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Page 1: Bell Ringer Why is Mendeleev important? Why is Mendeleev important?

Bell Ringer Bell Ringer

Why is Mendeleev important?Why is Mendeleev important?

Page 2: Bell Ringer Why is Mendeleev important? Why is Mendeleev important?

Bell RingerBell RingerNOTES--- Periodic Table arrangementNOTES--- Periodic Table arrangement

Families of the periodic table Families of the periodic table

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The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Unit II—Part 1Unit II—Part 1

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The Father of the Periodic TableThe Father of the Periodic Table—Dimitri Mendeleev—Dimitri Mendeleev

Mendeleev was the first scientist to notice Mendeleev was the first scientist to notice the relationship between the elementsthe relationship between the elements Arranged his periodic table by atomic massArranged his periodic table by atomic mass Said properties of unknown elements could be Said properties of unknown elements could be

predicted by the properties of elements around predicted by the properties of elements around the missing elementthe missing element

Moseley later discovered that the periodic Moseley later discovered that the periodic nature of the elements was associated nature of the elements was associated with atomic number, not atomic masswith atomic number, not atomic mass

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EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIESPROPERTIES- Density- Density- Boiling Point- Boiling Point- Melting Point- Melting Point- Conductivity- Conductivity- Heat Capacity - Heat Capacity

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TrendsTrends

EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIESPROPERTIES- Valence- Valence- Reactivity- Reactivity- Radioactivity- Radioactivity

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The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Column = Group or Family

18 columns on the Periodic Table

Row = Period

7 rows on the Periodic Table

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What does the information in What does the information in the box tell me?the box tell me?

11

HH1.0081.008

Atomic Number = # of protons

Atomic Mass =

# of protons

plus neutron

s

Elemental Symbol

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Elemental SymbolElemental Symbol

All elements have their own unique All elements have their own unique symbol.symbol.

It It can consist of a single capital letter, or a can consist of a single capital letter, or a capital letter and one or two lower case capital letter and one or two lower case letters.letters.

Page 10: Bell Ringer Why is Mendeleev important? Why is Mendeleev important?

Columns of elements Columns of elements are called groups or are called groups or families. families.

Elements in each Elements in each family have similar family have similar but not identical but not identical properties.properties.

For example, lithium (Li), For example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium sodium (Na), potassium (K), and other members (K), and other members of family IA are all soft, of family IA are all soft, white, shiny metals.white, shiny metals.

All elements in a family All elements in a family have the same number of have the same number of valence electrons.valence electrons.

Each horizontal row Each horizontal row of elements is called of elements is called a period.a period.

The elements in a The elements in a period period are not alike in are not alike in properties.properties.

In fact, In fact, the properties the properties change greatly across change greatly across even given row.even given row.

The first element in a The first element in a period is always an period is always an extremely active solidextremely active solid. . The last element in a The last element in a period, is always an period, is always an inactive gas.inactive gas.

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Metals, Nonmetals, and Metals, Nonmetals, and Semi-metalsSemi-metals

Metals are to the left of the stair-

step

Onlynonmetal on

the metal sideNonmetals are on the right of the stair-step

Semi-metals,

“metalloids,”

touch the stair-step

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HydrogenHydrogen

The hydrogen square sits atop Family The hydrogen square sits atop Family AI, AI, alkali metals ; but it is not a member of that alkali metals ; but it is not a member of that family. family. Hydrogen is in a class of its own.Hydrogen is in a class of its own.

It’s a It’s a gas at room temperaturegas at room temperature.. It has It has one proton and one electron in its one one proton and one electron in its one

and only energy level.and only energy level. Hydrogen Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up only needs 2 electrons to fill up

its valence shell.its valence shell.

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Group 1: Alkali MetalsGroup 1: Alkali Metals

Most reactive metals on the PTMost reactive metals on the PTRarely found free in nature usually found in Rarely found free in nature usually found in

compoundscompoundsCharge of 1—1 valence electronCharge of 1—1 valence electronExcept Hydrogen Except Hydrogen Members(Na, Li,K, Rb, Cs,Fr)Members(Na, Li,K, Rb, Cs,Fr)They They are shiny, have the consistency of clay, and are are shiny, have the consistency of clay, and are

easily cut with a knifeeasily cut with a knife

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Group 2: Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 2: Alkaline Earth Metals

Charge of 2—2 valence electronsCharge of 2—2 valence electronsMembers(Be, Mg, Ca,Sr,Ba, and Ra) Members(Be, Mg, Ca,Sr,Ba, and Ra)

. This is the second most . This is the second most reactivereactive family family of elements in the periodic table. of elements in the periodic table. Did you Did you know why they are called alkaline? know why they are called alkaline? When When these compounds are mixed in solutions, these compounds are mixed in solutions, they are likely to form solutions with a pH they are likely to form solutions with a pH greater than 7. Those pH levels are greater than 7. Those pH levels are defined as 'basic' or 'alkaline' solutions. defined as 'basic' or 'alkaline' solutions.

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As you get to As you get to the bottom of the list, you will the bottom of the list, you will find the radioactive radium (Ra). While radium find the radioactive radium (Ra). While radium is not found around your house anymore, it is not found around your house anymore, it used to be used in glow-in-the-dark paints. used to be used in glow-in-the-dark paints. The other elements are found in many items The other elements are found in many items including fireworks, batteries, flashbulbs, and including fireworks, batteries, flashbulbs, and special alloys. The lighter alkaline earth special alloys. The lighter alkaline earth metals such as magnesium and calcium are metals such as magnesium and calcium are very important in animal and plant very important in animal and plant physiologyphysiology. . You all know that calcium helps You all know that calcium helps build your bones. build your bones.

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Groups 3-12: Transition MetalsGroups 3-12: Transition Metals

Found freely and in compounds in Found freely and in compounds in naturenature

Charge is usually 2 but can vary—Charge is usually 2 but can vary—usually 2 valence electronsusually 2 valence electrons

These are the metals you are probably most These are the metals you are probably most familiar: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, familiar: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver.and silver.

They are good conductors of heat and They are good conductors of heat and electricity.electricity.

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Transistion (continued) Transistion (continued)

Transition elementsTransition elements have properties have properties similar to one another and to other metals, similar to one another and to other metals, but their properties do not fit in with those but their properties do not fit in with those of any other family. of any other family.

Many Many transition metals combine transition metals combine chemically with oxygen to form chemically with oxygen to form compounds called oxides. compounds called oxides.

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Group 13: Boron FamilyGroup 13: Boron Family

The Boron Family is named after the first The Boron Family is named after the first element in the family.element in the family.

Atoms in this family have 3 valence Atoms in this family have 3 valence electrons.electrons.

This family includes a metalloid (boron), This family includes a metalloid (boron), and the rest are metals.and the rest are metals.

This family includes the most abundant This family includes the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust (aluminum).metal in the earth’s crust (aluminum).

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Group 14: The Carbon FamilyGroup 14: The Carbon Family

Contains elements that can form unusual Contains elements that can form unusual bonds bonds (carbon and silicon)(carbon and silicon)

Charge is +4 or -4—contains 4 valence Charge is +4 or -4—contains 4 valence electronselectrons

This family includes a non-metal (carbon), This family includes a non-metal (carbon), metalloids, and metals.metalloids, and metals.

The element carbon is called the “basis of life.” The element carbon is called the “basis of life.” There There is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to carbon carbon compounds called organic chemistrycompounds called organic chemistry..

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Group 15: The Nitrogen Group 15: The Nitrogen FamilyFamily

Charge is -3—contains 5 valence electronsCharge is -3—contains 5 valence electrons The The nitrogen family is named after the element nitrogen family is named after the element

that makes up 78% of our atmosphere.that makes up 78% of our atmosphere. This family This family includes non-metals, metalloids, and includes non-metals, metalloids, and

metals.metals. They They tend to share electrons when they bond.tend to share electrons when they bond. Other Other elements in this family are phosphorus, elements in this family are phosphorus,

arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.

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Group 16: The Oxygen Group 16: The Oxygen Family Family

Also known as the chalcogensAlso known as the chalcogens Charge is -2Charge is -2

Atoms of this family have 6 valence Atoms of this family have 6 valence electrons.electrons.

Most Most elements in this family share elements in this family share electrons when forming compounds.electrons when forming compounds.

Oxygen is the most abundant element in Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is extremely active and the earth’s crust. It is extremely active and combines with almost all elements.combines with almost all elements.

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Group 17: The HalogensGroup 17: The Halogens

Most reactive Most reactive nonmetalsnonmetals

charge is -1—7 charge is -1—7 valence electronsvalence electrons

Halogen atoms only Halogen atoms only need to gain 1 need to gain 1 electron to fill their electron to fill their outermost energy outermost energy level.level.

They react with alkali They react with alkali metals to form saltsmetals to form salts..

The The elements in this elements in this family are fluorine, family are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.iodine, and astatine.

Halogens Halogens have 7 have 7 valence electrons, valence electrons, which explains why which explains why they are the most they are the most active non-metals. active non-metals. They are never found They are never found free in naturefree in nature

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Group 18: The Noble Gases Group 18: The Noble Gases (The Inert Gases)(The Inert Gases)

Nonreactive Nonreactive Charge is 0—2 or 8 valence electronsCharge is 0—2 or 8 valence electrons

Noble Noble GasesGases are colorless gases that are extremely un-are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive. reactive.

One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They are inactive because their outermost energy level is They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full. full.

Because they do not readily combine with other elements Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form compounds, the noble gases are called inert.to form compounds, the noble gases are called inert.

The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. krypton, xenon, and radon.

All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere. earth's atmosphere.

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Special Rows on the PTSpecial Rows on the PT

Lanthanides

Actinides

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Lanthanides and ActinidesLanthanides and Actinides

The The thirty rare earth elementsthirty rare earth elements are are composed of the lanthanide and actinide composed of the lanthanide and actinide series.series.

One element of the lanthanide series and One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series most of the elements in the actinide series are called are called trans-uranium, which means trans-uranium, which means synthetic or man-made.synthetic or man-made.

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All matter is composed of atoms and groups of All matter is composed of atoms and groups of

atoms bonded together, called atoms bonded together, called molecules.molecules.Substances that are made from one type of Substances that are made from one type of

atom only are called atom only are called pure substancespure substances..Substances that are made from more than Substances that are made from more than

one type of atom bonded together are called one type of atom bonded together are called compounds.compounds.

Compounds that are combined physically, but Compounds that are combined physically, but not chemically, are called not chemically, are called mixtures.mixtures.

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Elements, Compounds, Elements, Compounds, MixturesMixtures

Sodium is an Sodium is an element.element.Chlorine is an Chlorine is an elementelement..When sodium and chlorine bond they When sodium and chlorine bond they

make the make the compoundcompound sodium chloride, sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt.commonly known as table salt.

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Elements, Compounds, Elements, Compounds, MixturesMixtures

Mixtures Mixtures can be separated by physical can be separated by physical means.means.

Compounds Compounds can only be separated by can only be separated by chemical means.chemical means.

ElementsElements are are purepure substances. substances. When the When the subatomic particles of an element are subatomic particles of an element are separated from its atom, it separated from its atom, it no longer no longer retains the properties of that elementretains the properties of that element..

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Elements, Compounds, Elements, Compounds, MixturesMixtures

Hydrogen is an element.Hydrogen is an element.

Oxygen is an element.Oxygen is an element. When hydrogen and When hydrogen and

oxygen bond they make oxygen bond they make the compound water.the compound water.

When salt and water are When salt and water are combined, a mixture is combined, a mixture is created. created. CompoundCompounds in s in mixtures retain their mixtures retain their individual properties.individual properties.

The ocean is a mixture.