Body Systems - Biologythestudyoflivingthings.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/4/4/...Endocrine Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries/testis Function • Regulates the

Body Systems

Human body has:

– 100 trillion cells – 4 basic kinds of ________________ – About 22 internal organs – 11 organ ____________ interacting together

Four levels of organization in the body:

____________ ______________ ___________ _________________

(Smallest largest)

Integumentary Skin, hair and nails Function:

• Protection against ___________, _________________, and fluid loss. • Helps maintain ___________________ by regulating body _________________.

Structures:

• Skin: the ______________ organ of the body; it is made of two layers the epidermis and the dermis

– Epidermis: _________ layer of skin – Dermis: ___________ layer of skin

• Sweat glands • Sebaceous (oil) glands Interconnections: Other systems that provide protection: _________________

_________________ Other systems that help maintain homeostasis: _________________

_________________ _________________

Skeletal System Bones, joints, ligaments

Function:

• ________________ and ____________ the body & organs • Bones produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Structures

• Two Parts – Axial Skeleton – Appendicular skeleton

Axial Skeleton

• __________ • Vertebral column

– Cervical – Thoracic – Lumbar – Sacral

• __________ • Sternum

Interconnections: Other systems that provide protection:

_________________ _________________

Other systems that provide movement:

_________________ _________________

Other systems that use blood cells made by the skeletal system:

_________________ _________________

Appendicular skeleton

• Pectoral girdle • _______________ • _______________ • Pelvic girdle

Muscular System Muscles- skeletal, cardiac and smooth

*Recall that muscle cells have lots of mitochondria since they need lots of ________ Function

• _____________ limbs and trunk, • moves substances through the body (peristalsis); • provides ____________ and structure. Structure 3 Types of Muscle Tissues:

• Skeletal—______________ muscles; voluntary • Smooth—vessels and ____________; involuntary • Cardiac—___________; involuntary

Interconnections: Other systems that provide movement:

_________________ _________________

Other systems that are made of muscle tissue:

_________________ (cardiac tissue) _________________ (smooth tissue) Other systems that benefit from the muscles ability to move substances throughout the body:

_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

Nervous System Brain, neurons and spinal cord

Function • Receives and sends ____________ through chemicals

– creates a response to stimuli. • Regulates ____________ and the other __________ systems

– controls sensory and motor functions • Maintains ____________________

Divisions

• Central Nervous System – ________________ = Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Hypothalamus, Brain Stem, Medulla – ____________ __________

• Peripheral Nervous System - all ______________ branching from the cord. – Cranial – nerves from the brain – Spinal – nerves from the spinal cord

• Autonomic Nervous System – performs functions _________________ such as: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and even sleep.

Structures

• Brain: – Cerebrum – controls ____________, language, reasoning and perception. – Cerebellum – controls coordination, _________________, balance, & posture. – Hypothalamus – controls body temperature, _____________, thirst &

homeostasis. – Medulla – controls the regulation of breathing & __________ __________ – Brain Stem – is made up of pons, medulla, and the midbrain, which regulate the

body’s ________________ processes.

• Neuron- ___________ cells that transmit information throughout the body

• Spinal Cord- dense ___________ of ___________ ____________ that runs through the vertebral column.

– Links the brain to the peripheral nervous system

Interconnections The nervous system is connected to _____________ other system because it controls

and regulates all functions of the body

Endocrine Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries/testis

Function

• Regulates the normal everyday functions of the body – secreting _______________ causing a regulatory effect or a defensive effect.

• Helps maintain _________________ • Regulates other organs Examples: adrenaline rush, breathing rate, heart rate, body temp Structure

Interconnections The endocrine system is connected to every other system because it helps

_________________ all organs and provides a regulatory or defense effect for our other systems

&

_______________

Immune Skin, white blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen

Function

• Defends against pathogens and disease: 1) Creates a ____________ to prevent pathogens from entering your body 2) If pathogens get into the body, the immune system tries to __________ and

_______________ it before it can make itself at home and reproduce. 3) If the pathogen is able to _________________ and start causing problems,

your immune system is in charge of eliminating it.

When you are sick a mild ____________, even though it temporarily disrupts homeostasis, is ___________ as it helps to inhibit the growth of pathogens (like viruses) and stimulates the immune system response.

Structure

• _____________- primary boundary between germs and your body. – Skin is tough and generally impermeable to pathogens.

• Thymus - produces _______________ • Spleen – _____________ the blood looking for foreign cells and old red blood cells in

need of replacement.

• Lymph system – collects and recycles fluids leaked from the circulatory system and is involved in fighting infections – The lymph detect and remove bacteria from the blood plasma.

• Bone marrow – produces new ________ and ___________ blood cells. The marrow produces all blood cells from stem cells.

• White blood cells - white blood cells destroy pathogens . Some examples of white blood cells are Leukocytes, Lymphocytes, B-cells, T-cells, Helper T-cells, Phagocytes, and Macrophages.

• Antibodies – produced by white blood cells; respond to a specific bacteria, virus or toxin.

The immune system and allergies:

• Allergy- The body’s inappropriate response to an _______________, which can be a common substance that is typically harmless.

• Most allergic reactions are just uncomfortable: – swelling, redness, increased mucus production, runny nose, itchy eyes, etc.

• There are some severe allergic reactions, though, that can be life threatening.

Interconnections Other systems involved in protection: _________________

_________________ This system produces bone marrow: _________________

Saliva is anti-bacterial and found in this system: _________________

Blood cells are apart of this system:

_________________

Respiratory Mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, bronchi/alveoli

Function

• Moves air into and out of the __________ • Controls gas exchange between blood and lungs. • Helps to maintain ____________

Structures

• Larynx: _____________ _________, vibrations produce noise • Glottis: opening to the trachea (___________________) • Trachea: windpipe carries __________ ____ _______________ • Pharynx: back of ______________, beginning of trachea • Epiglottis: covers the glottis as we swallows • Bronchi: two branches (left & right bronchus) at lower end of trachea • Bronchioles: smaller branches located in lungs • Diaphragm: muscle that __________________ to allow air to enter the lungs • Lungs: right lung- four lobes, left lung- three lobes, _______________ ___________

– Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways and over 300 million alveoli. – Every minute you breathe in 13 pints (26 cups or 6.14 liters) of air.

• Alveoli: air filled sacs where ___________ and carbon dioxide are exchanged

Trace a breath through the respiratory system: • External Nares Nostrils/Mouth • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Brochioles • Alveoli

Interconnections Other systems that involve exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the

blood: _________________

The system that helps compose the lungs (made of smooth tissue): _________________

The other systems involved in helping us breathe:

_________________ _________________

Circulatory Heart, blood, blood vessels

Functions

• _________________ nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases through a series of organs and vessels;

• involved in maintaining ___________________ Structures

• 2 Parts: – Cardiovascular (heart-vessel) System – Lymphatic System (often listed separately)

Structures

Structures

• Atria: 2 top chambers of the heart – _________________ the blood – Left and right atrium

• Ventricles: 2 bottom chambers of the heart – ______________ the blood – Left and right ventricle

• Septum: separates the right & left sides of the heart • Aorta: carries oxygenated blood to body • Superior vena cava: carries blood from head to heart (deoxygenated) • Inferior vena cava: carries blood from body to heart (deoxygenated) • Arteries: carry blood ___________ from the heart (oxygenated, except in pulmonary

arteries)

• Veins: Carry blood to the heart (deoxygenated, except in pulmonary veins)

Interconnections The other system that involves exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of

the blood:

_________________ The other system that involves lymph nodes:

_________________ The other system that makes blood cells:

_________________ This system is composes the cardiac tissue in the heart: _________________

Nutrients absorbed in this system are circulated throughout the body:

_________________

Digestive System

A series of organs involved in ________________ and ________________ breaking

down food with the help of enzymes & bacteria, and absorbing nutrients for the body’s

_____________ and _______________.

Function

• break up ___________molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) into small subunits (amino acids, glucose, glycerol, and fatty acids)for energy

• helps body maintain _____________________

Structures

Mouth – Digestion _____________ here

Salivary Glands – Secrete enzymes to help with digestion

Esophagus

– tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach

– pushes food down the tube through peristalsis Stomach

– ___________________ digestion

– protein digestion with pepsin or HCl Small Intestine

– Completes digestion

– ___________ nutrients; trypsin, lipases, bile Large Intestine

– Reabsorbs Water

– Passageway for _____________ Gall Bladder – Stores ___________

Pancreas

– Secretes enzymes into small intestine

– produces ____________ (endocrine hormone for sugar regulation)

Liver

– Secretes bile

– Purifies _____________

– Removes _____________

*Food does NOT pass through these 3 organs!

Interconnections Nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine and carried throughout the body by this

system:

_________________ This system controls peristalsis:

_________________ This system gets rid of the waste produced by the digestive system:

_________________ These systems are also closely linked: _________________ _________________

_________________

Excretory Kidneys, bladder, urethra, sweat glands

Functions

• ____________ metabolic/nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream • Controls the ionic composition of the blood. • ______________ wastes outside of body. • Involved in maintaining homeostasis.

Structures

• Kidney: Filters waste from ____________, produces urine • Ureter: Carries urine from kidney to bladder • Urinary Bladder: Stores ______________ • Urethra: tube from the bladder to the outside of the body through which urine

passes

• Renal arteries & veins: take oxygenated blood to the kidneys & deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys, respectively.

• Nephron: tube-like structure in the kidneys that _____________ wastes from the body and retains useful molecules; microscopic functional unit of the kidney

Interconnections The system that brings wastes/toxins to the kidneys for filtering:

_________________ Other system that involves sweat: _________________

Other systems closely related: _________________ _________________

_________________

Reproductive System Function

• Produce ______________ and to nourish and protect offspring until birth Structures

• Male: testes, vas deferens, epididymis, penis • Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, cervix Interconnections This system controls the hormones associated with the reproductive organs:

_________________ Other systems related to the reproductive system

_________________ _________________ _________________