) Neurospora for genetic research(d) New genetic code8. Listed below are a few economic plants. Briefly point out the morphology of useful part, economicproducts and uses(a) Holorrhena antidycentrica(b) Allium sativa(c) Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium(d) Pinus genadiana(e) Cannabis sativa

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2000PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each(a) Describe the sexual reproduction in Equisetum.(b) Write the different types of genetic recombination found in bacteria.(c) With the help of suitable diagram describe the saprophyte of Funaria.(d) Describe the life cycle of Penicillium.2. Give the causal organism, symptoms and control measures of the following(a) Peach leaf curl(b) Tikka disease of groundnut(c) Little leaf of brinjal3. Describe the life cycle of Polysiphonia in detail.4. Write notes on(a) Fungal toxins(b) Methods of producing somatic hybrids and their applicationSECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each(a) Anomalous secondary growth in monocot stem(b) Applications of palynology(c) Polyembryony(d) Different kinds of female gametophyte found in angiosperms6. Write an account of the floral structure of the following families(i) Poaceae(ii) Ascelpiadaceae(iii) BrassicaceaeGive botanical names of three importance plant species belonging to each of the three families andspecify their uses.7. Describe the development of male gametophyte in Pin us. Discuss the economic importance of thisgenus.8. (i) Mention the botanical names and families of ten important drug yielding plants, source fromplant parts and the uses of these drugs in human welfare.(ii) Discuss the importance of ethno botany in India.

PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words(a) Biological membranes(b) Bacterial photosynthesis(c) Prosthetic groups of different enzymes in respiratory chain(d) Test of significance2. Give a diagrammatic representation of the structure and functions of organelles in eukaryotic cells.

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3. Write notes on the following(a) Heterosis(b) Molecular basis of sex determination(c) Quantitative inheritance4. Give a brief account of hybridization work on India crop plants.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words(a) Enzyme repression and induction(b) Buffers(c) B-Chromosomes(d) Global warming6. Give evidences in support of organic evolution. Discuss its mechanism and theories in brief.7. Discuss the effect of cement dust pollution on the broad leaved species of forest trees.8. Write detailed notes on the following(a) Endangered plant species(b) Endemic plants(c) Role of mycorrhiza in tree nutrition2001PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each20 x 3 = 60(a) Distinguish between bacteriophages and plasmids. Give their molecular structure. How areplasmids useful in genetic engineering?(b) Discuss the role of pigmentation and reserved food in the classification of algae.(c) How does a parasite recognize its host? Describe the molecular basis of host-parasiterelationship.(d) Describe the structure and evolutionary significance of Rhynia.2. (a) Describe the mode of sexual reproduction in yeast.(b) Describe the role of microbes in medicine industry.30 x 2 = 603. Discuss the evolutionary trends of saprophytes in Bryophytes.604. What is heterotrichous habit in Algae? Discuss its role in the evolution of terrestrial habit.60SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:20 x 3 = 60(a) “Jurassic was the best age of Gymnosperms. Discuss.(b) Describe the role of embryology in classification of angiosperms.(c) Describe the detailed structure of pollen wall. How has palynology helped in forensicscience?(d) What are the primitive and advanced characters of flower used in driving their phylogeny?6. What is double fertilization? In the light of recent studies discuss the mode of fertilization inangiosperms.60

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7. (a) How are somatic hybrids obtained?(b) Ovule bearing organ of Pinus is a highly reduced shoot in the axil of bract. Discuss.30 x 2 = 608. Give important flower characters of the following families. Give economics importance of threeplants from each family.15 x 4 = 60(a) Apiaceae(b) Rubiaceae(c) Arecaceae(d) Brassicaceae

PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words:20 x 3 = 60(a) With suitable diagrams, critically examine the various models of membranes systems ineukaryotic cells and state which one is the most suitable to explain the E.M. structure andfunctions of the system.(b) Give an account of linkage and crossing-over method for gene mapping.(c) Describe the techniques of gene transfer to produce transgenic plants. Add a critical note onthe importance of genetic engineering with special reference to the Indian agriculture.(d) Explain the concept of ‘standard error’ and comment on its application in various researchprogrammes.2. Present an account of extra-chromosomal inheritance, and examine its significance with respect togrowth and development of a plant.603. Discuss the genetic and physiological control of sex determination in plants. Is it possible to modifythe genetically determined sex by physiological factors? Substantiate your answer.604. Critically examine the following alternatives and substantiate with reasons which of the two ispreferable:20 x 3 = 60(i) Role of RNA in origin and evolution of life on earth versus extra-terrestrial origin andevolution of life.(ii) Gene and genome mapping for selective cloning versus cloning without any restriction.(iii) Mutation for breeding versus protoplast fusion for crop improvement.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words:20 x 3 = 60(a) With the help of diagrams, bring out the differences in electron transport mechanism in cyclicand non-cyclic photophosphorylation and explain why the Latter is superior to the former.(b) Describe the structural peculiarities of enzymes & explain their mode of action inmetabolism, growth and development.

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(c) The tropical countries are very rich in biodiversity as compared to the temperate countries.Substantiate the statement. Describe methods to conserve biodiversity.(d) Explain the phenomena of food chain, biomagnifications and ecological pyramids in terms ofmaintaining ecological equilibrium or otherwise.6. Give concise answers to the following: 20 x 3 = 60(i) Point out the various sources of environmental pollution and suggest suitable remedialmeasures.(ii) Enumerate the causes of seed dormancy and suggest methods to overcome them. Commenton the probable selective advantages of seed dormancy in the course of evolution.(iii) Give diagrammatic representations of any five biogeochemical cycles showing the directionof energy flow.7. Explain the concepts of photoperiodism and verbalization. What is meant by critical photochemicalrequirement for plait growth and development? In this background re-examine thphotoperiodicclassification of plants. 608. Compare C3 and C4 plants from the point of view of metabolic efficiency and total productivity. 602002PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:20 x 3 = 60(a) Recent studies reveal that mesosomes are artifacts and not true structures. Discuss.(b) What is heterospory? Discuss seed habit in ptendophytes giving suitable examples.(c) Describe the ultra structure and role of heterocyst in blue- green algae.(d) Describe the economic importance of bryophytes giving suitable examples.2. (a) What are biosensors? Describe the applications of microbiology in industry.(b) What are mycorrhizae? Describe economic potential of mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture andforestry.30 x 2 = 603. What is apogamy? Describe the structure and arrangement of sex organs in bryophytes with the helpof suitable diagrams.604. (a) Differentiate between hybrids and cybrids. How are cybrids obtained?(b) What is callus? Describe the process of differentiation from callus.30 x 2 = 60SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:20 x 3 = 60(a) What are progymnosperms? Describe with examples their morphology.(b) Differentiate between velamen and exodermises.(c) What is ‘Krantz anatomy ? Where do you find it? Describe its structure and importance.(d) Write an account on Shibpur Botanical Garden and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (England).6. What is polyembryony? Describe the practical value of polyembryony.60

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7. (a) What is palynology? Describe the applications of palynology.(b) Describe the origin of wheat, maize and rice. 30 x 2 = 608. Give salient features of flower of the following families. Give economic importance of three plantsfrom each family15 x 4 = 60(a) Ranunculaceae(b) Euphorbiaceae(c) Dipterocarpaceae(d) Orchidaceae

PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words. 20 x 3 = 60(a) What is micro-propagation? List the various ways this technique can be used to practicaladvantage.(b) What determines a sex-linked trait? Give two examples.(c) Explain ‘test of significance’ and comment on its application in Botanical Research.(d) Briefly review the methods adopted for determining distance between two genes on achromosome.2. Describe the extra cellular matrix of a plant cell. What is the relationship of plasmodesmata to the extracellular matrix?603. How is recombinant DNA produced? What applications have been found for recombinant DNA?604. Distinguish between:20 x 3 = 60(a) Transcription and translation(b) Spontaneous and induced mutations(c) Binomial Distribution and Poisson Distribution.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words.20 x 3 = 60(a) What is oxidative phosphorylation? What is its significance?(b) Define phototropism. What pigment(s) function as the photoreceptor for phototropism? Giveevidence to support your conclusion.(c) What are cytokinins? Give an account of roles they play n plant growth and development.(d) What are biomes? Explain, will examples, how climate determines what biome occurs in aregion.6. Review the Crassylacean acid metabolism (CAM). In what significant way does CAM differ from C4metabolism?607. Describe how plants may be injured by water stress. In what way are freezing stress and salt stress similar to water stress?8. Give concise answers to the following:20 x 3 = 60(a) Explain why temperate forests and woodlands are less productive and diverse than tropicalforests.

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(b) How are endangered species listed in the Red Data Books?(c) What is the function of leg hemoglobin in symbiotic nitrogen fixation?2003PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any THREE of the following: (not more than 200 words each):20 x 3 = 60(a) Describe the lysogenic life cycle in viruses.(b) Classify algae according to V. J. Chapman. Give characters of each class.(c) Discuss evolution of steles in Pteridophytes.(d) Describe various types of Path toxins and their role in plant diseases.2. With the help of suitable describe the life cycle of Aspergilius and discuss the economic importanceof this genus.603. Give causal organism, symptoms and control measures of the following:20 x 3 = 60(a) Ergot of Bajra(b) Blast of Rice(c) Stem gall of coriander4. Write notes on:20 x 3 = 60(a) Reproductive structure of Chara(b) Vegetative reproduction in Bryophytes(c) Tot potencySECTION B5. Answer any three of the following: (not more than 200 words each):20 x 3 = 60(a) Importance of Cycadofilicales.(b) Development of female gametophyte in Angiosperms.(c) Anomalous secondary growth in Dracaena.(d) Energy plantation and its importance.6. Write an account of floral structures of the following families. Give botanical names of threeimportant plant species belonging to each of the three families and specify their uses:20 x 3 = 60(a) Asteraceae(b) Solanaceae(c) Asclepiadaceae7. Describe the development of male gametophyte in Gnetum. Discuss the impotence of this genus.608. (a) Discuss the importance of Ethno botany in India.30(b) Give botanical names of ten spice yielding plants and write the name of their families.30PAPER - IISECTION A1. Answer any THREE of the following in about 200 words each20 x 3 = 60(a) Evolution.(b) Gametophytic apomix.(c) Pure Line Selection.(d) Structure and Significance of Lamp brush Chromosomes.2. (a) Describe in detail the physical properties of cell membrane.30(b) How does the water and solutes move through the cell membrane?303. (a) What is Cytoplasmic inheritance?10

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(b) Describe the Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility.20(c) Describe in detail the method of producing hybrid seeds using Cytoplasmic-genetic malesterility system.304. (a) What do you understand by genetic engineering?15(b) Describe in detail the agro bacterium-mediated gene transfer method for producing transgenicplants.45SECTION B5. Write short notes on any THREE of the following in about 200 words each:20 x 3 = 60(a) CO2 fixation in C4 plants(b) Seed germination(c) Global warming(d) Conservation of biodiversity6. (a) What do you understand by verbalization? Discuss the factors that influence verbalization.40(b) Describe the practical significance of verbalization.207. (a) What do you understand by a biotic stresses?20(b) Describe in detail the mechanism of salt stress on plants.30(c) Describe the effect of salt stress on plant growth.108. (a) What do you understand by eco-system?10(b) How would you maintain an eco-system?502004PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each):(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Differentiate between bacteria and cyanobacteria.(b) Give an account of algae in industry.(c) Discuss the sequential steps involved in host pathogen interaction.(d) Mention the indirect uses of Bryophytes.2. Write about the following:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Differentiate between homospory and heterospory.(b) Give an account of Rhynia.(c) Describe in detail the types of Ascocarps (Fruit bodies) in Ascomycotina and how they helpin classification.3. Write critical notes on the following:(20 x 3= 60)(a) Sporocarp of Marsilea.(b) Tissue culture and its importance(c) Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes4. Write short notes on the following:(30 x 2 = 60)(a) Mention the causal organism, symptoms and control measures of bacterial blight in paddy,sandal spike and leaf spot in groundnut.(b) Give the role of bacteria in fermentation and mention the products.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each):(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Give the salient features of Cordaitales.(b) Explain the secondary growth in Pinus stem.(c) Explain the Tunica Corpus theory.

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(d) Give an account of plant gums.6. Write about the following:(30 x 2 = 60)(a) Give an account of pollen grain morphology and application of palynology.(b) Discuss the role of chemotaxonomy and numerical taxonomy in systematics of Angiosperms.7. Write critical notes on the following:(20x 3 = 60)(a) Floral structure and primitive characters of Magnoliaceae.(b) Floral structure and floral formula of Poaceae.(c) Differentiate between the pollinia of Asclepiadaceae and Orchidaceae.8. Write short notes on the following:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Give an account of beverage yielding plants.(b) Differentiate between xylem and phloem.(c) Give the salient features of Bentham and Hooker's system of classification.PAPER - IISECTION A1. Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Meiosis(b) Sex-linked inheritance(c) Mass selection(d) χ2-test (Chi-squre test)2. Describe in detail the structure and functions of mitochondria.(60)3. Discuss the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins.(60)4. (a) Describe the back-cross method of breeding in crop varieties.(30)(b) Describe in detail the various uses of back-cross method of breeding and its limitations.(30)SECTION B5. Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Photoperiodism(b) Seed dormancy(c) Social forestry(d) Pollution control6. Describe the principle categories of enzymes involved in respiratory reactions.(60)7. (a) What do you understand by mineral nutrition of crop plants?(20)(b) Describe the role of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on plant growth.(40)8. (a) What do you understand by conservation of biodiversity?(20)(b) How is biodiversity conserved?(40)2005PAPER - ITime Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 300Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any THREEof the remaining questions selecting at least ONE question from each Section.Provide diagrams in the answer books, wherever necessary.SECTION-A1. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each) : 20x3=60(a) Differentiate between conjugation and transduction in Bacteria.(b) Give an account of algae in food industry.(c) Write in short about mycotoxins.(d) Write about Bryophytes as indicators of mineral enrichment.

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2. Write about the following: 20x3=(a) Range of thallus organization in Marchantiales.(b) Evolution of seed habit in Pteridophytes.(c) Characteristic features of Pythium.3. Answer the following: 20x3=60Androecia (no description).4. Write Notes on : 20x3=60(c) Protoplast culture.SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each): 20 x 3 = 60(a) Give the salient features of Cycadales.(b) Explain secondary growth in dicotyledonous stem.(c) Explain pollination in Cycas.or(a) Give in short an account of five pulse yielding crops.(b) Differentiate between manoxylic and pycnoxylic wood, giving examples.(c) Give the classification of angiosperms as proposed by Hutchinson. Discuss itsmerits and demerits.(a) Write a critical note on male gametophyte of Selaginella.(b) Write a critical note on somatic hybrid and cybrid.(c) Draw well labeled diagram of V.T.s. thallus of Anthoceros passing through(a) Monoecious coenobium of Volvox.(b) Description of, conidia formation in Aspergillus.((d) Give a short account of any two plant fibres.6. How will you distinguish between the following pairs of families on the basis of important floral characters?comimportant (a) Malvaceae and Brassicaceae(b) Leguminosae and Solanaceae7. Give an account of the pollen grain formation in dicots and monocots. 608. Write in short on the following:PAPER - II - 2005SECTION-A1. Write notes on any THREE of the following in about 200 words each: 20x3=60(a) Polytene Chromosome(b) Signal Transduction(c) Transgenic plants .(d) Standard deviation.membrane trafficking. 2. Describe in detail the ultrastructure of Golgi Complex and its function. 603. (a) Describe properties of Genetic Code.(b) Describe the role of RNA in origin and evolution. 604. Define hybrid vigour. Describe anyone method of hybridization for crop improvement 60

SECTION B5. Write notes on any THREE of the following in about 200 words each: 20x3 = 60(a) Non-cyclic photophosphorylation(b) Nitrogenases(c) Fruit-ripening

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(d) Afforestation6. Define auxins. Describe their physiological response in plants.7. Define biogeochemical cycles. Describe N-cycle.8. (a) What do you know about Social Forestry?(b) How would you measure the level of Air-Pollution?2006PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) What is bioremediation?(b) Briefly discuss the phyletic position of photobionts.(c) Highligh the uniqueness of the cell structure of Anthoceros.(d) What is polarity and how does it affect differentiation?2. How do the following differ from each other:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Hybrid from Cybrid(b) Cryptogams from Archegoniates(c) Sporophyte from Gametophyte (in lower organisms)3. Describe the following:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Molecular basis of infection(b) Practical application of ovule culture(c) Microbes as indicators of pollution4. Draw neat and well-labelled diagrams to show :(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Lytic cycle(b) Diagnostic stages of any two powdery mildews(c) L.S. sporocarp of MarsileaSECTION B5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each :(20 x 3 = 60)(a) What are the symptoms and causes of hay fever ?(b) Describe the morphological nature of commercial cotton, clove and saffron.(c) Describe the phyletic position of Magnoliaceae.(d) Citing suitable examples explain what is meant by 'form genus'.6. With the help of suitable diagrams explain:(30 x 2 = 60)(a) Development of a bisporic embryo sac(b) Vavilovian centres of origin of crop plants7. Discuss the following :(60)(a) Alpha and Omega taxonomy(b) Ethnobotany and its importance(c) Nemec phenomenon8. Describe the following :

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(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Distribution in India of the genus yielding "Taxol".(b) Phenomenon of apomixis and its importance(c) Commonalities and differences between Cyeadofilicales and CyeadsPAPER - IISECTION A1. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each :(3 x 20 =60)(a) Structure of plasma membrane(b) Polytene chromosomes(c) DNA damage and repair(d) Molecular markers in plant breeding2. (a) Explain linkage and crossing-over. Describe the methods of construction of gene maps.(30)(b) What are mutations? Describe different types of mutations and add a note on chemicalmutagens.(30)3. Explain the following with suitable examples:(a) Techniques of breeding self-pollinated crops.(20)(b) Protoplast culture and its importance.(20)(c) Uses and applications of correlation and regression analysis in plant genetics.(20)4. (a) Explain the mechanism of DNA replication.(20)(b) Discuss cytoplasmic inheritance:(20)(c) Describe in brief the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes.(20)SECTION B5. Answer any three of the following. Each part should be answered in not more than 200 words :(20 x3 =60)(a) Discuss the role of any three trace elements in plant nutrition. Give their deficiencysymptoms.(b) Explain the mechanisms of respiratory functions in plants.(c) Discuss the strategies for conservation of endemic and endangered plants.(d) Describe the causes and consequences of greenhouse effect6. (a) Describe the photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 and C4 plants.(20)(b) Explain the factors that affect photosynthesis. Define photosynthetic efficiency of crops.(20)7. (a) Write an account of the physiological changes that occur during high temperature stress. Howplants have adopted physiologically for tolerance of high temperature stress?(30)

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(b) Describe the effects of metal stress on plant growth and development.(30)8. (a) Define succession. Explain different stages of succession with illustrations.(30)(b) Enumerate the structure and functions of an ecosystem.(30)2007PAPER - ISECTION A1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Describe the types of plant diseases caused by viruses. Explain their control measures.(b) Describe ultrastructure of flagella in Algae.(c) Describe and draw labelled diagrams of steles in pteridophytes with examples.(d) Enumerate economic uses of fungi in India.2. Write critical notes on the following:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Algae as a food, feed and medicine(b) Distribution of bryophytes and pteridophytes in deciduous and evergreen forests in India(c) Applications of plant tissue culture in forestry and agriculture3. Write notes on the following:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Reproductive stages in Oedogonium(b) Asexual reproduction in Aspergillns(c) Ultrastructure of a bacterial cell4. How do the following differ from each other :(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Fungal hyphae and Algal filament(b) Sporophytes of Anthoceros and Funaria(c) Prothalli of Selaginella and NephroiepisSECTION B5. Answer an three of the following in not more than 200 words each:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Discuss secondary growth in lianas.(b) Give an account of the use of pollen morphological characters in systematics.(c) Describe the importance of ethnobotany in the welfare of tribal and rural people.(d) Compare the outline of system of classification of angiosperms proposed by Hutchinson withthe system proposed by Bentham and Hooker.6. Write notes on the following:(20 x 3 = 60)(a) Botanical name, active constituents and uses of any five commercial medicinal plants of India(b) Secondary growth in woody monocors(c) Origin of cultivated plants with reference to Vavilov's theory7. Draw neat and labelled diagrams of the following : (20 x 3 = 60)(a) Stomata of sunflower and maize(b) Male cone and Microsporophyll of Pinus

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(c) Male and female flower of Euphorbia8. Answer the following: (30 x 2 = 60)(a) Give an account of diagnostic characters of Liliaceae and Palmae with suitable examples.(b) Describe the commercial importance of gum, resin and dye yielding plants in India.PAPER - IISECTION A1. Write short notes on any THREE of the following in not more than 200 words, for each:- (20 x 3 = 60)(a) Structure of mitochondria in relation to function(b) Prions(c) Male sterility(d) Probability and distributions, with suitable illustrations.2. (a) Describe the molecular basis of cell cycle. (30)(b) Describe the principles of protein biosynthesis.3. (a) Discuss the methods of gene mapping. (30 )(b) Explain the methods of transfer of genes into plants. (30)4. (a) Describe the methods of selection and hybridization used in plant breeding. (30)(b) Explain the structure and significance of lampbrush and B-chromosomes. (30)SECTION B5. Write short notes on any THREE of the following, in not more than 200 words each : - (20 x 3 = 60)(a) Co-enzymes(b) Nitrogen cycle(c) Vernalization(d) Red Data Book and its relevance to plant diversity.6. (a) Describe the components of photosynthetic electron transport, with reference to the structure of thylakoid membranes. (30)(b) Discuss the adaptive measures of plants in response to their exposure to water stress, (30)7. (a) What is dormancy ? Where does it occur in plants? Describe various methods of breakingdormancy. (30)(b) Enumerate the applications of growth hormones in agri-horticulture, while commenting ontheir physiological basis. (30)8. (a) Give an account of various ecological factors that influence plant community. (30)(b) Describe and distinguish afforestation, deforestation and social forestry.(30)

2010Paper 1SECTION A1.  Answer the following in about 150 words each:(a) Give an account of Heterothallism in fungi.  15(b) Describe the process through which the bacterial genes the transferred from one bacterium to another by the viruses.     15(c) Comment on Heterospory in Pteridophytes and its bevolutionary significance.   15(d) How would you test the clonal fidelity of the micropropagated plants ? Describe.   152. (a) Discuss ecological significance of Lichens.  20

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(b) Distinguish clearly between Keratinophilic and Thermophilic fungi.  20(c)  Draw labelled diagrams of transverse and longitudinal sections of  sporocarp of Marsilea.    203. (a) What are somaclonal variations ? How are these utilized for crop improvement ?   20(b) What is important of Bacillus thuringiensis in the current efforts to raise crop productivity ?    20(c) Write a note on Psilotum as a living fossil.     204. (a) Differentiate the archegonium of Funaria from that of Anthoceros.   20(b) With suitable example , briefly describe the microbinal processes occurring in the rhizosphere which help in plant growth.  25(c) Five different types of spores are produced by the rust fungi. Mention their names and their salient points of distinction  from each other.      15SECTION B5. Answer the following in about 150 words each :(a) Origin of angiosperms from gymnosperms is suggested on the basis of vessels. Give your critical comments.(b) Describe the development of pollen exine and point out the role of sporopollenin.(c) Name five edible oil yielding plants. Give their botanical names and families.(d) Describe the fructification in Williamsonia.6. (a) With the help of labelled diagrams, compare the female gametophyte of Cycas with that of Gnetum.  20(b) What are the changes that occur during the conversion of sapwood into heartwood ? Which is more durable- sapwood or heartwood, and why ?         20(c) Discuss whether the angiosperms are monophyletic or polyphyletic.   207. (a) Give an account of the main events in the differentiation of a tracheary element.   20(b) Give the botanical names of the plant species, their families, part used and the uses of annatto and heematoxylin.   20(c) Define agamospermy. What is its significance in crop  improvement ?    208. (a) Describe the structure and function of synergids in angiosperms.   20(b)  With suitable examples, enumerate the floral characteristics of bird pollinated trees.  20(c) Compare the androecium in the following groups of families:   20(i) Malvaceae and Fabacease(ii) Asclepiadaceae and Asteraceae(iii) Solanaceae and BrassicaceaePaper 2SECTION -A1. Explain any FOUR on the following in about 150 words each:-      15×4=60(a) Signal transduction in Prokaryotes(b) Spontaneous mutations(c) RFLPs(d) Origin of mitochondria(e) Normal distribution.2. (a) Explain FISH technique and its importance in understanding genomic relationships among species.    30(b) Distinguish between:(i) Smooth and rough ER    10

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(ii) Ribosomes and Peroxisomes    10(iii) Membrance proteins in ion tranport.  103. Diffrentiate between:(a) Negative and positive gene regulation.  15(b) Homologous and Heterologous recombinations.    15(c) Exons and Introns.       15(d) Transition and Transversion.    154. (a) Describe in detail the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfers in the development of transgenic crop plants.   30(b) Describe the method of developming maize hybrids.        30

SECTION- B5. Explain any FOUR of the following in about 150 words each:-  15×4=60(a) Secondary metabolites and plant protection(b) Photolysis of water(c) Calcium in Plant growth(d) CDM(e) Progressive ecological efficiency.6. (a) How would you distinguish between enzymes and co-enzymes ?   15(b) Differentiate between climacteric and non-climacteric fruits.  15(c) Explain the process of fruit ripening and its regulation.    307. (a) Explain photo-receptors and their role in regulation of plant growth.     30(b) There are exceptions to the ecological pyramids. Explain.                  15(c) Explain the role of surface run-off in nutrient budget of ecosystems.   158. (a) Mention the attributes of a species to make it invasive.    15(b) Describe the role of growth regulators in sex expression of plants.(c) Mention the 'hot spots' of India, and the reasons to recognise them as hot spots.  15(d) 'Feedback loops' are the regulatory mechanisms that determine whatever changes take place in the ecosystem. Explain.   15