Basic First Aid By: Amberly Javar Importance It is important to understand the basic first aid principles You must be certified by a trained instructor.

Basic First AidBasic First AidBy: Amberly JavarBy: Amberly Javar

ImportanceImportance

It is important to understand the basic first aid principles

You must be certified by a trained instructor in order to be totally qualified

Course is available in most communities

What is First Aid?What is First Aid?

Why learn First Aid?Why learn First Aid?

Accidents are the leading cause of death in people ages 1-38

Time is such a critical factor

Self-help as well as helping others can save lives

Preparation for disasters

What do you do first?What do you do first?

Take action – set priorities based on the type of injuries

Call for help Ensure the victim has an

open airway Control bleeding Give first aid for poisoning

Don’t move victim unless they are in danger

Look for emergency medical identifications, such as a band or bracelet

Avoid or overcome chilling Find out what happened Examine the victim Carry out the indicated first

aid

WoundsWounds

Abrasion: outer skin is damaged – little bleeding

Incision: a cut – heavy rapid bleeding

Laceration: jagged break of tissue – heavy, rapid bleeding

Puncture: a small hole in the tissue – bleeding limited

Avulsions: torn tissue

Caused by common

accidents: falls, vehicle

accidents and mishandling sharp objects

First aid proceduresFirst aid procedures

Call for help! Stop the bleeding –

apply direct pressure to the wound and elevate the body part

Protect the wound from contamination and infections

Use a dressing

Cleanse the area if it is not bleeding

Do not move the injured area

Attend for shock

First aid for animal bitesFirst aid for animal bites

Call for help! Stop the bleeding and

cleanse the area Apply a dressing Do not move the

injured area Restrain the animal

First aid for Closed woundsFirst aid for Closed wounds

Call for help!

Maintain open airway

Keep victim from moving

ShockShock

Signs of Shock Pale skin Moist skin Weakness of victim Rapid Pulse Shallow, deep, rapid

breathing Vomiting

Treatment Keep victim lying down Cover the victim to

prevent loss of body heat

Get medical help

Respiratory Emergencies &Respiratory Emergencies &Artificial RespirationArtificial Respiration

When normal breathing stops or is reduced you have a respiratory emergency! Artificial respiration is a procedure for causing air flow into and out of a person’s lungs.

The average person may die in 6 minutes if his/her oxygen supply is cut off

Cont.Cont.

All communities have organizations that offer training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Many of these training courses are free. It is worthwhile to take on of these courses. They will off training demonstration and practice (on dummies) in the currently advised methods of treatment for cardiopulmonary arrest

When a victim is revived – treat for shock Always continue artificial respiration until:

The victim breathes for his/herself Is pronounced dead by a doctor

Mouth - to - MouthMouth - to - Mouth

Do not move the victim Loosen the clothing Remove foreign matter Tilt head back and listen

for breathing Pinch nose Blow air into the victim’s

mouth Watch chest Repeat

Chest Pressure Arm LiftChest Pressure Arm Lift

Remove foreign matter Place victim face-up Kneel at head, grasp his/her wrist and cross over

his/her lower chest Rock forward Rock back and pull arms out and up over his/her

head Repeat Watch for vomiting

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)(CPR)

This is a technique of manually forcing a person’s heart to beat and his/her lungs to breathe

Involves the following steps: A: Airway opening B: Breathing restored C: Circulation restored D: Definitive therapy

It should be carried out by qualified persons. You must be certified by the American Red Cross in order to administer CPR properly. We are only attempting

to acquaint you with the procedure.

The heart and lungs work together. A lack of air will eventually cause the heart to stop. When this occurs, CPR is needed. CPR combines mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration and chest compressions. By giving CPR you breathe and circulate the

blood for a person

Review of mouth-to-mouthReview of mouth-to-mouth

Click for review

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General RhythmGeneral Rhythm

The general rhythm for one person CPR given to an adult is: 15 compressions (in 10 to 15 seconds) then 2

quick breaths Check the pulse every few minutes. Continue

until help arrives or pulse breathing is restored

General RhythmGeneral Rhythm

Two person CPR is more effective. It allows more air to be given and is less tiring. The general rhythm for two person CPR is given to an adult is: 5 compressions, then 1 breath. Repeat Check the pulse every few minutes. Continue until help arrives or until pulse and

breathing are restored

Swallows objects and chokingSwallows objects and choking

The objective of first aid for a person who is choking, is to allow the victim to assume a comfortable position and encourage him/her to cough

If you suspect that someone is choking, ask “Are you choking?”

If the victim can answer or is coughing, let him/her continue coughing

Only if the victim cannot breathe or speak, should you give the Heimlich Maneuver

The Heimlich ManeuverThe Heimlich Maneuver

Stand behind the victim Wrap your arms around the victim’s waist. Make a fist with one hand. Place your fist (thumb side) against the victim’s

stomach in the center just above the navel and well below the rib margin

Grasp your fist with your other hand Press into stomach with a quick upper thrust Repeat

Victim is unconscious or Victim is unconscious or becomes unconsciousbecomes unconscious

Sweep inside the victim’s mouth with your fingers

Attempt mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration Give 6-10 abdominal thrust and repeat the

process as long as necessary

Break Time ???Break Time ???Do you want a break Do you want a break

ORORDo you want to continue?Do you want to continue?

POISONINGPOISONING

Always call the nearest Poison Control Center, local hospital, family doctor, or emergency services number (911) in the case of actual or suspected poisoning

When someone takes a poison into the body it must be neutralized as quickly as possible. Vomiting (in some cases) must be induced, respiration maintained, vital functions preserved and medical assistance provided

When you know it’s not an acid or petroleum product: Dilute with water/milk Induce vomiting (unless the

victim is drowsy or unresponsive)

Get help

When you don’t know what it was: Dilute with water or milk Try to find out what the poison

what Get help

Sometimes people are poisoned by contact with chemicals or poisonous plants: If this happens: Remove contaminated clothing Wash the area Apply soothing skin lotion Get medical advice

Food poisoningFood poisoning

Other items they may be poisoned by eating spoiled/bad seafood. If this happens: Induce vomiting Dilute poison Treat for shock Get medical help

Poison by insectsPoison by insects

Apply cold compresses to the area

Apply soothing lotion to the area

Snake PoisoningSnake Poisoning

Keep victim quiet and reassure him/her

Get medical help as soon as possible

BurnsBurns

An injury that is the result of heat, chemical agent or radiation is a burn. They vary in: Depth Size Severity

Burns are classified as first, second, or third degree.

1st degree

First Degree burnsFirst Degree burns

Redness

Mild Swelling

Rapid healing

Treatment: Apply cold water and

dressing2nd degree

Second Degree BurningSecond Degree Burning

Greater depth Red or matted appearance Blisters Swelling Wet appearance of the

skin Treatment:

Immerse in cold water Apply cloths (cold, wet) Dressing

3rd degree

Third degree burnsThird degree burns

Deep tissue destruction

White, charred appearance

Loss of layers of skin Treatment:

Cover with thick, sterile dressing

Elevate Get help

Heat ExhaustionHeat Exhaustion

Signs: Pale and clammy skin Profuse perspiration Headache, cramps Nausea Fainting

Treatment: Salt water (sips) Lie victim down, raise feet Loosen victim’s clothing Apply cool cloths

Heat exhaustion is a response to

heat characterized by

fatigue, weakness or collapse often caused by lack of

water to compensate for

loss of fluids through sweating

Heat StrokeHeat Stroke

Signs: Hot, red and dry skin High temperature Rapid pulse May be unconscious

Treatment: If victim is unresponsive,

check the airway and be sure the victim is breathing

Cool the body immediately by sponging with water

Do not cause shivering Call for help

http://www.jlcomicart.de/images/HeatWave1.jpg

Heat stroke is a response to heat characterized by extremely high body

temperature and disturbance of the body’s sweating

mechanism.

It can be life threatening!

Heat CrampsHeat Cramps

Signs: Cramping of leg and

arm muscles

Treatment: Pressure with hands on

the cramped muscle or massage

Sips of salt water

Heat cramps are muscular pains and spasms due largely

to loss of salt.

Sudden IllnessSudden Illness

Illness is often not related to injury, but can arise due to a crisis.

Sudden illnesses can be dangerous to one’s life.

Medical attention is very important.

Heart AttackHeart Attack

Signs: Chest Pains Shortness of breath Bluish color of the lips.

Skin and fingernails Shock Extreme exhaustion Sweating

Treatment: Call for help Keep victim

comfortable, usually sitting up!

If victim is not breathing, begin artificial respiration

Do not give liquids

StrokeStroke

Did you know?... every 53 seconds a

person in the U.S. has a stroke? 160,000 people under the age of 65 have a stroke every year?

stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and third-leading cause of death?

there are 4.5 million stroke survivors alive today?

StrokeStroke

Signs: Possible

unconsciousness Headache Paralysis or weakness

on one side Confusion Disturbance in

personality Slurred speech

Treatment: Call a doctor Keep victim calm Protect from harm

FaintingFainting

Signs: Paleness Sweating Cold skin Dizziness Nausea Blurred Vision

Treatment: Leave victim lying down Loosen tight clothing Observe after recovery

Fainting is partial or complete loss of

consciousness caused by a reduced supply of

blood to the brain for a short time

To summarize, no matter what the emergency, do your best to remain calm and keep control of the situation.

Know your limitations and seek medical attention as quickly as possible.

Do your skills check Do your skills check On pages 125-126On pages 125-126

You have 15 minutesYou have 15 minutes

Answers to Skills CheckAnswers to Skills Check

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B

6. D 7. C 8. C/D 9. D 10. D