Bonnett fuelcellpresentationfinal

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen Fuel Cell TechnologyTechnology

Will it contribute to energy independence?Will it contribute to energy independence?

Stephen Cohen and Nathan BonnettStephen Cohen and Nathan [email protected], [email protected]@gmail.com, [email protected]

May 18, 2007May 18, 2007

FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGYFUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY Technology overviewTechnology overview Hydrogen fuel developmentHydrogen fuel development Law, legislation, and administrative Law, legislation, and administrative

agency treatmentagency treatment

What is a Fuel Cell?What is a Fuel Cell? A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device

that combines hydrogen and oxygen to that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat produce electricity, with water and heat as its by-product.as its by-product.

Why is Fuel Cell Why is Fuel Cell Technology Important?Technology Important?

Since conversion of the fuel to energy Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustionprocess, not combustion

It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning. than fuel burning.

How does a Fuel Cell How does a Fuel Cell work?work?

It operates similarly to a battery, but it It operates similarly to a battery, but it does not run down nor does it require does not run down nor does it require rechargingrecharging

As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell will produce both energy and heatwill produce both energy and heat


A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst coated electrodes surrounding an coated electrodes surrounding an electrolyteelectrolyte

One electrode is an anode and the other One electrode is an anode and the other is a cathodeis a cathode


The process begins when Hydrogen The process begins when Hydrogen molecules enter the anodemolecules enter the anode

The catalyst coating separates The catalyst coating separates hydrogen’s negatively charged electrons hydrogen’s negatively charged electrons from the positively charged protonsfrom the positively charged protons


The electrolyte allows the protons to pass The electrolyte allows the protons to pass through to the cathode, but not the through to the cathode, but not the electrons electrons

Instead the electrons are directed Instead the electrons are directed through an external circuit which creates through an external circuit which creates electrical currentelectrical current


While the electrons pass through the external While the electrons pass through the external circuit, oxygen molecules pass through the circuit, oxygen molecules pass through the cathodecathode

There the oxygen and the protons combine There the oxygen and the protons combine with the electrons after they have passed with the electrons after they have passed through the external circuitthrough the external circuit

When the oxygen and the protons combine When the oxygen and the protons combine with the electrons it produces water and heatwith the electrons it produces water and heat



Individual fuel cells can then be placed in Individual fuel cells can then be placed in a series to form a fuel cell stacka series to form a fuel cell stack

The stack can be used in a system to The stack can be used in a system to power a vehicle or to provide stationary power a vehicle or to provide stationary power to a buildingpower to a building

Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells In general all fuel cells have the same In general all fuel cells have the same

basic configuration - an electrolyte and basic configuration - an electrolyte and two electrodestwo electrodes

Different types of fuel cells are classified Different types of fuel cells are classified by the kind of electrolyte usedby the kind of electrolyte used

The type of electrolyte used determines The type of electrolyte used determines the kind of chemical reactions that take the kind of chemical reactions that take place and the temperature range of place and the temperature range of operationoperation

Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells Proton Exchange Membrane Proton Exchange Membrane

(PEM)(PEM) This is the leading cell type for This is the leading cell type for

passenger car applicationpassenger car application Uses a polymer membrane as the Uses a polymer membrane as the

electrolyteelectrolyte Operates at a relatively low Operates at a relatively low

temperature, about 175 degreestemperature, about 175 degrees Has a high power density, can Has a high power density, can

vary its output quickly and is vary its output quickly and is suited for applications where quick suited for applications where quick startup is required making it startup is required making it popular for automobilespopular for automobiles

Sensitive to fuel impuritiesSensitive to fuel impurities

Major Types of Fuel Cells Major Types of Fuel Cells Direct Methanol (a subset of PEM)Direct Methanol (a subset of PEM)

Expected efficiencies of 40% plus low operating Expected efficiencies of 40% plus low operating temperatures between 120-190 degreestemperatures between 120-190 degrees

Also uses a polymer membrane as the electrolyteAlso uses a polymer membrane as the electrolyte Different from PEM because the anode catalyst is Different from PEM because the anode catalyst is

able to draw hydrogen from methanol without a able to draw hydrogen from methanol without a reformerreformer

Used more for small portable power applications, Used more for small portable power applications, possibly cell phones and laptopspossibly cell phones and laptops

Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells

Phosphoric AcidPhosphoric Acid This is the most commercially This is the most commercially

developed fuel celldeveloped fuel cell It generates electricity at more It generates electricity at more

than 40% efficiencythan 40% efficiency Nearly 85% of the steam Nearly 85% of the steam

produced can be used for produced can be used for cogenerationcogeneration

Uses liquid phosphoric acid as Uses liquid phosphoric acid as the electrolyte and operates at the electrolyte and operates at about 450 degrees Fabout 450 degrees F

One main advantage is that it One main advantage is that it can use impure hydrogen as can use impure hydrogen as fuel fuel

Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells

Molten CarbonateMolten Carbonate Promises high fuel-to-electricity efficiency and the ability Promises high fuel-to-electricity efficiency and the ability

to utilize coal based fuelsto utilize coal based fuels Uses an electrolyte composed of a molten carbonate salt Uses an electrolyte composed of a molten carbonate salt

mixture mixture Require carbon dioxide and oxygen to be delivered to the Require carbon dioxide and oxygen to be delivered to the

cathode cathode Operates at extremely high temperatures 1200 degrees Operates at extremely high temperatures 1200 degrees Primarily targeted for use as electric utility applicationsPrimarily targeted for use as electric utility applications Have been operated on hydrogen, carbon monoxide, Have been operated on hydrogen, carbon monoxide,

natural gas, propane, landfill gas, marine diesel and natural gas, propane, landfill gas, marine diesel and simulated coal gasification productssimulated coal gasification products

Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells Molten Carbonate Fuel Molten Carbonate Fuel

CellCell Because of the extreme Because of the extreme

high temperatures, non-high temperatures, non-precious metals can be precious metals can be used as catalysts at the used as catalysts at the anode and cathode which anode and cathode which helps reduces costhelps reduces cost

Disadvantage is durabilityDisadvantage is durability The high temperature The high temperature

required and the corrosive required and the corrosive electrolyte accelerate electrolyte accelerate breakdown and corrosion breakdown and corrosion inside the fuel cellinside the fuel cell

Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells Solid OxideSolid Oxide

Uses a hard, non-porous Uses a hard, non-porous ceramic compound as the ceramic compound as the electrolyteelectrolyte

Can reach 60% power-Can reach 60% power-generating efficiencygenerating efficiency

Operates at extremely high Operates at extremely high temperatures 1800 degrees temperatures 1800 degrees

Used mainly for large, high Used mainly for large, high powered applications such as powered applications such as industrial generating stations, industrial generating stations, mainly because it requires mainly because it requires such high temperaturessuch high temperatures

Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells AlkalineAlkaline

Used mainly by military and space programsUsed mainly by military and space programs Can reach 70% power generating efficiency, but Can reach 70% power generating efficiency, but

considered to costly for transportation applicationsconsidered to costly for transportation applications Used on the Apollo spacecraft to provide electricity Used on the Apollo spacecraft to provide electricity

and drinking waterand drinking water Uses a solution of potassium hydroxide in water as Uses a solution of potassium hydroxide in water as

the electrolyte and operates at 75 -160 degreesthe electrolyte and operates at 75 -160 degrees Can use a variety of non-precious metals as catalyst Can use a variety of non-precious metals as catalyst

at the anode and cathodeat the anode and cathode

Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells Alkaline Fuel CellAlkaline Fuel Cell

Requires pure hydrogen Requires pure hydrogen and oxygen because it is and oxygen because it is very susceptible to carbon very susceptible to carbon contaminationcontamination

Purification process of the Purification process of the hydrogen and oxygen is hydrogen and oxygen is costlycostly

Susceptibility to poisoning Susceptibility to poisoning affects cell’s lifetime which affects cell’s lifetime which also affects the cost also affects the cost

Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells Regenerative Fuel CellsRegenerative Fuel Cells

Currently researched by NASACurrently researched by NASA This type of fuel cell involves a closed loop form of This type of fuel cell involves a closed loop form of

power generation power generation Uses solar energy to separate water into hydrogen Uses solar energy to separate water into hydrogen

and oxygenand oxygen Hydrogen and oxygen are fed into the fuel cell Hydrogen and oxygen are fed into the fuel cell

generating electricity, heat and watergenerating electricity, heat and water The water byproduct is then recirculated back to the The water byproduct is then recirculated back to the

solar-powered electrolyser beginning the process solar-powered electrolyser beginning the process againagain

Importance of HydrogenImportance of Hydrogen Fuel Cells require highly purified Fuel Cells require highly purified

hydrogen as a fuelhydrogen as a fuel Researchers are developing a wide Researchers are developing a wide

range of technologies to produce range of technologies to produce hydrogen economically from a variety of hydrogen economically from a variety of resources in environmentally friendly resources in environmentally friendly waysways

Importance of HydrogenImportance of Hydrogen Hydrogen is a secondary energy Hydrogen is a secondary energy

resource, meaning it must be made from resource, meaning it must be made from another fuelanother fuel

Hydrogen can be produced from a wide Hydrogen can be produced from a wide variety of energy resources including:variety of energy resources including: Fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coalFossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal Nuclear energyNuclear energy Renewable resources, such as solar,water, Renewable resources, such as solar,water,

wind and biomass wind and biomass

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production The biggest challenge regarding The biggest challenge regarding

hydrogen production is the costhydrogen production is the cost Reducing the cost of hydrogen Reducing the cost of hydrogen

production so as to compete in the production so as to compete in the transportation sector with conventional transportation sector with conventional fuels on a per-mile basis is a significant fuels on a per-mile basis is a significant hurdle to Fuel Cell’s success in the hurdle to Fuel Cell’s success in the commercial marketplacecommercial marketplace

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production There are three general categories of There are three general categories of

Hydrogen productionHydrogen production Thermal ProcessesThermal Processes Electrolyte ProcessesElectrolyte Processes Photolytic ProcessesPhotolytic Processes

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Thermal ProcessesThermal Processes

Natural Gas ReformingNatural Gas Reforming Gasification Gasification Renewable Liquid ReformingRenewable Liquid Reforming

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Natural Gas ReformingNatural Gas Reforming

Steam Methane ReformingSteam Methane Reforming Hydrogen is produced from methane in natural Hydrogen is produced from methane in natural

gas using high-temperature steamgas using high-temperature steam Methane reacts with the steam in presence of a Methane reacts with the steam in presence of a

catalyst to produce hydrogencatalyst to produce hydrogen This process accounts for about 95% of the This process accounts for about 95% of the

hydrogen used today in the U.S.hydrogen used today in the U.S. Partial oxidation Partial oxidation

Produces hydrogen by burning methane in airProduces hydrogen by burning methane in air

Hydrogen Production Hydrogen Production GasificationGasification

Process in which coal or biomass is Process in which coal or biomass is converted into gaseous components by converted into gaseous components by applying heat under pressure and in the applying heat under pressure and in the presence of steampresence of steam

A subsequent series of chemical reactions A subsequent series of chemical reactions produces a synthesis gas which reacts with produces a synthesis gas which reacts with steam to produce more hydrogen that can steam to produce more hydrogen that can be separatedbe separated

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Renewable Liquid ReformingRenewable Liquid Reforming

Biomass is processed to make renewable Biomass is processed to make renewable liquid fuels, such as ethanol or bio-oil, that liquid fuels, such as ethanol or bio-oil, that are then reacted with high-temperature are then reacted with high-temperature steam to produce hydrogensteam to produce hydrogen

This process is very similar to reforming This process is very similar to reforming natural gasnatural gas

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Electrolytic ProcessesElectrolytic Processes

Electrolytic processes use an electric current Electrolytic processes use an electric current to split water into hydrogen and oxygento split water into hydrogen and oxygen

The electricity required can be generated by The electricity required can be generated by using renewable energy technologies such using renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric as wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric powerpower

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Photolytic ProcessesPhotolytic Processes

Uses light energy to split water into Uses light energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygenhydrogen and oxygen

These processes are in the very early These processes are in the very early stages of research but offer the possibility of stages of research but offer the possibility of hydrogen production which is cost effective hydrogen production which is cost effective and has a low environmental impactand has a low environmental impact

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Auto manufacturers have worked on Auto manufacturers have worked on

developing technology that would allow developing technology that would allow fuel cell cars to continue using gasolinefuel cell cars to continue using gasoline

A “reformer” on the fuel cell car would A “reformer” on the fuel cell car would convert the gasoline to hydrogen onboard convert the gasoline to hydrogen onboard the automobilethe automobile

Funding for this technology has been Funding for this technology has been pulled due to unsatisfactory efficiencypulled due to unsatisfactory efficiency

How will the hydrogen be How will the hydrogen be stored?stored?

Developing safe, reliable, compact and Developing safe, reliable, compact and cost-effective hydrogen storage is one of cost-effective hydrogen storage is one of the biggest challenges to widespread use the biggest challenges to widespread use of fuel cell technologyof fuel cell technology

Hydrogen has physical characteristics Hydrogen has physical characteristics that make it difficult to store large that make it difficult to store large quantities without taking up a great deal quantities without taking up a great deal of spaceof space


Hydrogen will need to be stored onboard Hydrogen will need to be stored onboard vehicles, at hydrogen production sites, vehicles, at hydrogen production sites, refueling stations and stationary power refueling stations and stationary power sitessites

Hydrogen has a very high energy content Hydrogen has a very high energy content by weight (3x more than gasoline) and a by weight (3x more than gasoline) and a very low energy content by volume (4x very low energy content by volume (4x less than gasoline)less than gasoline)


If the hydrogen is compressed and stored If the hydrogen is compressed and stored at room temperature under moderate at room temperature under moderate pressure, too large a fuel tank would be pressure, too large a fuel tank would be required required

Researchers are trying to find light-Researchers are trying to find light-weight, safe, composite materials that weight, safe, composite materials that can help reduce the weight and volume can help reduce the weight and volume of compressed gas storage systems of compressed gas storage systems


Liquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tank Liquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tank than gaseous hydrogen, but liquefying than gaseous hydrogen, but liquefying hydrogen is complicated and not energy hydrogen is complicated and not energy efficientefficient

Liquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive to Liquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive to heat and expands significantly when warmed heat and expands significantly when warmed by even a few degrees, thus the tank insulation by even a few degrees, thus the tank insulation required affects the weight and volume that required affects the weight and volume that can be storedcan be stored


If the hydrogen is compressed and If the hydrogen is compressed and cryogenically frozen it will take up a very cryogenically frozen it will take up a very small amount of space requiring a small amount of space requiring a smaller tank, but it must be kept smaller tank, but it must be kept supercold- around -120 to -196 degrees supercold- around -120 to -196 degrees CelsiusCelsius


Scientists are researching Materials-based Scientists are researching Materials-based storagestorage This involves tightly binding hydrogen atoms or This involves tightly binding hydrogen atoms or

molecules with other elements in a compound to molecules with other elements in a compound to store larger quantities of hydrogen in smaller store larger quantities of hydrogen in smaller volumes at low pressure near room temperaturevolumes at low pressure near room temperature

This technology is considered very promising but This technology is considered very promising but additional research is needed to overcome problems additional research is needed to overcome problems dealing with capacity, cost, life cycle impacts and dealing with capacity, cost, life cycle impacts and the uptake and release of hydrogenthe uptake and release of hydrogen


Because hydrogen is thought to be an Because hydrogen is thought to be an alternative fuel for automobiles, much of alternative fuel for automobiles, much of the research for hydrogen storage is the research for hydrogen storage is focused on onboard vehiclesfocused on onboard vehicles

Scientists are attempting to develop Scientists are attempting to develop technology that can rival the performance technology that can rival the performance and cost of gasoline fuel storage systemsand cost of gasoline fuel storage systems


Using current storage technology, in Using current storage technology, in order to place a sufficient amount of order to place a sufficient amount of hydrogen onboard a vehicle to provide hydrogen onboard a vehicle to provide 300-mile driving range the tank would be 300-mile driving range the tank would be larger that the trunk of a typical larger that the trunk of a typical automobileautomobile

This large of a tank would add to the This large of a tank would add to the overall weight of the car and reduce fuel overall weight of the car and reduce fuel economyeconomy

How can Fuel Cell How can Fuel Cell technology be used?technology be used?

TransportationTransportation Stationary Power StationsStationary Power Stations TelecommunicationsTelecommunications Micro PowerMicro Power

How can Fuel Cell technology How can Fuel Cell technology be used?be used?

TransportationTransportation All major automakers are working All major automakers are working

to commercialize a fuel cell carto commercialize a fuel cell car Automakers and experts speculate Automakers and experts speculate

that a fuel cell vehicle will be that a fuel cell vehicle will be commercialized by 2010commercialized by 2010

50 fuel cell buses are currently in 50 fuel cell buses are currently in use in North and South America, use in North and South America, Europe, Asia and AustraliaEurope, Asia and Australia

Trains, planes, boats, scooters, Trains, planes, boats, scooters, forklifts and even bicycles are forklifts and even bicycles are utilizing fuel cell technology as utilizing fuel cell technology as wellwell

How can Fuel Cell technology How can Fuel Cell technology be used? be used?

Stationary Power StationsStationary Power Stations Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have been Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have been

installed all over the world in hospitals, installed all over the world in hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, office buildings, nursing homes, hotels, office buildings, schools and utility power plantsschools and utility power plants

Most of these systems are either connected Most of these systems are either connected to the electric grid to provide supplemental to the electric grid to provide supplemental power and backup assurance or as a grid-power and backup assurance or as a grid-independent generator for locations that are independent generator for locations that are inaccessible by power linesinaccessible by power lines


TelecommunicationsTelecommunications Due to computers, the Internet and Due to computers, the Internet and

sophisticated communication networks there sophisticated communication networks there is a need for an incredibly reliable power is a need for an incredibly reliable power sourcesource

Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999% Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999% reliablereliable


Micro PowerMicro Power Consumer electronics Consumer electronics

could gain drastically could gain drastically longer battery power with longer battery power with Fuel Cell technologyFuel Cell technology

Cell phones can be Cell phones can be powered for 30 days powered for 30 days without rechargingwithout recharging

Laptops can be powered Laptops can be powered for 20 hours without for 20 hours without rechargingrecharging

What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?

Physical SecurityPhysical Security ReliabilityReliability EfficiencyEfficiency Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits Battery Replacement/AlternativeBattery Replacement/Alternative Military ApplicationsMilitary Applications


Physical SecurityPhysical Security Both central station power generation and Both central station power generation and

long distance, high voltage power grids can long distance, high voltage power grids can be terrorist targets in an attempt to cripple be terrorist targets in an attempt to cripple our energy infrastructureour energy infrastructure

Fuel Cells allow the country to discontinue Fuel Cells allow the country to discontinue reliance on these potential targetsreliance on these potential targets


ReliabilityReliability U.S. businesses lose $29 Billion a year from U.S. businesses lose $29 Billion a year from

computer failures due to power outages computer failures due to power outages More reliable power from fuel cells would More reliable power from fuel cells would

prevent loss of dollars for U.S. Businessesprevent loss of dollars for U.S. Businesses Properly configured fuel cells would result in Properly configured fuel cells would result in

less than one minute of down time in a six less than one minute of down time in a six year periodyear period


EfficiencyEfficiency Because no fuel is burned to make energy, Because no fuel is burned to make energy,

fuel cells are fundamentally more efficient fuel cells are fundamentally more efficient than combustion systemsthan combustion systems

Additionally when the heat comes off of the Additionally when the heat comes off of the fuel cell system it can be captured for fuel cell system it can be captured for beneficial purposesbeneficial purposes

This is called CogenerationThis is called Cogeneration


EfficiencyEfficiency The gasoline engine in a conventional car is less The gasoline engine in a conventional car is less

than 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy than 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy in gasoline into powerin gasoline into power

Fuel Cell motors are much more efficient and use Fuel Cell motors are much more efficient and use 40-60% of the hydrogen’s energy40-60% of the hydrogen’s energy

Fuel Cell cars would lead to a 50% reduction in fuel Fuel Cell cars would lead to a 50% reduction in fuel consumptionconsumption

Fuel Cell vehicles can be up to 3 times more Fuel Cell vehicles can be up to 3 times more efficient than internal combustion enginesefficient than internal combustion engines


EfficiencyEfficiency Fuel Cell power generation systems in Fuel Cell power generation systems in

operation today achieve 40% to 50% fuel-to-operation today achieve 40% to 50% fuel-to-electricity efficiencyelectricity efficiency

In combination with a turbine, electrical In combination with a turbine, electrical efficiencies can exceed 60%efficiencies can exceed 60%

When Cogeneration is used, fuel utilization When Cogeneration is used, fuel utilization can exceed 85%can exceed 85%


Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits Fuels cells can reduce air pollution today Fuels cells can reduce air pollution today

and offer the possibility of eliminating and offer the possibility of eliminating pollution in the futurepollution in the future


Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell Power GenerationPower Generation A fuel cell power plant may create less than A fuel cell power plant may create less than

one ounce of pollution per 1,000 kilowatt-one ounce of pollution per 1,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity producedhours of electricity produced

Conventional combustion generating Conventional combustion generating systems produce 25 pounds of pollutants for systems produce 25 pounds of pollutants for the same electricity the same electricity


Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell VehiclesVehicles Fuel Cell Vehicles with hydrogen stored on-Fuel Cell Vehicles with hydrogen stored on-

board produce ZERO POLLUTION in the board produce ZERO POLLUTION in the conventional senseconventional sense

The only byproducts of these Fuel Cell The only byproducts of these Fuel Cell vehicles are water and heatvehicles are water and heat


Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell VehiclesVehicles Fuel Cell Vehicles with a reformer on board Fuel Cell Vehicles with a reformer on board

to convert a liquid fuel to hydrogen would to convert a liquid fuel to hydrogen would produce a small amount of pollutants, but it produce a small amount of pollutants, but it would be 90% less than the pollutants would be 90% less than the pollutants produced from combustion enginesproduced from combustion engines


Battery replacement/alternativeBattery replacement/alternative Fuel Cell replacements for batteries would Fuel Cell replacements for batteries would

offer much longer operating life in a offer much longer operating life in a packaged of lighter or equal weightpackaged of lighter or equal weight

Additionally, Fuel Cell replacements would Additionally, Fuel Cell replacements would have an environmental advantage over have an environmental advantage over batteries, since certain kinds of batteries batteries, since certain kinds of batteries require special disposal treatmentrequire special disposal treatment


Military ApplicationsMilitary Applications Fuel Cell technology in the military can help Fuel Cell technology in the military can help

save lives because it reduces telltale heat save lives because it reduces telltale heat and noise in combatand noise in combat

Handheld battlefield computers can be Handheld battlefield computers can be powered for 10 times longer with Fuel Cell powered for 10 times longer with Fuel Cell power meaning soldiers could rely on their power meaning soldiers could rely on their computers in the field for longer periods of computers in the field for longer periods of timetime

Challenges to Fuel Cell Challenges to Fuel Cell TechnologyTechnology

CostCost The cost of fuel cells must be reduced to The cost of fuel cells must be reduced to

compete with conventional technologiescompete with conventional technologies Conventional internal combustion engines Conventional internal combustion engines

cost $25-$35/kW; a fuel cell system would cost $25-$35/kW; a fuel cell system would need to cost $30/kW to be competitiveneed to cost $30/kW to be competitive

Challenges to Fuel Cell Challenges to Fuel Cell Technology Technology

Durability and ReliabilityDurability and Reliability Durability of fuel cell systems have not yet been Durability of fuel cell systems have not yet been

adequately establishedadequately established The durability standard for automobiles is The durability standard for automobiles is

approximately 150,000 miles and the ability to approximately 150,000 miles and the ability to function under normal vehicle operating conditionsfunction under normal vehicle operating conditions

For stationary systems 40,000 hours of reliable For stationary systems 40,000 hours of reliable operation in a temperature range of -35 degree operation in a temperature range of -35 degree Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius will be required for Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius will be required for market acceptancemarket acceptance

Challenges to Fuel Cell Challenges to Fuel Cell TechnologyTechnology

System SizeSystem Size The size and weight of current fuel cell The size and weight of current fuel cell

systems must be reduced to attain market systems must be reduced to attain market acceptance, especially with automobilesacceptance, especially with automobiles

Legal EnvironmentLegal Environment

Legal EnvironmentLegal Environment Current LawCurrent Law

Federal and StateFederal and State IncentivesIncentives

Federal and StateFederal and State Proposed LegislationProposed Legislation

FederalFederal Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards Administrative Agency Treatment Administrative Agency Treatment

Legal EnvironmentLegal Environment

NormsNorms

Architecture Technology LawArchitecture Technology Law

MarketMarket

I.I. CURRENT LAWCURRENT LAWFederalFederal

Energy Policy Act of 2005Energy Policy Act of 2005 Things to keep in mind:Things to keep in mind:

In many cases, the provisions require further rulemaking by the In many cases, the provisions require further rulemaking by the appropriate agencies (IRS, DOE, EPA, DOT, etc.) appropriate agencies (IRS, DOE, EPA, DOT, etc.)

In some instances, the funds must still be appropriated through a In some instances, the funds must still be appropriated through a separate federal budgeting process separate federal budgeting process

The authorized funding listed indicates ceiling amounts that The authorized funding listed indicates ceiling amounts that federal agencies may request for the defined activity federal agencies may request for the defined activity

$1.3 billion tax reductions for alternative motor vehicles and fuels $1.3 billion tax reductions for alternative motor vehicles and fuels (hydrogen, ethanol, methane, liquified natural gas, propane) (hydrogen, ethanol, methane, liquified natural gas, propane)

EPAct § 703: Alternative Compliance for State EPAct § 703: Alternative Compliance for State and Alternative Fuel Provider Fleetsand Alternative Fuel Provider Fleets Requires certain fleets to acquire a percentage of AFVs Requires certain fleets to acquire a percentage of AFVs

each yeareach year New section provides for waiver of AFV acquisition if a New section provides for waiver of AFV acquisition if a

petroleum reduction plan is implemented; fuel cell vehicles petroleum reduction plan is implemented; fuel cell vehicles could helpcould help

“Fleet must demonstrate an annual petroleum reduction equal to the amount of petroleum it would have reduced if the fleet’s required AFVs acquired in earlier years and other AFVs for which a waiver is requested operated on alternative fuel 100% of the time”

Energy Policy Act of 2005Energy Policy Act of 2005Programs Connected with Fuel CellsPrograms Connected with Fuel Cells


EPAct §§ 721-723: Advanced Vehicles EPAct §§ 721-723: Advanced Vehicles Demonstration and Pilot ProgramDemonstration and Pilot Program

Establishes a competitive grant program, Establishes a competitive grant program, administered by Clean Cities, to fund up to 30 administered by Clean Cities, to fund up to 30 geographically dispersed advanced vehicle geographically dispersed advanced vehicle demonstration projects. demonstration projects.

EPAct 2005 authorizes $200 million (until EPAct 2005 authorizes $200 million (until expended) for this program.expended) for this program.


EPAct § 743: Fuel Cell School BusesEPAct § 743: Fuel Cell School Buses Establishes a DOE demonstration program involving Establishes a DOE demonstration program involving

fuel cell school bus manufacturers and at least two fuel cell school bus manufacturers and at least two units of local government currently using natural gas units of local government currently using natural gas school buses. school buses.

The non-federal cost share will be at least 20% of The non-federal cost share will be at least 20% of infrastructure and 50% of vehicles. EPAct 2005 infrastructure and 50% of vehicles. EPAct 2005 authorizes $25 million for fiscal years 2006-2009.authorizes $25 million for fiscal years 2006-2009.


EPAct § 773: Study of Reducing Use of Fuel EPAct § 773: Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for Automobilesfor Automobiles

Directs NHTSA to study feasibility and effects of Directs NHTSA to study feasibility and effects of significantly reducing petroleum consumed by significantly reducing petroleum consumed by automobiles by model year 2014 automobiles by model year 2014

Potential impacts fuel cell vehicles can make towards Potential impacts fuel cell vehicles can make towards petroleum reduction petroleum reduction

EPAct § 773: Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for EPAct § 773: Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for AutomobilesAutomobiles ““Regarding hydrogen fuel cell technologies, NAS noted Regarding hydrogen fuel cell technologies, NAS noted

their steady stream of progress and their promise for their steady stream of progress and their promise for providing improved fuel economy and reduced providing improved fuel economy and reduced emissions. However, such vehicles continue to face emissions. However, such vehicles continue to face significant technological, economic, and fueling significant technological, economic, and fueling infrastructure barriers” infrastructure barriers”

Viewed as “long-range breakthrough technology”Viewed as “long-range breakthrough technology”


EPAct § 782: Federal and State Procurement of EPAct § 782: Federal and State Procurement of Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Energy SystemsFuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Energy Systems Requires federal fleets to begin leasing or purchasing fuel Requires federal fleets to begin leasing or purchasing fuel

cell vehicles and hydrogen energy systems no later than cell vehicles and hydrogen energy systems no later than January 1, 2010 January 1, 2010

DOE shall provide incremental cost funding and DOE shall provide incremental cost funding and exemptions if the vehicles are not available or appropriate exemptions if the vehicles are not available or appropriate for fleet needs for fleet needs

EPAct 2005 authorizes $15 million 2008, $25 million in EPAct 2005 authorizes $15 million 2008, $25 million in 2009, $65 million in 2010, and such sums as are 2009, $65 million in 2010, and such sums as are necessary each year in 2011-2015 necessary each year in 2011-2015



EPAct § 1341: Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit EPAct § 1341: Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit and Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Creditand Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Credit

AMV tax credit equals 50% of the incremental cost of AMV tax credit equals 50% of the incremental cost of AFV (fuel cell included), plus an additional 30% of the AFV (fuel cell included), plus an additional 30% of the incremental cost for AFVs with near-zero emissionsincremental cost for AFVs with near-zero emissions

Purchasers can receive up to a $40,000 credit Purchasers can receive up to a $40,000 credit depending on GVWRdepending on GVWR

Typical passenger vehicles can receive up to $5000 Typical passenger vehicles can receive up to $5000 creditcredit

EPAct § 1341: Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit EPAct § 1341: Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit and Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Creditand Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Credit FCMV credit provides a base tax credit of $8,000 for the FCMV credit provides a base tax credit of $8,000 for the

purchase of light-duty fuel cell vehicles (< 8,501 lb purchase of light-duty fuel cell vehicles (< 8,501 lb GVWR). The $8,000 credit is valid until December 31, GVWR). The $8,000 credit is valid until December 31, 2009. After that, the credit is $4,0002009. After that, the credit is $4,000

Also available for medium and heavy-duty fuel cell Also available for medium and heavy-duty fuel cell vehiclesvehicles

For tax-exempt purchasers, credit can be passed back to For tax-exempt purchasers, credit can be passed back to sellerseller



EPAct § 1342: Alternative Fuel Infrastructure EPAct § 1342: Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax CreditTax Credit

Provides a tax credit equal to 30% of the cost of Provides a tax credit equal to 30% of the cost of alternative refueling property, up to $30,000 for alternative refueling property, up to $30,000 for business property; includes hydrogen and credit can be business property; includes hydrogen and credit can be passed back to sellerpassed back to seller

Buyers of residential refueling equipment can receive Buyers of residential refueling equipment can receive $1,000 credit$1,000 credit

Expires in 2009, except for hydrogen (2014)Expires in 2009, except for hydrogen (2014)


EPAct § 1825: Fuel Cell and Hydrogen EPAct § 1825: Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology StudyTechnology Study Directs DOE to enter into contract with the NAS and Directs DOE to enter into contract with the NAS and

National Research Council to carry out a study that National Research Council to carry out a study that provides a budget roadmap for fuel cell technologiesprovides a budget roadmap for fuel cell technologies

and the transition from petroleum to hydrogen in a and the transition from petroleum to hydrogen in a significant percentage of vehicles sold by 2020significant percentage of vehicles sold by 2020

§ 783 Federal Procurement of Stationary, § 783 Federal Procurement of Stationary, Portable, and Micro Fuel CellsPortable, and Micro Fuel Cells to stimulate acceptance by the market of stationary, to stimulate acceptance by the market of stationary,

portable, and micro fuel cells; andportable, and micro fuel cells; and

to support development of technologies relating to to support development of technologies relating to stationary, portable, and micro fuel cells.stationary, portable, and micro fuel cells.



There are also more programs in EPAct 2005 There are also more programs in EPAct 2005 that directly or indirectly implicate fuel cell that directly or indirectly implicate fuel cell technologytechnology

Title VIII is all about hydrogen, includingTitle VIII is all about hydrogen, including appropriationsappropriations codes and standardscodes and standards task forcetask force

Title XVI is about climate changeTitle XVI is about climate change

Clean Air ActClean Air Act Programs Connected with Fuel CellsPrograms Connected with Fuel Cells

Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C §§ 7401 to 7671q)Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C §§ 7401 to 7671q) 1990 Amendments include provisions to encourage or 1990 Amendments include provisions to encourage or

mandate the use of alternative fuels and clean fuel mandate the use of alternative fuels and clean fuel vehicles.vehicles.

CAA § 211 (42 U.S.C. § 7545) Emission Standards for CAA § 211 (42 U.S.C. § 7545) Emission Standards for moving Sourcesmoving Sources

CAA §§ 241-250 (42 U.S.C §§ 7581-7590) Clean Fuel CAA §§ 241-250 (42 U.S.C §§ 7581-7590) Clean Fuel VehiclesVehicles

clean alternative fuels include hydrogenclean alternative fuels include hydrogen

clean-fuel vehicles in light-duty, heavy duty, fleet, federal agency clean-fuel vehicles in light-duty, heavy duty, fleet, federal agency fleetfleet

Select State LawSelect State Law

State law covers fuel cells indirectly State law covers fuel cells indirectly through:through: Acquisition requirementsAcquisition requirements Fuel taxesFuel taxes Fuel production standardsFuel production standards Energy-based economic development plansEnergy-based economic development plans

II. IncentivesII. Incentives Federal IncentivesFederal Incentives

Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Efficiency Improvement GrantsEfficiency Improvement Grants USDA made $22.8 million available for the purchase USDA made $22.8 million available for the purchase

of renewable energy systems and energy of renewable energy systems and energy improvements for agricultural producers and small improvements for agricultural producers and small rural businessesrural businesses

Eligible projects include biofuels, hydrogen, and Eligible projects include biofuels, hydrogen, and energy efficiency improvements, as well as solar, energy efficiency improvements, as well as solar, geothermal, and windgeothermal, and wind

Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax CreditAlternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit 05/06: IRS established a form which provides the 05/06: IRS established a form which provides the

mechanism to claim the credit on as many properties mechanism to claim the credit on as many properties as developedas developed

Alternative Motor Vehicle CreditAlternative Motor Vehicle Credit 01/06: IRS established procedures for manufacturers 01/06: IRS established procedures for manufacturers

to certify to the IRS that a vehicle meets requirements to certify to the IRS that a vehicle meets requirements to claim the credit and the amount of the credit for to claim the credit and the amount of the credit for which the vehicle is eligiblewhich the vehicle is eligible

II. IncentivesII. Incentives

Federal IncentivesFederal Incentives

Qualified Alternative Fuel Motor Vehicle CreditQualified Alternative Fuel Motor Vehicle Credit 06/06: IRS extends credit to converted vehicles when 06/06: IRS extends credit to converted vehicles when

the conversion system manufacturer has received a the conversion system manufacturer has received a certificate of conformity from the EPA or California Air certificate of conformity from the EPA or California Air Resources Board. Resources Board.

Also establishes that manufacturers (conversion system Also establishes that manufacturers (conversion system installers) must provide certification to the IRS that a installers) must provide certification to the IRS that a vehicle is eligible for a tax credit.vehicle is eligible for a tax credit.

Select State IncentivesSelect State Incentives

Last year: 25 incentives from 15 Last year: 25 incentives from 15 states and D.C.states and D.C.

Many relate to low or zero emission Many relate to low or zero emission vehicle tax credits and alternative fuel vehicle tax credits and alternative fuel tax exemptionstax exemptions

Today: 222 incentives from 47 states Today: 222 incentives from 47 states and D.C.and D.C.

Same focusSame focus

Select State IncentivesSelect State IncentivesCaliforniaCalifornia

AFV Parking Incentives in L.A. (pilot program)AFV Parking Incentives in L.A. (pilot program) Free meter parking for select AFVsFree meter parking for select AFVs Display stickerDisplay sticker Must obey all other parking lawsMust obey all other parking laws

Alternative Fuel Incentive Alternative Fuel Incentive DevelopmentDevelopment Allocating $25 million in incentives for:Allocating $25 million in incentives for:

Projects that promote high-Projects that promote high-efficiency alternative fuel fleet efficiency alternative fuel fleet vehiclesvehicles

the construction of both publicly the construction of both publicly accessible alternative fuel retail accessible alternative fuel retail refueling stations and fleet refueling stations and fleet refueling facilitiesrefueling facilities

production incentives for production incentives for alternative fuel production in alternative fuel production in CaliforniaCalifornia



Hydrogen Energy PlanHydrogen Energy Plan ““California Hydrogen Highway Network”California Hydrogen Highway Network” Commitment by 2010 toCommitment by 2010 to Build a network of hydrogen refueling stationsBuild a network of hydrogen refueling stations Ensure that hydrogen vehicles are Ensure that hydrogen vehicles are

commercially available for purchasecommercially available for purchase Incorporate hydrogen vehicles into the state Incorporate hydrogen vehicles into the state

fleetfleet Develop safety standards for hydrogen Develop safety standards for hydrogen

refueling stations and vehicles, andrefueling stations and vehicles, and Establish incentives to encourage the use of Establish incentives to encourage the use of

hydrogen vehicles and development of hydrogen vehicles and development of renewable sources of energy for hydrogen renewable sources of energy for hydrogen

productionproduction


Hydrogen SpecificationsHydrogen Specifications

By January 1, 2008, the Department of Food and By January 1, 2008, the Department of Food and Agriculture and State Air Resources Board, are required Agriculture and State Air Resources Board, are required to establish specifications for hydrogen fuels for use in to establish specifications for hydrogen fuels for use in internal combustion engines and fuel cells in motor internal combustion engines and fuel cells in motor vehiclesvehicles

Until ANSI formally adopts standards for hydrogen fuelsUntil ANSI formally adopts standards for hydrogen fuels

Carl Moyer Memorial Air Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards AttainmentQuality Standards Attainment

funding for the incremental cost of funding for the incremental cost of purchasing cleaner than required purchasing cleaner than required on-road, off-road, marine, on-road, off-road, marine, locomotive and agricultural locomotive and agricultural engines, as well as forklifts, airport engines, as well as forklifts, airport ground support equipment, and ground support equipment, and auxiliary power unitsauxiliary power units


Select State IncentivesSelect State Incentives

Illinois Illinois Alternate Fuels Rebate Program Alternate Fuels Rebate Program

Provides a rebate for 80% of the incremental cost Provides a rebate for 80% of the incremental cost of purchasing an AFV (up to $4,000), of purchasing an AFV (up to $4,000),

80% of the cost of federally certified alternative 80% of the cost of federally certified alternative fuel vehicle conversions (up to $4,000), and fuel vehicle conversions (up to $4,000), and

the incremental cost of purchasing alternative the incremental cost of purchasing alternative fuels fuels

Includes hydrogen, but the focus is clearly on Includes hydrogen, but the focus is clearly on E85 and biodieselE85 and biodiesel

Select State IncentivesSelect State Incentives North DakotaNorth Dakota

Hydrogen to power a fuel cell is exempt from sales tax Hydrogen to power a fuel cell is exempt from sales tax through 06/10through 06/10

OklahomaOklahoma Alternative Fuel Vehicle Technician TrainingAlternative Fuel Vehicle Technician Training

Regulates the training, testing, and certification of technicians Regulates the training, testing, and certification of technicians who install, modify, repair, or renovate equipment used in the who install, modify, repair, or renovate equipment used in the fueling of AFVs and the conversion of any engines to alternative fueling of AFVs and the conversion of any engines to alternative fueled engines fueled engines

ArkansasArkansas Fuel Cell Income Tax CreditFuel Cell Income Tax Credit

Credit for 50% of the amount spent on a facility that produces Credit for 50% of the amount spent on a facility that produces fuel cellsfuel cells

Federal House and Senate proposalsFederal House and Senate proposals Currently 26 bills containing reference to fuel Currently 26 bills containing reference to fuel

cellscells Many tax incentives and incentive extendersMany tax incentives and incentive extenders Focus largely on petroleum dependenceFocus largely on petroleum dependence National securityNational security

III. Proposed LegislationIII. Proposed Legislation

American Automobile Industry Promotion Act (S. 1055, American Automobile Industry Promotion Act (S. 1055, H.R. 1915H.R. 1915) 3/29/07, 4/18/07) 3/29/07, 4/18/07 comprehensive development and commercialization of diverse comprehensive development and commercialization of diverse

electric drive transportation technologies;electric drive transportation technologies;

public investments to help expand innovation, industrial growth, and public investments to help expand innovation, industrial growth, and jobs in the United States;jobs in the United States;

expand existing electric infrastructure to accelerate the widespread expand existing electric infrastructure to accelerate the widespread commercialization of plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles; commercialization of plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles;

to improve the energy efficiency of and reduce the petroleum use in to improve the energy efficiency of and reduce the petroleum use in transportationtransportation

Federal House & Senate ProposalsFederal House & Senate Proposals

Federal House & Senate ProposalsFederal House & Senate Proposals Securing America's Energy Independence Act of 2007 Securing America's Energy Independence Act of 2007

(H.R. 550, S. 590) 1/18/07, 2/14/07(H.R. 550, S. 590) 1/18/07, 2/14/07 Amends tax code to extend the investment tax credit with respect to Amends tax code to extend the investment tax credit with respect to

qualified fuel cell property. Same as Senate billqualified fuel cell property. Same as Senate bill

Extends from 2008 to 2016 for qualified fuel cell properties:Extends from 2008 to 2016 for qualified fuel cell properties: Investment tax credit, residential credit up to $500, 3-year Investment tax credit, residential credit up to $500, 3-year

accelerated depreciation periodaccelerated depreciation period

Clean and Green Renewable Energy Tax Credit (H.R. Clean and Green Renewable Energy Tax Credit (H.R. 1596) 3/20/071596) 3/20/07

Would extend the investment tax credit to 2030Would extend the investment tax credit to 2030

Federal House & Senate ProposalsFederal House & Senate Proposals DRIVE ACT (Dependence Reduction through DRIVE ACT (Dependence Reduction through

Innovation in Vehicles and Energy Act) (S. 339, H.R. Innovation in Vehicles and Energy Act) (S. 339, H.R. 670) 1/18/07, 1/24/07670) 1/18/07, 1/24/07

Accelerated market penetration of advanced technology vehicles Accelerated market penetration of advanced technology vehicles and other oil saving technologies, efficient transportation and clean and other oil saving technologies, efficient transportation and clean alternative fuelsalternative fuels

maintains a policy of fuel neutralitymaintains a policy of fuel neutrality

Financial incentives to encourage production and consumer Financial incentives to encourage production and consumer purchase of oil saving technologies and fuelspurchase of oil saving technologies and fuels

Promote a nationwide diversity of clean alternative motor vehicle Promote a nationwide diversity of clean alternative motor vehicle fuels and advanced motor vehicle technologyfuels and advanced motor vehicle technology

Federal House & Senate ProposalsFederal House & Senate Proposals

H-Prize Act of 2007 (S. 365, H.R. 632) 1/23/07H-Prize Act of 2007 (S. 365, H.R. 632) 1/23/07 Authorizes the Secretary of Energy to establish monetary prizes Authorizes the Secretary of Energy to establish monetary prizes

for achievements in overcoming scientific and technical barriers for achievements in overcoming scientific and technical barriers associated with hydrogen energyassociated with hydrogen energy

Hydrogen production, distribution, storage, and utilization: Hydrogen production, distribution, storage, and utilization: $1,000,000$1,000,000

Prototypes of hydrogen-powered vehicles or other hydrogen-Prototypes of hydrogen-powered vehicles or other hydrogen-based products: $4,000,000based products: $4,000,000

Transformational changes in technologies for the distribution or Transformational changes in technologies for the distribution or production of hydrogen that meet or exceed far-reaching objective production of hydrogen that meet or exceed far-reaching objective criteria: $10,000,000 criteria: $10,000,000

Federal House & Senate ProposalsFederal House & Senate Proposals Global Warming Reduction Act of 2007 (S. 485) 2/1/07Global Warming Reduction Act of 2007 (S. 485) 2/1/07

Takes a global warming focus, rather than petroleum reduction or Takes a global warming focus, rather than petroleum reduction or national securitynational security

Comprehensive global warming pollution reductionsComprehensive global warming pollution reductions Tax incentives for advanced technology vehiclesTax incentives for advanced technology vehicles International and corporate obligationsInternational and corporate obligations National Climate Change Vulnerability and Resilience ProgramNational Climate Change Vulnerability and Resilience Program

Energy efficiency performance standards for stationary fuel cells- Energy efficiency performance standards for stationary fuel cells- “electricity savings” “electricity savings”

Fuel cell vehicles included in tax incentivesFuel cell vehicles included in tax incentives

Vulnerability scorecardVulnerability scorecard

IV. Codes & StandardsIV. Codes & Standards Multitude of fuel cell infrastructure codes and Multitude of fuel cell infrastructure codes and

standards in United States and Internationally standards in United States and Internationally from:from:

ISO, SAE, UL, CSA, and othersISO, SAE, UL, CSA, and others System design and power systemsSystem design and power systems VehiclesVehicles Fuels, fuel tanks, and dispensingFuels, fuel tanks, and dispensing Operating instructions and safetyOperating instructions and safety Testing and evaluationTesting and evaluation

Will ANSI develop? Will ANSI develop?

Administrative Agency ProgramsAdministrative Agency Programs

Department of TransportationDepartment of Transportation Department of EnergyDepartment of Energy Environmental Protection AgencyEnvironmental Protection Agency

Department of TransportationDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AgencyFederal Transit Agency

FTA Fuel Cell Transit BusFTA Fuel Cell Transit Bus Georgetown Fuel Cell Transit Bus ProgramGeorgetown Fuel Cell Transit Bus Program

Began the logical transit connection in 1994Began the logical transit connection in 1994 Generation II buses in 1998 and 2001Generation II buses in 1998 and 2001 Generation III bus program development began in 2006Generation III bus program development began in 2006

Demonstrate 3 hydrogen fuel cell buses in ChicagoDemonstrate 3 hydrogen fuel cell buses in Chicago Demonstrate 3 different types of fuel cell buses at SunLine TransitDemonstrate 3 different types of fuel cell buses at SunLine Transit

Department of TransportationDepartment of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Conduct fuel cell vehicle testing to identify potential Conduct fuel cell vehicle testing to identify potential failure modes of a high pressure compressed hydrogen failure modes of a high pressure compressed hydrogen storage systemstorage system

Develop a fuel cell vehicle and electrical isolation test Develop a fuel cell vehicle and electrical isolation test procedure procedure

Conduct container integrity testingConduct container integrity testing

Conduct a comparative analysis/evaluation of existing Conduct a comparative analysis/evaluation of existing and proposed regulations and standards on hydrogen and proposed regulations and standards on hydrogen container integrity, general fuel cell vehicle safety, and container integrity, general fuel cell vehicle safety, and vehicle crash safetyvehicle crash safety

Department of EnergyDepartment of Energy Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies

ProgramProgram Development of next generation technologies, Development of next generation technologies, Establishment of an education campaign that Establishment of an education campaign that

communicates potential benefits, and communicates potential benefits, and Better integration of subprograms in hydrogen, fuel cells, Better integration of subprograms in hydrogen, fuel cells,

and distributed energy and distributed energy Lead Federal agency for directing and integrating activities Lead Federal agency for directing and integrating activities

in hydrogen and fuel cell R&D, and is responsible for in hydrogen and fuel cell R&D, and is responsible for coordinating the R&D activities for DOE's Hydrogen coordinating the R&D activities for DOE's Hydrogen ProgramProgram

Department of EnergyDepartment of Energy FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies ProgramFreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program

The long-term aim is to develop "leap frog" technologies The long-term aim is to develop "leap frog" technologies that will provide Americans with greater freedom of that will provide Americans with greater freedom of mobility and energy security, while lowering costs and mobility and energy security, while lowering costs and reducing impacts on the environmentreducing impacts on the environment

Examines need and risk of research in Hydrogen Fuel Examines need and risk of research in Hydrogen Fuel Development in the automotive industry Development in the automotive industry

Wants consumers to have variety/choice – what, where, Wants consumers to have variety/choice – what, where, how they drivehow they drive

George W. BushGeorge W. Bush President’s “Hydrogen Fuel President’s “Hydrogen Fuel

Initiative” collaborates with Initiative” collaborates with DOE’s FreedomCAR, the Big DOE’s FreedomCAR, the Big Three, and the US Counsel for Three, and the US Counsel for Automotive Research – boasts Automotive Research – boasts that it will speed up broad that it will speed up broad commercialization from 2030 to commercialization from 2030 to 2015. 2015.

““Tonight I am proposing 1.2 Tonight I am proposing 1.2 Billion in research funding…so Billion in research funding…so that the first car driven by a child that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by born today could be powered by hydrogen…” -State of the Union hydrogen…” -State of the Union Address, January 2003Address, January 2003

http://fr3der1ck.com/uploaded_images/george_w_bush-732501.jpg

Department of EnergyDepartment of Energy Clean Cities programClean Cities program

Works with volunteer, public, and private organizations Works with volunteer, public, and private organizations to support localities that decrease petroleum useto support localities that decrease petroleum use Collaborate on public policy issuesCollaborate on public policy issues

Network of more than 80 volunteer coalitionsNetwork of more than 80 volunteer coalitions Transportation corridorsTransportation corridors

North Central E85 Transportation Corridor (NCETC) - (I-90, I-North Central E85 Transportation Corridor (NCETC) - (I-90, I-94, I-90/94, I-39, I-55, I-80/94, and Michigan Highway 96)94, I-90/94, I-39, I-55, I-80/94, and Michigan Highway 96)

Environmental Protection Environmental Protection AgencyAgency

National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions LaboratoryNational Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory The only federal facility capable of running official The only federal facility capable of running official

tests on fuel cell vehiclestests on fuel cell vehicles Contains hydrogen station for fuel cell vehiclesContains hydrogen station for fuel cell vehicles

Environmental Protection Environmental Protection AgencyAgency

EPA, Chrysler, and UPS collaborated to create EPA, Chrysler, and UPS collaborated to create emission-free delivery trucksemission-free delivery trucks Joint paper in 2006 detailing the results of the programJoint paper in 2006 detailing the results of the program Despite frequent failures in the fueling station system Despite frequent failures in the fueling station system

and cold weather, the program was a successand cold weather, the program was a success

Limitations Imposed by Law Limitations Imposed by Law and Regulation?and Regulation?

Few Limitations – Lawmakers and Few Limitations – Lawmakers and agencies are more concerned with agencies are more concerned with growth of the technologygrowth of the technology Environmentally - cleanerEnvironmentally - cleaner Economically – potentially cheaper, Economically – potentially cheaper,

renewablerenewable National Security – curb America’s National Security – curb America’s

dependence on petroleumdependence on petroleum

ConclusionConclusion Promising technologyPromising technology Most viable for niche market use in the Most viable for niche market use in the

near futurenear future Widespread marketplace acceptance and Widespread marketplace acceptance and

use is still many years awayuse is still many years away