Top Banner
vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution essentially would be impossible if bones were eliminated as a source of data. In summary, the answer is that bones often survive the process of decay and provide the main evidence for the human form after death. Skeletal evidence also has the potential to provide information on prehistoric customs and diseases. From: "Human Osteology - A laboratory and Field Manual" 3rd Edition, 1987
76

Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Mar 26, 2015

Download

Documents

Sofia Barrett
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain

much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his

environment. The study of evolution essentially would be impossible if

bones were eliminated as a source of data. In summary, the answer is that bones often survive the process of

decay and provide the main evidence for the human form after death. Skeletal evidence also has the

potential to provide information on prehistoric customs and diseases.

From: "Human Osteology - A laboratory and Field

Manual" 3rd Edition, 1987

Page 2: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/osteo/forensics/

Page 3: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

                      Forensic Forensic

AnthropologyAnthropology

Chapter 18Chapter 18

Page 4: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Forensic Anthropology: -is the application of anthropological knowledge and techniques in a legal context. -This involves detailed knowledge of osteology (skeletal anatomy and biology) to aid in the identification and cause of death of skeletal remains, as well as the recovery of remains using archaeological techniques.

Used to: ????

“Anthropology is the study of humankind, culturally and physically,

in all times and places.”

Page 5: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Forensic Anthropology:

first determine if the remains are in fact human. determine the genderapproximate age physical staturelikely racial affiliation approximate time since death, likely cause of death illnesses or wounds suffered in life. Taphonomy, study of decay

This information can then be used to help identify the remains.

http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/osteo/forensics/

Used to:1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.

Page 6: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

In humans, locomotion involves the interaction of:

1. Bones 2. Cartilage 3. Muscles 4. Tendons 5. Ligaments

Page 7: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Skull

Sternum

Ribs

Vertebral column

Metatarsals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

RadiusPelvisUlnaCarpals

Femur

Patella

Fibula

TibiaTarsals

Phalanges

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

The Skeletal system

Page 8: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Why study bones?

Page 9: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

1. They constitute the evidence for the study of fossil man.

2. They are the basis of racial classification in prehistory.

3. They are the means of biological comparison of prehistoric peoples with the present living descendents.

4. They bear witness to burial patterns and thus give evidence for the culture and world view of the people studied.

5. They form the major source of information on ancient diseases and often give clues as to the causes of death.

6. Their identification often helps solve forensic cases.

Page 10: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Objective: You will be able to discuss the impacts each scientist had on developing the field of forensics.  Do Now:• Read p. 2-3 (history and development of forensic

science).• List the names of former forensic scientists on p.

3. Leave space between each.

Page 11: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

1a. Sex Determination

Page 12: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 13: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 14: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 15: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Male pelvis from female:1. spread of ilium: female more flared

and cradle-like with anterior iliac spines farther apart vs. more straight “up-and-down” in male

2. shape of hole in ischium: smaller and triangular in female vs. larger and rounded in male Shape of the Obturator Foramen,

3. angle across pubic symphysis = pubic arch: less than 90° (acute angle) and more sharply angled in male, greater than 90° (obtuse angle) and more rounded in female

4. inner diameter and distance between ischia larger in female--big enough for head of baby to pass through

Page 16: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Obturator Foramen

Page 17: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 18: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Female Male

Page 19: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Female Male

Page 20: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Objective: You will be able to explain how bones can help determine age and sex.

Do Now:• Read p. 18-19 (Forensic anthropology)• Give all the information that a forensic

anthropologists can infer from analyzing bones

Page 21: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

1b. Age Determination

1. Skull - gross 2. Deciduous dentition 3. Long bone ossification 4. Subadult vertebra

Page 22: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

The Calvarium

• The calvaria (or calva, skullcap) is the upper part of the cranium and surrounds the cranial cavity containing the brain. It is formed by the following bones:

• frontal bone • parietal bones (two) • temporal bones (two) • occipital bone

Page 23: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

The Calvarium

• 1 = coronal suture

• 2 = sagittal suture

• 3 = lambdoid suture

Page 24: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

0-5 years Calvarium

Page 25: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Development

Page 26: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Aged 31 weeks, 32 weeks, and 40 weeks• Notice, apart from the difference in size, how the

fontanels (the soft spots that ultimately become the sutures, or fixed joints between the bones in the skull) change over time, gradually becoming smaller. 

Page 27: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

  Take the following two images, and try to figure out the approximate age of the bottom image

Page 28: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

If you had a hard time, perhaps it is due to the fact that the 2nd image was of . . . a

chimpanzee skull!  In the same way, bear claws are often

confused with human hands.  Can you tell which is which?:

Page 29: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 30: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 31: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Dentition 0-5 years

Page 32: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 33: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 34: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 35: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

1c. Determination Stature

Page 36: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

1d. Identity Determination

Page 37: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

1d. Identity Determination

The head of the humerus and glenoid cavity shown in this photograph were in complete

contact for many years prior to this individual's death. The surfaces are smooth and shiny, indicating that the joint capsule and cartilage had worn away, allowing bone on bone

contact in the cavity.

Page 38: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

2. Race

Human Biological Variation

"...it is clear that race does mean different things to different people. In the context of forensic

anthropology, the term race is unambiguous." - Stan Rhine, PhD

                        

American Negroid

                          

American Indian

                        

Caucasoid

Page 39: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

2. Race

Human Biological Variation

Skull can be divided into 4 main human races: Caucasoid Negroid Mongoloid Australoid

Caucasoid further divisible into Northern European (Nordic) Central European (Alpine) Southern European (Mediterranean)                         

American Negroid

                          

American Indian

                        

Caucasoid

http://www.theoryofuniverse.com/man/races/races-skulls.htm

http://homepage.mac.com/wis/Personal/lectures/evolutionary-anatomy/Analysing%20Human%20Remains.pdf

Page 40: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 41: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

2.Race Determination• The metopic suture is generally a Caucasoid trait. This suture is present

in the fetus as the cranial bones are forming.

Page 42: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Native American Australian Aborigine Male European Male

Asian Male African Male

Page 43: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

• These two mandibles are compared for the extent of ramus inversion.

• Negroids exhibit moderate to pronounced inversion in the area midway up the posterior edge of the ramus.

• Caucasoids and Mongoloids show little or no inversion.

Page 44: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Caucasian Skull

Page 45: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Negroid skull

Page 46: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

3. Pathology

Page 47: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Adult's Wrist and Hand

• The white lines shown at the end (epiphysis) of the long bones.

• These areas, called the epiphyseal lines, form when the growth plates turn to bone.

Page 48: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Child's Wrist and Hand

• The clear lines at the end (epiphysis) of the long bones.

• These areas, which are made of cartilage, are the epiphyseal plates, where growth occurs.

Page 49: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

In an adult hand (i.e., by the early to mid twenties)the growth plate has completely ossified (turned to bone).  At that point, the bones stop growing.  On the x-ray,

these epiphyseal lines will appear as white lines in the same location as the plates were in the child's x-ray

Page 50: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Sternal Defect Scoliosis

Page 51: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

4. Trauma/wounds

Page 52: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Machete Wounds, African Male

Page 53: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Hammer Wounds

Broad Axe Trauma,Broad Axe Trauma,Male Spanish Conquistador, Male Spanish Conquistador,

1680 AD1680 AD

Page 54: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

GSWs, or gun shot wounds, leave tell-tale signs on the skull:

Page 55: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Large Caliber GSW

Page 56: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Note the fact that the rib started to grow

around the .22 caliber bullet. • That's antemoretem!

Page 57: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Reconstruction of the face from the bones of a skull.

Page 58: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Entrance

Page 59: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Exitwound

Page 60: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Inward slant is characteristic of entrance wounds

Page 61: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Arrow pointing to entrance, the exit

is closest

Page 62: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Close range gunshot leaves powder burns

Page 63: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Copper stain (b)

Page 64: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

5. Taphonomy:from the Greek taphos (death),

• Study of what happens to an organism after its death and until its discovery as a fossil.

• This includes decomposition, post-mortem transport, burial, compaction, and other chemical, biologic, or physical activity which affects the remains (bones) of the organism

• Adipocere• Burning• Carnivore• Insects • Natural mummification• Faunal

Page 65: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

5. Taphonomy:

Page 66: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

5. Taphonomy: Adipocere

•Bodies deposited in unoxygenated, wet environments often retain fatty tissues in the form of Adipocere. •The hydrolysis of fatty acids produces the waxy substance which may may leave the body in a state of preservation for many decades. •Organs such as the eyes, brain and subcutaneous adipose tissue in the face have decomposed into adipocere in this example.

Page 67: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

5. Taphonomy: Carnivore

• This is a full view of the damaged femur. Notice how the ends seem to be the preferred part of the bone.

Page 68: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

5. Taphonomy: Faunal

• archaeological faunal analysis is determining the origins of bone.

Page 69: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

• This individual was identified when it was found that the amalgam found in her dental work came from only a handful of places along east coast.

Page 70: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Dentition: the study of tooth remains

In an adult human there are 32 teeth.

On each side of upper and lower jaw (a quadrant) there are 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars and 2 or 3 molars (depending of wisdom teeth).

In children there are 20 teeth. The breakdown is 2 incisors, 1 canine and 2 molars in each quadrant.

Page 71: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

Paleopathology

1. Congenital Defects (need content) 2. Infectious Disease (need content) 3. Metabolic Defects (need content) 4. Nutritional Deficiencies (need content) 5. Artificial Deformation (in progress) 6. Fractures (in progress) 7. Blunt and Sharp force injury (in progress) 8. Markers of Occupational stress (need conte

nt)

Page 72: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.

FINIS’

• Special thanks to• http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/forensics/11-forensic

_anthropology/skeleton_evidence.htm

Page 73: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 75: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.
Page 76: Bones are the framework of the vertebrate body and thus contain much information about man's adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The study of evolution.