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B I O D I V E R S I T Y B I O D I V E R S I T Y
with special reference towith special reference to
COASTAL KARNATAKACOASTAL KARNATAKA
Dr. M. Jayakara BhandaryDr. M. Jayakara Bhandary
Selection Grade Lecturer in BotanySelection Grade Lecturer in Botany
G. A. S. College, KarwarG. A. S. College, Karwar
Email:[email protected] :[email protected]
© Jayakara Bhandary
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TOTAL WEALTH OF LIFE
ON EARTH……
PLANTS+ANIMALS+MICROORGANISMS.
GENES – GENETIC DIVERSITY
SPECIES – SPECIES DIVERSITY
ECOSYSTEMS - ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
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ENCASHING DIVERSITY…..
FUTURE POWERFUL TECHNOLOGIES GENE BASED.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL WORLD – BIODIVERSITY IS BASE
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES TECHNOLOGY + ECONOMY.
WANT EASY, CHEAP ACCESS TO BIODIVERSITY
RESOURCES AND RELATED KNOWLEDGE CONCENTRATED IN TROPICAL DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES RIGHTS + RETURNS.
THE BIODIVERSITY DIVIDE…
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INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS…..
CONVENTION ON BIODIVERSITY (CBD) – 1992
More than 170 signatories
Objectives: Biodiversity conservation, Sustainable
exploitation & Equitable sharing of profits.
2002 December – Biodiversity Act of India
SOVEREIGN RIGHTTS OVER BIODIVERSITY ESTABLISHED
Biodiversity management responsibilities -
National B.D. Authority – National Authority
State B. D. Boards – at State levels &
Local B. D. Management committees – at Local body levels
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BIODIVERSITY LOSS….
•20% in next 30 years?
•50% by end of 21st
century ?
REASONS…..
•Natural extinction
•Habitat destruction
•Overexploitation …..
© Jayakara Bhandary
© Jayakara Bhandary
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WHY SHOULD WE WORRY ?
MATERIAL RESOURCES
(Food, medicine, material needs…)
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
(Climate, Water , soil….)
ETHICS, AESTHETICS
© Jayakara Bhandary
© Jayakara Bhandary
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Traditional
varieties, Wild
species ….. –
Ecosystem
people’s
survival
base© Jayakara Bhandary
© Jayakara Bhandary
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MEDICINAL PLANTS….
Akanayaka
Sarpagandha
Nela nelli
© Jayakara Bhandary
© Jayakara Bhandary
© Jayakara Bhandary
© Jayakara Bhandary
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ESTIMATESESTIMATES……..
GLOBAL
APPROXIMATION -
80 – 120 LAKH SPECIES
DISCOVERED &
DESCRIBED SO FAR –
16 LAKH ONLY
INDIA
2.2% LAND AREA
7.5% SPECIES
(1.2 LAKH SPECIES)
ONE OF THE 12 MEGADIVERSITY ONE OF THE 12 MEGADIVERSITY
NATIONSNATIONS
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SPECIES DIVERSITY….
GROUP GLOBAL
DIVERSITY
INDIA ENDEMI
CS
Prokaryotes
Fungi
Algae
Angiosperms
Insects
Molluscs
Fishes
Amphibia
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
4,800
69,000
26,900
2,50,000
8,00,000
50,000
23,000
4,200
6,300
9,000
4,000
850
23,000
2,500
17,500
60,000
5,050
2,500
204
446
1,250
372
-
-
-
5,750
-
-
-
110
187
70
44
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30% of Plants (5725 Species ?)
• 400 higher vertebrates, 44 mammals
• 70 Birds, 187 reptiles, 110 amphibia …..
RICH in ENDEMIC SPECIES
Species restricted only to narrow regions
Eastern Himalaya & The Western GhatsTreasures of Endemics under serious threats
TWO among the 25 GLOBAL HOTSPOTS
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INDIAN CENTRES OF ENDEMISM…
GROUP Eastern
Himalaya
Western
Ghats
Andaman &
Nicobar
Islands
Angiosperms
Reptiles
Amphibia
Mammals
3,500
20
25
-
1, 720
91
84
7
144
23
2
-
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The Western Ghats
1700 plants, 84 amphibia, 16 birds, 7 mammals –
Found nowhere else!
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ANASHI - DANDELI
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© Jayakara Bhandary
Sharavathy Valley….
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KARNATAKA…
Diverse Ecosystems
(Forests, Grasslands, wetlands,
Mangroves, agri fields, etc.)
…Biologically Rich
22,000 species ?
4,500 plants, 500 birds,
800 fishes, 160 reptiles,
160 mammals, 70 amphibians …
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SACRED GROVES –TRADITIONAL
CONSERVATION SITES
MANGROVES-
HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE,
FRAGILE ECOSYSTEM
© Jayakara Bhandary
© Jayakara Bhandary
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ESTUARIES-Highly productive ecosystems
Aghanashini…..
Shell fish – 5 crores
Shell mining-5000 tonnes
Lowland rice – 3.5 crores14 rivers…
© Jayakara Bhandary
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•ECOLOGICALLY
UNIQUE PLANTS
• SHORE PROTECTION
• BREEDING GROUND
FOR FISHERY RESOURCES
• NUTRITION
• LOCAL NEEDS
Aerial roots of mangroves
Mangrove trees fringing the river bank
MANGROVES
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Estuarine/Mangrove Flora
Acrstichum aureum, Avicennia spp.
Aegiceros corniculatum, Acanthus ilicifolius
Bruguiera spp. Cerbera odollum
Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel
Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia spp.
Rhizophora spp. , Clerodendrum inerme
Calophyllum inophyllum, Derris spp.
Thespesia populnea, Pandanus spp.
Vitex negundo
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Mangrove diversity…..
Aegiceras corniculatum
Lumnitzera racemosa
Excoecaria agallocha
Acrostichum aureum
(Mangrove fern)
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Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
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Mangrove associatesMangrove associates
Dolichandrone spathaceae
Caesalpina crista
Derris spp.
Clerodendrum sp.
Premna sp.
Pongamia sp.
Cyperus sp.
Canavalia sp.
Dalbergia sp.
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Prawns – 80 spp.
Crabs/Lobsters – 15 spp.
Bivalves – 20 spp.
Cephalopods – 8 spp.
Gastropods – 15 spp. Sea cucumbers – 12 sp.
Fin fish – 200 spp. Sharks – 60 spp.
Skates – 10 spp. Rays – 20 spp.
Estuarine/marine
fauna……
Scillago sp.
(Kane)
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THREATSTHREATS…………Deforestation /
Private ownership
Sand/Shell mining
Prawn Farming /
Ghazni conversion
Tourism activities
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Syzygium caryophyllatum, Sapium insigne
Carissa congesta, Catunaregam spinosa
Ixora coccinea, Tabernaemontana heyneana
Terminalia paniculata, Hemidesmus indicus,
Elephantopus scaber, Ziziphus spp.
Calycopteris floribunda,
Jasminum malabaricum ………
Scrub forest
species…..
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REPTILES…..
Olive Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)
Hook nosed sea snake (Enhydrina sohistosa)
Sea snakes (Laticauda colubrine, Hydrophis sp.)
Water monitor (Varanus salvator)
Common monitor (Veranus benghalensis)
Estuarine crocodile (Crocodilus porosus)
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Ipomea pes-caprae –
sand binder
Calophyllum
inophyllum- honne
Important coastal
plants….
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Exotic weed
invasion….
Ipomoea carnea
from S. AmericaEichornia crassipes
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Birds: 135 spp.
Cormorants – 3spp.
Herons/Egrets – 12 spp.
Storks – 6 spp.
Ducks – 8spp.
Eagles/Kites – 7spp.
Rails/Coots – 10 spp.
Jacana/Stilts/Crab plovers – 10spp.
Plovers – 10 spp.
Sandpipers/Curlews – 30spp.
Gulls/Terns – 20 spp.
Kingfishers/Passerins – 20spp.
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Olive ridley turtle – breeding in the
coast of Karnataka – Threatened!
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UNIQUE
ECOSYSTEMS,
PLANTS,
ANIMALS……
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MYRISTICA SWAMPS…only habitats for
Myristica fatua, Gymnacranthera canarica, &
Semicarpus kathalekanensis (New species)
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Semecarpus anacardiumRestricted to the
Myristica swamps
of Uttara Kannada
Only 250 plants allover
the world
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Paracautleya bhatii – new species
from Manipal, Udupi District.
ISACHNE WENDLANDII – NEW GRASS
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Nyctibatrachus hussaini
New frog from KUDREMUKH
Ornithoctonus gadgilli
New spider species
Parabatasio sharavatiensis – new fish from Sharavathi river
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ISLANDS, BEACHES, SAND DUNES
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‘Reserpine’ from Rauvolfia serpentina.
Pattambi rice – Gene to Brown plant hopper.
…..Worth several crores.
Indian resource. No share in economic returns!
PAST……
FUTURE …. May not be the same.
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PBR’s – essential for local monitoring
By Local BD management commitees.
Network of PBR’s - National Picture.
(Computerised ?)
LOCAL BODIES, LOCAL EXPERTISE,
LOCAL PEOPLE…. – MAJOR ROLES IN
PBR PREPARATION.
AWARENESS……. BASIS TO ACT.
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PEOPLE’S BIODIVERSITY REGISTERS
Biodiversity records
at Panchayath
levels prepared with
local’s participation
List of species,, status, changes,
Benefits, Traditional Knowledge,
conservation needs, Local
aspirations, participatory
mapping………
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Some Medicinal species
commonly found in sacred
groves of Coastal
Karnataka………
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Some Endemic species found in SG’s of Coastal
Karnataka….
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Flower watchingas a hobby………?
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© Jayakara Bhandary
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© Jayakara Bhandary
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© Jayakara Bhandary
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© Jayakara Bhandary
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© Jayakara Bhandary
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When the last tree is cut
When the last river is dry
When the last fish is caught
Then we realise that
Money just can’t be eaten