Bioenergy

Bioenergy Arch. Shereen Omar Khashaba

Cairo University Ph.D. -

• Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources.

• Bioenergy is derived from biomass (include wood, wood waste, straw, manure, sugarcane, trees, grasses, sewage, garbage, and many other byproducts from a variety of agricultural processes.

Bioenergy cycle • Bioenergy needs a continuous carbon cycle between the

atmosphere and the earth.

• In this cycle, carbon dioxide is taken from atmosphere in plant processes i.e. photosynthesis, and converted into biomass. From this process additional co2 is produced and converted into energy.

Transportation

Organic waste

Co2

Power plant

Energy

Bio energy cycle. (Attman, O., 2010)

Fossil fuel Biofuel (bioenergy)

Fossil fuels are produced by either decomposition of plant or animal matter over long period of time

as high under certain conditionstemp. and pressure. Ex. Coal, oil, and natural gas.

directly from Bio fuel is produced typically corn, plant matter

sugarcane, transforming it into alcohol.

URL: https://urbantimes.co/2011/12/synthetic-biology-and-the-biofuel-revolution/

Bioenergy types • Traditional: comes mostly from solid biomass sources. i.e. wood, and

other biomass pellets.

• Advanced: requires converting biomass into liquid or gas form in

order to produce electricity, i.e. biogas, liquid biofuel, ethanol, and biodiesel.

Gas bioenergy Liquid bioenergy Solid bioenergy

Derived from methane and carbon dioxide which are produced when bacteria

break down biomass

Derived from plants and animal fats

Derived from solid renewable resources

Biomass used (animal, municipal, landfill waste, and

energy crops)

2% of transportation fuel today but expected to replace

existing fossil fuels.

Directly used in gasification and combustion technologies

Ex. Biogas, bio propane, syngas, synthetic natural gas

Bioethanol: made from sugar and starch

Biodiesel: made from plant oil and animal fats

Ex. Wood, sawdust, straw, husks, stalks, bagasse, construction waste …..

Primary energy conversion technologies

Combustion - direct combustion of biomass is the most common

way of converting biomass to energy - both heat and electricity. Compared to the gasification and pyrolysis it is the simplest and most developed.

Gasification - gasification is a high-temperature (1200-1400 Degree

Celsius) thermo chemical conversion process but the process is used

for production of gas, instead of heat.

Pyrolysis - thermal decomposition occurring in the absence of

oxygen. We use pyrolysis to produce a liquid fuel, bio-oil or pyrolysis oil. It is also called a biochemical process, as it uses microorganisms to produce bioenergy.

Generating energy from biomass

Biomass

High Heat

Boiler

Steam

Steam spins the turbine blades Rotating magnets

create electricity

Efficiency of biomass • The electrical efficiency rating of transforming biomass

into electrical energy is around 30% for 10 to 20 MW capacity plants.

• In comparison, top-ranked plants producing 500 MW and

more with combined cycle gas turbines can only attain an electrical efficiency rating of 57%.

• Regarding fossil fuels, the efficiency rating of the biggest

coal-fired plants, with an output close to 1000 MW, does not exceed 45%.

Biomass energy facts • Worldwide, biomass is the fourth largest energy resource after coal,

oil, and natural gas - estimated at about 14% of global primary energy (and much higher in many developing countries).

• In the U.S., biomass today provides about 3-4% of primary energy

• Biomass is used for heating (such as wood stoves in homes and for process heat in bioprocessing industries), cooking (especially in many parts of the developing world), transportation (fuels such as ethanol) and, increasingly, for electric power production.

• Installed capacity of biomass power generation worldwide is about 35,000 MW, with about 7,000 MW in the United States derived from forest-product-industry and agricultural residues.

BIOMASS PLANTS IN THE WORLD

WORLD´S LARGEST BIOMASS POWER PLANT

The world´s largest biomass power plant is located in Poland.

It´s located in Finland. It´s located in The Netherlands

It´s located in Sweden. It´s located in Italy.

Biomass Power Plants In India

Malavalli, Karnataka Samalkot Mill, Andhra Pradesh

Akaltara, Chhattisgarh Satyamaharshi,

Andhra Pradesh

Thoothukkudi,

Tamil Nadu

• Advantages: • Theoretically (renewable)

inexhaustible fuel source.

• there is minimal environmental impact.

• Alcohols and other fuels produced by biomass are efficient, viable, and relatively clean-burning.

• Available throughout the world.

• Disadvantages:

• Could contribute a great deal to

global warming and particulate pollution if directly burned.

• Still an expensive source, both in terms of producing the biomass and converting it to alcohols.

• On a small scale there is most likely a net loss of energy; Energy must be put in to grow the plant mass.

Application in Architecture • Hotchkiss Biomass Power Plant / Center brook Architects and Planners

Architects and Centerbrook: Architects

Planners : Lakeville, Connecticut, Location

United States of America : Jefferson B. Riley, Architect In Charge

FAIA , RAParadis: Alan D. Project Manager

: Mark A. Herter. AIA, Erik Project TeamLübeck. Associate AIA, Peter Cornell.

2ft16500.0 : Area 2012: Year

• the locally sourced wood chips are the byproduct of sustainably managed forests; they replace some 150,000 gallons of imported fuel oil per year, cutting emissions overall, most dramatically sulfur dioxide by more than 90 percent.

• The building is slated for LEED certification for conservation features that include a renewable, laminated wood structural system; water-conserving plumbing fixtures; use of local materials with a high recycled content; an abundance of daylight inside; and highly efficient mechanical systems, lighting, and exterior skin..

Thank You