Top Banner
Chapter 1a - Hebrew Alphabet twenty-three consonants Letter Name Pronunciation Transliteration A l e f s il ent < Bet b as in boy b G ime l g as in God g D a l et d as in day d H e h as in hay h Waw w as in way w Z a y in z as in Zion z Óet ch as in Bach T et t as in toy 2 Y od y as in yes y K a f k as in king k L amed l as in lion l Mem m as in mother m N un n as in now n Same k s as in sin s Ay in s il ent > Pe p as in pastor p T sade ts as in boots ß Q of k as in king q Resh r as in run r Sin s as in sin Shin sh as in ship ¡ T aw t as in toy t
251

Basic Biblical Hebrew

Jan 03, 2016

Download

Documents

laurentiui

Hebrew Course - Garry Practico
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 1a - Hebrew Alphabettwenty-three consonants

Letter Name Pronunciation Transliteration

� A lef silent <� Bet b as in boy b� Gimel g as in God g� Dalet d as in day d� He h as in hay h Waw w as in way w Zayin z as in Zion z� Óet ch as in Bach � Tet t as in toy 2 Yod y as in yes y� Kaf k as in king k� Lamed l as in lion l� Mem m as in mother m� Nun n as in now n� Samek s as in sin s� A yin silent >� Pe p as in pastor p� Tsade ts as in boots ß� Qof k as in king q� Resh r as in run r� Sin s as in sin �� Shin sh as in ship ¡� Taw t as in toy t

Page 2: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 1b - Hebrew Alphabetfive final forms

Five Hebrew letters have “final” forms. When one of theseletters occurs at the end of a word, it is written differentlythan when it appears at the beginning or in the middle of

a word. The changing of a letter’s form, however, does notchange its pronunciation or transliteration.

Regular Final Example Translit. TranslationForm Form

� � ��� drk road, way

� � �� >m nation, people

� ��� zqn old man, elder

� �� ksp money, silver

� � ��� <rß earth, land

Basics of Biblical Hebrew�

Page 3: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 1c - Hebrew Alphabetsix begadkephat consonants

Six consonants have two possible pronunciations and are known asbegadkephat consonants. To distinguish between the two pronunciations, adot called Daghesh Lene was inserted into the consonant. The presence of

Daghesh Lene indicates a hard pronunciation and its absence denotes a softpronunciation.

Begadkephat Pronunciation TransliterationLetter

� b as in boy b v as in vine �

� g as in God g� gh as in aghast ©

� d as in day d� dh as in the %

� k as in king k ch as in Bach ¬

� p as in pastor p� ph as in alphabet º

� t as in toy t� th as in thin ®

Basics of Biblical Hebrew

Page 4: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 1d - Hebrew Alphabeteasily confused letters

Hebrew consonants that look alike

1. � (Bet) � (Kaf)

2. � (Gimel) � (Nun)

3. (He) (Óet) � (Taw)

4. � (Sin) � (Shin)

5. � (final Mem) � (Samek)

6. (Dalet) � (Resh)

7. � (Tsade) � (Ayin)

8. � (Waw) � (Zayin)

9. � (Waw) � (final Nun)

10. � (final Kaf) � (final Nun)

Hebrew consonants that sound alike

1. � (Tet) � (Taw with Daghesh Lene)

2. � (Qof) � (Kaf with Daghesh Lene)

3. � (Samek) � (Sin)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew�

Page 5: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 1e - Hebrew Alphabetmodern pronunciation

The pronunciation of modern Hebrew differs in a numberof ways from ancient pronunciation. With the three

begadkephat consonants listed below, the forms withoutDaghesh Lene are pronounced like the forms with

Daghesh Lene in modern Hebrew.

Traditional ModernConsonant Pronunciation Pronunciation

� gh as in aghast g as in God

� dh as in the d as in day

� th as in thin t as in toy

� w as in way v as in vine

Basics of Biblical Hebrew�

Page 6: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 2a - Hebrew Vowelsvowels with consonants

Deuteronomy 6:5

no vowel pointing

���� ��� ����� ���� � ����

������ ����� �������� � ��� �� �� ������ ��

with vowel pointing

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

� �

Page 7: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Ch

ap

ter

2b

- H

eb

rew

Vo

wels

shor

t vo

wel

s

2.3

Vow

el C

hart

1: S

hort

Vow

els.

Vow

el N

ame

Pron

uncia

tion

Tran

slite

ratio

n

a-ty

pe���

Path

ach

a as i

n ba

ta

e-ty

pe���

Segh

ole a

s in

bette

re

i-typ

e���

Hire

qi a

s in

bitte

ri

o-ty

pe���

Qam

ets H

atuf

o as i

n bo

ttle

o

u-ty

pe���

Qib

buts

u as

in ru

leru

Bas

ics o

f Bib

lical

Heb

rew

© G

ary

D. P

ratic

o an

d M

iles

V. V

an P

elt

Page 8: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Ch

ap

ter

2c

- H

eb

rew

Vo

wels

chan

gabl

e lo

ng v

owel

s

2.4

Vow

el C

hart

2: C

hang

eabl

e Lo

ng V

owel

sV

owel

Nam

ePr

onun

ciatio

nTr

ansli

tera

tion

a-ty

pe���

Qam

ets

a as i

n fa

ther

å

e-ty

pe���

Tser

ee a

s in

they

o-ty

pe���

Hol

emo a

s in

role

ø

Bas

ics o

f Bib

lical

Heb

rew

© G

ary

D. P

ratic

o an

d M

iles

V. V

an P

elt

Page 9: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Ch

ap

ter

2d

- H

eb

rew

Vo

wels

unch

anga

ble

long

vow

els

2.5

Vow

el C

hart

3: U

ncha

ngea

ble

Long

Vow

els

Vow

el N

ame

Pron

uncia

tion

Tran

slite

ratio

n

a-ty

pe����

Qam

ets Y

odou

as i

n bo

ught

â

e-ty

pe����

Tser

e Yo

de a

s in

they

ê

����Se

ghol

Yod

e as i

n be

tter

ê

i-typ

e����

Hire

q Yo

di a

s in

mac

hine

ª

o-ty

pe���

Hol

em W

awo a

s in

role

ô

u-ty

pe���

Shur

equ

as in

ruler

û

Bas

ics o

f Bib

lical

Heb

rew

© G

ary

D. P

ratic

o an

d M

iles

V. V

an P

elt

Page 10: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Ch

ap

ter

2e -

Heb

rew

Vo

wels

redu

ced

(hat

eph)

vow

els

2.6

Vow

el C

hart

4: R

educ

ed (H

atep

h) V

owel

sV

owel

Nam

ePr

onun

ciatio

nTr

ansli

tera

tion

a-ty

pe���

Hat

eph

Path

ach

a as i

n am

use

á

e-ty

pe���

Hat

eph

Segh

ola a

s in

amus

o-ty

pe���

Hat

eph

Qam

ets

a as i

n am

use

ó

Bas

ics o

f Bib

lical

Heb

rew

© G

ary

D. P

ratic

o an

d M

iles

V. V

an P

elt

Page 11: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 2f - Hebrew Vowelssummary vowel chart

a e i o u

Short ��� ��� ��� ��� ��Pathach Seghol Hireq Qamets Qibbuts

Hatuf

Changeable ��� ��� ��Long Qamets Tsere Holem

Unchangeable ���� ����/� ��� ���� ��� ���Long Qamets Tsere Yod/ Hireq Holem Shureq

Yod Seghol Yod Yod Waw

Reduced ��� ��� ���Hateph Hateph HatephPathach Seghol Qamets

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 12: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 2g - Hebrew Vowelsshewa

���This vowel symbol is called Shewa.

It is not listed in the vowel charts because it is not like anyother vowel. It does not belong to any phonetic class.

There are two types of Shewa in Hebrew:Silent Shewa and Vocal Shewa.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 13: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 2h - Hebrew Vowelsdaghesh forte

��This pointing symbol is called Daghesh Forte.

It looks exactly like the Daghesh Lene but it is used todouble the consonant in which it occurs. For example, theHebrew word ��������� (the heavens) has a Daghesh Forte in

the Shin (��). It should be rendered, therefore, with twoShins (��), ha¡¡åmayim. The Daghesh Forte can occur in

any consonant except the gutturals (, �, �, ) and �.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 14: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 2i - Hebrew Vowelsdefective writing

Full DefectiveWriting Writing

�� ➣ �� Holem Waw to Holem

Example ���� ➣ ���� ram’s horn

�� ➣ �� Shureq to Qibbuts

Example ������ ➣ ������ why?

��� ➣ �� Hireq Yod to Hireq

Example ���� ➣ ��� David

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 15: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 3a - Syllabificationtwo rules

1. Every syllable must begin with one consonantand have only one vowel. The followingexample has two syllables, each beginningwith a consonant and each having only onevowel.

����� ➣ ���|�� då-�år

2. There are only two types of syllables: open andclosed. Open syllables end with a vowel andclosed syllables end with a consonant. Inthe above example, �� (då), is open becauseit ends in a vowel and ��� (�år), is closedbecause it ends in a consonant.

��|���

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

ClosedSyllable

OpenSyllable

Page 16: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 3b - Syllabificationhebrew accent

Most Hebrew words are accented or stressedon the last syllable. Some are not. The stress

in words not accented on the last syllablewill be indicated by an accent mark

over the stressed syllable asin the following example.

���.��

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 17: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 3c - Syllabificationsyllable classification

syllables may be classified according totheir proximity to the accent

���|�| ��

syllables may be classified withoutreference to accent

���|�| ��

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

tonic pretonic propretonic

ultima penultima antepenultima

Page 18: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 4a - Hebrew Nounsinflectional endings

4.2 Endings on Masculine and Feminine Nouns.

Masculine FeminineSingular ��� horse ���� lawPlural ����� horses ����� lawsDual ���.���� two horses ���.����� two laws

4.4 Summary of Noun Endings.

Masculine FeminineSingular endingless ���/���/��Plural ��� ��Dual ���.�� ���.����/ ���.��

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 19: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 4b- Hebrew Nounsexceptions to rules

1. Endingless Feminine Nouns. Not all endingless nounsare masculine singular. In a few instances, femininesingular nouns are also endingless as in ��.�� (land), !���(city) and ���.�� (stone).

2. Exception to Normal Pluralization. Some singularnouns of one gender take the plural endings of the othergender. For example, the masculine singular noun ���(father) takes the feminine plural ending # as in #���.

3. Special Dual Nouns. There are three special Hebrewwords that are always dual in form but normally singularin translation: ��� .���� (heaven, heavens), ��� .�� �� (Egypt)and ��� .�� (water).

4. Irregular Stem Change. Some Hebrew nouns will altertheir actual (consonantal) stem when they add theirplural endings. For example, the plural of �� (day) is������ (days), the plural of ���� (man) is �������� (men) andthe plural of ����� (woman) is ������ (women).

5. Defective Spelling of #. Occasionally, the feminineplural ending # will be spelled #� (with Holem ratherthan Holem Waw). For example, the plural of ��� �(congregation) may appear either as #� � or #� �. Theshorter spelling is called Ldefective spellingM and thelonger spelling is called Lfull spelling.M

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 20: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 4c - Hebrew Nounspatterns of noun pluralization

1. Pluralization with No Change

%��� song ➣ ������ songs

���� dream ➣ '���� dreams

2. Pluralization with Propretonic Reduction

%���� word ➣ ������� words

�� �" cloud ➣ ��� � �" clouds

3. Pluralization of Segholate Nouns

� � .� king ➣ �������� kings

% #�.! book ➣ ����#�! books

4. Pluralization of Geminate Nouns

��" people ➣ ��� ���" peoples

$�� statute ➣ ����$��

5. Irregular Pluralization

��� son ➣ ��� �� sons

���� man ➣ ����� �� men

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 21: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5a - Introductionchapter summary

1. DEFINITE ARTICLE

Basic form ����Translation “the”

2. CONJUNCTION WAW

Basic form ��Translation “and”

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 22: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5b - Introductiondistributional significance

Total Verses 23,213Total Words 471,096

Article 24,058

5.1%1.04 per verse

Conjunction 50,524

10.7%2.2 per verse

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 23: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5c - Definite Articlebasic form

In Hebrew, a noun is made definiteby prefixing the definite article which consists of � plus a

Daghesh Forte in the first consonant of the noun.

���� +.��� = ����.���

Definite Article

���.����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 24: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5d - Definite Articlebasic form: top 10 examples

1. � �. �2. ��

3. ����.���4. ������

5. ��������

6. ���

7. ���

8. � ��

9. ����

10. ����.�

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 25: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5e - Definite Articlewith begadkephat consonants

When adding the definite article to wordswith an initial begadkephat consonant,

the Daghesh Lene is replaced by a Daghesh Forte.

Indefinite Noun Definite Noun

���.� a house ➣ ���.��� the house

��.� a road ➣ ��.�� � the road

����� a warrior ➣ ������� the warrior

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 26: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5f - Definite Articlewith guttural consonants

Compensatory LengtheningWith initial , � and �, the guttural rejects the Dagesh

Forte and Pathach lengthens to Qamets.

��� a man ➣ ���� the man

Virtual DoublingWith initial or �, the guttural rejects the Daghesh Forte

but the Pathach does not lengthen to Qamets.

�� �� a palace ➣ �� ��� the palace

Irregular SegholBefore unnaccented ��, � or �� (�� may also be accented), the definite article

appears with the Seghol vowel and without the Daghesh Forte.

�� �� a wise man ➣ �� ��� the wise man

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 27: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5g - Definite Articlewith initial �� and ��

Words that begin with �� or �� usually give upthe Daghesh Forte that is associated

with the definite article.

������ boys ➣ �������� the boys

��������� spies ➣ ����������� the spies

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 28: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5h - Definite Articlealternate forms: top examples

���� � 3/./� $/# �*/�&

1. +�#�� 3&�. #�*�$ )&��(�&

2. 3� �� �&�� 5����$ )&�5�&

3. 5�&.�� )&�#��� �(�$ )&�(� ��*

4. &� #�"�. (�'&�# )&�5���*

5. /�->�� ��� 3�# )&���� �*

+�,�. 3�1�$

3�0�. +�*�#

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 29: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5i - Definite Articlesummary of forms

Basic Form ���� �� .����Begadkephat ���� ���.����

Gutturals �/�/� �� ������

Gutturals �/� �� �������

Gutturals ��/��/�� � ������

Miscellaneous �/�� �� ���������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 30: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5j - Conjunction ��basic form

Before most consonantsthe conjunction will appear as ��

–Waw with Vocal Shewa–

�� .���� and a servant

������� and a woman

��������� and the woman

������ and a man

�������� and the man

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 31: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5k - Conjunction ��basic form: top 10 examples

1. ����

2. !��

3. ������

4. #�%>��5. "�#����

6. "��>��7. �����

8. �����

9. ��

10. �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 32: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5l - Conjunction ��spelled with shureq

Before �, � or � it is spelled with Shureq

���.�� + �� ➣ ����.�� and a king

����� + �� ➣ ������ and Pharaoh

Before Vocal Shewa it is spelled with Shureq

������� + �� ➣ �������� and books

����� + �� ➣ ����� � and Samuel

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 33: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5m - Conjunction ��with short vowels and qamets

Before Hateph vowels it is spelled withthe corresponding short vowel

������� + �� ➣ ��������� and men

��� � + �� ➣ ��� ��� and truth

Before some monosyllabic words or words withinitial accent it may be spelled with Qamets

���� + �� ➣ ������ and sheep

���.�� + �� ➣ ���.���� and bread

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 34: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5n - Conjunction �#alternate forms: examples

-/*/ Vocal Shewa Hateph Vowels Monosyllabic/Initial Accent

1. 1%�� /���� )%���+�� )%��(�%

2. 1�+�� %�(�� )%�� �, )%��1�%

3. �(.�* �� �� 1� �� )%�(���*

4. $�����* )%�*�(�� )%�(%�#�� )%�1����*

5. %�� � �( 1�*�� )%��� �*

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 35: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 5o - Conjunction ��summary of forms

Basic Form �� �������

Before �/�/� � ����.��Before Vocal Shewa � ��������

Before Hateph Vowels ��/�� ��� ������

Before Monosyllabic �� ������Initinal Accent

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 36: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 6a - Prepositionsthree types

Independent PrepositionsThese prepositions stand alone.

� � .��� ���� �� before the king

!��� $���. under the tree

Maqqef PrepositionsThese prepositions are joined to their objects by Maqqef.

�������"� � to the temple

!��.���"��� from the land

Inseparable PrepositionsThese prepositions are prefixed directly to their objects.

������ in a field

� �. ��� like a king

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 37: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 6b - Prepositionsthree inseparable prepositions

�� in, by, with (15,559)

�� to, for (20,320)

�� like, as, according to (3,053)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 38: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 6c - Prepositionsspelling inseparable prepositions

Before most consonants: Shewa

������ in a field

���>���� for a young man

Before Hateph vowels: corresponding short vowel

��������� like men

!������ in truth

Before consonants with Vocal Shewa: Hireq

�� �� ��� � for prophets

!���� � for a covenant

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 39: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 6d - Prepositionsinseparable prepositionswith the definite article

The vowel and Daghesh Forte of the definite article isretained but the consonant of the preposition replaces the

� of the definite article.

� �� ��� the field ➣ � �� ��� in the field

��� .� ���� the king ➣ ��� .� ���� like the king

���� the fire ➣ ���� in the fire

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 40: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 6e - Prepositionsthe preposition ���

The preposition ��� occurs both as a Maqqef prepositionand as an inseparable preposition.

Maqqef Preposition

��.�!��� from a king

Inseparable Preposition

��.�!��� ➣ �� .���� (assimilated �)

���.��!��� ➣ ���.����� (assimilated �)

����!��� ➣ ����� (compensatory lengthening)

��.����!��� ➣ ��.����� (compensatory lengthening)

���!��� ➣ ����� (virtual doubling)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 41: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 6f - Prepositionsdefinite direct object marker

In Hebrew prose, definite direct objectsare usually marked with !+��/+��.

#� .�$��� +�� # ����� ����

��"�.��" *�).� ��!+�� � ������ %�+�&

%�+�&��� !+�� ���� �����

#�(�" � �+�*��!+�� ��"�.��� %�+�&

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 42: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 7a - Hebrew Adjectivesinflection (form)

Inflected Adjective

Masculine Feminine

Singular ��� �����Plural ���� �����

Inflectional Endings

Masculine Feminine

Singular ���Plural �� ��

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 43: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 7b - Hebrew Adjectivesthe use of adjectives

1. Attributive Use. Directly modifies a noun and agreeswith that noun in gender, number and definiteness.

��� � good man or a good man

����� � �� the good man

2. Predicative Use. Asserts something about the nounand agrees with that noun in gender and number, butnot definiteness. A predicate adjective will never takethe definite article.

��� � �� The man is good.

��� �� ����� The woman is good.

3. Substantival Use. Adjectives may be usedindependently as nouns with no noun for the adjectiveto modify.

������� the wise man.

������� the good women

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 44: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 7c - Hebrew Adjectivesthe directional ending

In Hebrew, a special ending may be added to aword in order to express the idea of motion towardsomeone or something. This special ending is thedirectional ending ���(it is always unaccented).

���.�� house ➣ �����.���� to the house

���� city ➣ � ���.���� toward the city

���.��� heaven ➣ �����.������ heavenward

���.����� Egypt ➣ �����.����� to Egypt

�� there ➣ ���.� to there

��� sea ➣ ���>�� toward the sea

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 45: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 7d - Hebrew Adjectivesbasic patterns of inflection

1. Inflection with No Change

��� � ���

����� �����

2. Inflection with Propretonic Reduction

����� � �����

������� �������

3. Inflection of Adjectives Ending in ���

�� � � �

�� � �� �

4. Inflection of Geminate Adjectives

�� � ���

�� ��� �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 46: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 8a - Hebrew Pronounsindependent personal pronouns

Singular Plural

1 com �������, ����� I ���� >��� we

2 masc �� � you �� � you

2 fem � � you ���.� � you

3 masc ��� he/it ���.��, ��� they

3 fem ����, ���� she/it ��.��, ��� they

Notes

1. The independent personal pronoun is labelledindependent because it stands alone and is notprefixed or suffixed to another word.

2. Independent personal pronouns are subjective,meaning they are used as the subject of a verb, neveras the object of the verb.

3. Independent personal pronouns may also appear asthe subject of a verbless clause. For this reason, theyare sometimes called subject pronouns.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 47: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 8b - Hebrew Pronounsindependent personal pronouns

The following examples illustrate how independentpersonal pronouns are used with other nouns or adjectivesin a predicative relationship. The pronoun may precede

or follow the noun or adjective. A form of the verb “to be”is required in translation.

�����! !�'�� I am Yahweh (the Lord).

*!���) �!���' ��� He is a righteous prophet.

�� ��$.�& �� �� You (2ms) are a good king.

�'��>�'�� %!���� We are brothers

��&�#�� ����� �!�� She is a wise woman.

��$����� +!�(� %� �� You (2mp) are in the great city.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 48: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 8c - Hebrew Pronounsdemonstratives

Singular Plural

Masc ��� this ��.� these

Fem ���� this ��.� these

Masc ��� that � �.�, �� those

Fem ���� that ���.�, �� those

Notes

1. They may be used either as adjectives (this man,those women) or as pronouns (this is the man, thoseare the women).

2. The masculine and feminine singular forms, ��� and����, are identical to the third person masculine andfeminine independent personal pronouns.

3. The demonstrative ��.� (these) is both masculine andfeminine plural. Remember that the designation forthis phenomenon is “common,” meaning not inflectedfor gender.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 49: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 8d - Hebrew Pronounsdemonstratives

Hebrew demonstratives may be usedeither as adjectives or as pronouns.

Demonstrative Adjectivesfollow the noun and agree in gender, number and definiteness.

����� ������ this man

������ ������� this woman

��.���� �������� ���������� these good men

��.���� ������� ������� these good women

Demonstrative Pronounsprecede the noun and agree in gender and number but not definiteness.

������ � � That is the man.

������� ���� That is the woman.

�������� ���������� ��.�� These are the good men.

������� ������� ��.�� Those are the good women.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 50: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 8e - Hebrew Pronounsthe relative pronoun

+����(who, which, that)

The form of this word does not change in order to indicatethe gender or number of its antecedent. It may appear

with or without Maqqef. When functioning as a relativepronoun introducing a relative clause, it immediately

follows the noun it is modifying.

(��� !�-� +���� *�)� the tree that (is) in the middleof the garden

&�#�.'� � -�".��!+���� &#�� � the mountains that (are) underthe heavens

&����"� +���� �%.��� the king whom you chose

�! �# -#��� +���� ��!�� David, who (is) in the house ofthe Lord

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 51: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 8f - Hebrew Pronounsinterrogative pronouns

��� Who?

��� What?

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. Thesepronouns do not inflect and can appear with or withoutthe Maqqef. The vocalization of ��� may change slightly

(� � or ���). When spelled � �, a Daghesh Forte will usuallyappear in the first consonant of the following word.

����!� � What (is) his name?

�!�.����!��� What have you done?

��� � ����� � ��� What (is) this dream?

�� �!��� Who (are) you?

��� � ������!��� Who (is) this man?

���.���� ���������� ��� Who (are) these men?

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 52: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 8g - Hebrew Pronounsthe interrogative particle

��The interrogative particle is prefixed to the first word ofthe sentence. Compare the following examples. The firstexample is a statement. The second example is a questionbecause the interrogative particle has been prefixed to thefirst word of the sentence.

�������!��� ����.��� ���� The king sent the prophet.

�������!��� ����.��� ������ Did the king send the prophet?

The Spelling of the Particle

1. �� before most consonants as in the above example

2. �� before gutturals or any consonant with Shewa

3. �� before gutturals with Qamets

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 53: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 9a - Pronominal Suffixesgrammar summary

• Pronominal suffixes are pronouns that can be eitherpossessive (his, her, our) or objective (him, her, us).

• These possessive and objective pronouns appear assuffixes on nouns, prepositions and the definite directobject marker.

• When appearing on nouns, they are possessive as in“his book” or “her wisdom.” When appearing onprepositions or the definite direct object marker, theyare objective as in “to them,” “for them,” or “them.”

• All pronominal suffixes have person, gender andnumber.

• There are two sets of pronominal suffixes: Type 1 andType 2. Both types have the same possessive andobjective translation values.

• With few exceptions, Type 1 suffixes occur withsingular nouns and Type 2 suffixes occur with pluralnouns.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 54: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 9b - Pronominal Suffixessummary paradigm

Type 1 Type 1 Type 2 TranslationSuffixes Alternate Suffixes

1cs �� ��� �� my/me

2ms � ��. your/you

2fs � ���.� your/you

3ms � �� ��� his/him

3fs ��� �� ���. her/her

1cp �� ���. our/us

2mp �� ��� your/you

2fp �� ��� your/you

3mp �� ��� ��� their/them

3fp �� ��� ��� their/them

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 55: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 9c - Pronominal Suffixeson masculine nouns

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun ms Noun mp

1cs ����� my horse ����� my horses2ms ����� your horse ��.��� your horses2fs ���� your horse ����.��� your horses3ms ���� his horse ������ his horses3fs ����� her horse ���.��� her horses

1cp ��.��� our horse ���.��� our horses2mp ������ your horse ������ your horses2fp ������ your horse ������ your horses3mp ����� their horse ������ their horses3fp ����� their horse ������ their horses

Note: When pronominal suffixes are added to masculineplural nouns, the masculine plural ending (����) isdropped. With the absence of this ending, a masculinenoun is recognizable as plural only by the use of Type 2pronominal suffixes.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 56: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 9d - Pronominal Suffixeson feminine nouns

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun fs Noun fp

1cs ��#�� my law ��#�"� my laws2ms �#,"� your law �.�#�"� your laws2fs ��#�� your law ����.#�"� your laws3ms �#�� his law ���#�"� his laws3fs ��#�� her law ����.#�"� her laws

1cp �!�.#�� our law �!�.�#�"� our laws2mp ����#� your law �����#�"� your laws2fp ���#� your law ����#�"� your laws3mp ��#�� their law �����#�"� their laws3fp �#�� their law ����#�"� their laws

Note: When a feminine singular noun ending in ���(asin ��� ) receives a pronominal suffix, the � is replacedby # (��� becomes #�� ).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 57: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 9e - Pronominal Suffixeson monosyllabic nouns

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun ms Noun mp

1cs ��� my brother ���� my brothers2ms ��.�� your brother ���.�� your brothers2fs ��.�� your brother ����.�� your brothers3ms ���� his brother ����� his brothers3fs ���.�� her brother ���.��� her brothers

1cp ���.�� our brother ����.�� our brothers2mp ������ your brother ������� your brothers2fp ������ your brother ������� your brothers3mp ������ their brother ������� their brothers3fp ������ their brother ������� their brothers

Note: Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add � totheir stem before a pronominal suffix. The addition ofthis � to singular nouns with Type 1 suffixes may causethem to be confused with plural nouns having Type 2suffixes. The singular noun paradigm has Hireq Yod(��.�� , your brother). The plural noun paradigm variesits vowel but it is never Hireq Yod (���.�� , your brothers).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 58: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 9f - Pronominal Suffixeson prepositions

Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 Suffixes

1cs ��� to me ����� on me2ms ��� to you �� .��� on you2fs �� to you ����.��� on you3ms �� to him ������ on him3fs �� to her ���. ��� on her

1cp �.� to us ��.���� on us2mp � �� to you � ������ on you2fp � �� to you � ������ on you3mp � �� to them � ������ on them3fp � �� to them � ������ on them

Note: The prepositions �� (to, for), �� (in, on), ��� (with)and !�� (with) all take Type 1 suffixes. Prepositions thattake Type 2 suffixes include: ��� (on, upon), � � (to, for),!���.� (under) and ������ (after).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 59: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 9g - Pronominal Suffixeson �� and � �

�� � �1cs ����.�� like me ����.� � from me2ms ��.�� like you ��� � from you2fs ���� like you ��� � from you3ms ��.�� like him ��.� � from him3fs ��.�� like her ���.�� � from her

1cp ��.�� like us �.�� � from us2mp ���� like you ��� � from you2fp ���� like you ��� � from you3mp ���� like them ����� from them3fp ���� like them ����� from them

Note: With the preposition ��, forms with singular and1cp suffixes exhibit a longer, alternate spelling of thepreposition (�.���). With the preposition � �, forms withsingular and 1cp suffixes also exhibit a longer, alternatespelling of the preposition.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 60: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 9h - Pronominal Suffixeson !� �/���

Object Marker Preposition

1cs ����� me ����� with me2ms ����� you ����� with you2fs ����� you ����� with you3ms ��� him ��� with him3fs ����� her ����� with her

1cp ��.��� us ��.��� with us2mp � ��� � you � ����� with you2fp � ��� � you � ����� with you3mp ����� them ����� with them3fp ����� them ����� with them

Note: The object marker is distinguished by a Holemvowel over the initial consonant (�����). It is Seghol in the2mp and 2fp forms (� ��� �). The preposition is distin-guished by Hireq under the initial consonant and DagheshForte in the � (�����).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 61: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 9i - Pronominal Suffixeson ��� and ���

��� ���1cs ����� with me ����� my people2ms ����� with you ����� your people2fs ����� with you ���� your people3ms ���� with him ���� his people3fs ����� with her ����� her people

1cp ��.���� with us ��.��� our people2mp ������ with you ������ your people2fp ������ with you ������ your people3mp ����� with them ����� their people3fp ����� with them ����� their people

Note: The preposition has Hireq (�����, with me) andthe noun has Pathach (�����, my people). Both words takea Daghesh Forte in the � when pronominal suffixes areadded.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 62: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 10a - Construct Chainconstruct and absolute

The first of the two nouns in the construct chainis called the construct noun and is said to be in theconstruct state. The second of the two nouns iscalled the absolute noun and is said to be in theabsolute state. The absolute form of a noun is alsoits lexical form.

���.��� ��.��Absolute Noun Construct Noun

“the servant of the king”

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 63: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 10b - Construct Chainwith attributive adjectives

When an adjective modifies either the construct orabsolute noun, it must follow the entire chain. It must

agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number anddefiniteness.

���� ���. �� ��.�the good king of the land

������ ���. �� ��.�the king of the good land

���� ��.�� ����the word of the good king

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 64: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 10c - Construct Chainwith demonstrative adjectives

Just like attributive adjectives,demonstrative adjectives must also

follow the construct chain.

���.���� ����� � �����these words of the prophet

��� � ����� � �����the words of this prophet

��� � ��� � ����� � �����the words of this good prophet

��� � ����� � � ��the word of this prophet or

this word of the prophet

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 65: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 10d - Construct Chainvowel reduction (spelling)

A construct noun surrenders itsprimary accent and …

a. Qamets (and sometimes Tsere) changes to Pathachin a final closed syllable.

���� �� judgement ➣ ���� �� judgement of������ altar ➣ ������ altar of

b. Qamets or Tsere changes to Vocal Shewa in an open,unaccented syllable.

���� peace ➣ ���� peace of����� place ➣ ����� place of

c. Both rules a and b may apply to the formation of anoun in the construct state.

����� word ➣ ���� word of���� heart ➣ ���� heart of

d. Monosyllabic nouns with changeable long vowelsreduce to the corresponding short vowel.

�� son ➣ ��� son of��� all ➣ ��� all of

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 66: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 10e - Construct Chainmasculine plural and dual

The masculine plural ���� and dual ���.� endingschange to ��� (Tsere-Yod) in the construct state and

then the rules of vowel reduction apply.

������� God ➣ ������ God of

������ sons ➣ �� � � sons of

���>����� two eyes ➣ �� ���� (two) eyes of

����� �� words ➣ � �� ���� words of

In the last example, both propretonic reductionand Rule of Shewa apply.

������� ➣ �� � �� ➣ �� ����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 67: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 10f - Construct Chainfeminine singular

Feminine singular nouns ending in � � changethis ending to �� in the construct state and

then the rules of vowel reduction apply.

���� law ➣ � ��� law of

������ queen ➣ ����� queen of

���� year ➣ � �� year of

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 68: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 10g - Construct Chainfeminine plural

Feminine plural nouns ending in �� retain this pluralending and then the rules of vowel

reduction will apply.

����� ��� kingdoms ➣ ��� � ��� kingdoms of

����� names ➣ ��� �� names of

����� fields ➣ ����� fields of

���� � blessings ➣ ����� blessings of

In the last example, both propretonic reductionand Rule of Shewa apply.

���� � ➣ ���� � ➣ �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 69: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 10h - Construct Chainmiscellaneous nouns (a)

Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add Hireq Yodto their stem in the construct state. Do not to confuse

this Hireq Yod with the 1cs pronominalsuffix ( �� “my father”).

�� father ➣ ��� father of

�� brother ➣ ��� brother of

The diphthong � �.� as in �� .�� (house) changes toTsere Yod in the construct state.

�� �.� house ➣ � �� house of

�� .�� spring ➣ � �� spring of

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 70: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 10i - Construct Chainmiscellaneous nouns (b)

The singular absolute of Segholate nouns is identicalto its singular construct form. The plural construct

form follows the pattern of ����� (kings of).

���.�� king ➣ ���.�� king of

���.�� servant ➣ ���.�� servant of

�������� kings ➣ ����� kings of

������� servants ➣ ����� servants of

Nouns ending in �� (with Seghol) have a singularconstruct form ending in � (with Tsere).

��� field ➣ ��� field of

������ camp ➣ � ���� camp of

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 71: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 11a - Numberscardinals:1-10

Masculine FeminineAbsolute Construct Absolute Construct

One �"�� �"�� +�"�� +�"��Two %�#>�'� #�'� %�#�.�� #���Three ��$�� ��$� !���$� +���.$�Four (����� (����� !�(����� +�(.�����Five ��&�" ��&�" !���&�" +��.�&�"Six ��� ��� !��� +��.��Seven (��.�� (��� !�(��� +�(���Eight !�'�&� !�'�&� !�'�&� +�'�&�Nine (��.�� (��� !�(�� +�(��Ten )��.�( )��.�( !����( + .���(

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 72: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 11b - Numberscardinals:11-19

With Masculine With FeminineNouns Nouns

Eleven (���& �� �� ����& *� ��

(���& !�����& ����& !�����&

Twelve (���& !�%�� ����& !����

(���& #!�%�� ����& #!����

Thirteen (���& ����"�� ����& ��"��

Fourteen (���& ��&����� ����& &�����

Fifteen (���& �� �$� ����& ��$�

Sixteen (���& �� �� ����& ���

Seventeen (���& ��&���� ����& &����

Eighteen (���& ��%�$�� ����& ��%�$��

Nineteen (���& ��&���� ����& &����

��%�� ����& ��"�� thirteen years (1 Kgs 7:1)

#�! (���& ��&����� fourteen days (Ex 12:6)

"�� (���& �� �$� fifteen shekels (Lev 27:7)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 73: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 11c - Numberscardinals:20-99

Twenty " ���%

Thirty " ���!��

Forty " �%����

Fifty " ���#��

Sixty " ����

Seventy " �%����

Eighty " �$�#��

Ninety " �%����

(������ " ���% twenty-one (2 Kgs 24:18)

��%������ " �%���� seventy-seven (Gen 4:24)

%���(�� " �%���� ninety-nine (Gen 17:24)

" ���!��� "� �$�� thirty-two (Num 31:40)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 74: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 11d - Numberscardinals:100+

One Hundred �����

Two Hundred ���.�����Three Hundred ���� �����

One Thousand � � .�Two Thousand ���.������Three Thousand �������� �������

Ten Thousand ������

Twenty Thousand ����.���Thirty Thousand ��� �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 75: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 11e - Numbersordinal numbers

Masculine Feminine

First !���� ��"����Second ��"�� &��"��Third �������� &��������Fourth ��#���� &��#����Fifth ����� �� &����� ��Sixth ���� &����Seventh ��#����� &��#�����Eighth ��"�� �� &��"�� ��Ninth ��#���� &��#���� Tenth ������# &������#

!������ ���� on the first day (Lev 23:7)

��#������ ���� on the seventh day (Gen 2:2)

���#������ &�"��� in the fortieth year (1 Chr 26:31)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 76: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 12a - Intro to Verbsverbal stems: names

English Hebrew SpellingSpelling Spelling Diagnostics

Qal ➣ �� unaugmented

Niphal ➣ ������ �� prefix; Pathach stem vowel

Piel ➣ ����� Hireq-Tsere vowel pattern

Pual ➣ ���� Qibbuts-Pathach vowel pattern

Hiphil ➣ ������ � prefix; Hireq Yod stem vowel

Hophal ➣ ����� � prefix; Pathach stem vowel

Hithpael ➣ �������� �� prefix; Tsere stem vowel

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 77: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 12b - Intro to Verbsverbal stems: meaning

Qal Simple/Active. Qal verbs are active in voice, though a fewpassive forms do exist. The Qal stem also exhibits thesimple or unnuanced type of action.

Niphal Simple/Passive or Reflexive. The Niphal stem is used toexpress simple action with either a passive or reflexivevoice. In other words, whatever a verb means in the Qalstem, it becomes passive or reflexive in the Niphal stem.

Piel Intensive/Active. The Piel stem is sometimes used toexpress an intensive type of action with an active voice. Inother words, the simple action of the Qal stem will takeon some type of intensive nuance in the Piel stem.

Pual Intensive/Passive. The Pual is the passive form of thePiel. The Pual stem, therefore, is used to express anintensive type of action with a passive voice.

Hiphil Causative/Active. The Hiphil stem is used to expresscausative action with an active voice. For example, the verb���� means “he was king” or “he reigned” in the Qal stem.The Hiphil form, however, is ������� and means “he causedto reign” or “he made (someone) king.”

Hophal Causative/Passive. The Hophal is the passive form of theHiphil. The Hophal stem, therefore, is used to expresscausative action with a passive voice. For example, theHiphil verb ������� means “he made (someone) king.” TheHophal form is ����� and it is translated “he was madeking.”

Hithpael Intensive/Reflexive. The Hithpael stem is used to expressan intensive type of action with a reflexive (or sometimespassive) voice. For example, the verb ��� means “he hid”in the Qal stem. The Hithpael form is �������� and it means“he hid himself.”

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 78: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 12c - Intro to Verbssummary: stem meaning and translation

Simple Intensive CausativeAction Action Action

Active Voice Qal Piel HiphilPassive Voice Niphal Pual HophalReflexive Voice Niphal Hithpael

Form Translation

Qal ���� he heardNiphal ������ he was heardPiel ���� he smashed into piecesPual ���� he was smashed into piecesHiphil ���� ��� he made kingHophal �� ��� he was made kingHithpael ������� he hid himself

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 79: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 12d - Intro to Verbsverbal conjugations

Perfect Completed Action. The Perfect aspect denotes completedaction, whether in the past, present or future.

Imperfect Incomplete Action. The Imperfect aspect denotesincomplete action, whether in the past, present or future.

Imperative 2nd Person Command. The Imperative conjugation isused primarily to express direct commands, demandingimmediate action from the one being addressed.

Cohortative 1st Person Volitional. The Cohortative is used to expressa wish, request or command. It may also be used toexpress purpose (in order to) or result (resulting in).

Jussive 3rd Person Volitional. The Jussive conjugation is alsoused to express some type of mild command or strongwish.

Infinitive Verbal Noun. The Infinitive Construct can function muchlike an English Infinitive, usually translated with thepreposition “to” plus a verb as in “to study” or “to learn.”

Infinitive Verbal Noun. The Hebrew Infinitive Absolute has no realEnglish counterpart. It may be used in conjunction withother verbs to emphasize or intensify the verbal action. Itmay also be used in the place of an Imperative to expressa command.

Participle Verbal Adjective. Verbally, the Participle expresses sometype of verbal action such as “studying” or “learning.”Adjectivally, it is used much like a Hebrew adjective:attributively, predicatively or substantively.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Construct

Absolute

Page 80: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Root���

Qal Stem

Hithpael������������

Hiphil�������

HophalPual���

Piel���

Niphal�����

����

Chapter 12e - Intro to Verbsroots, stems & conjugations

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

PerfectImperfect

ImperativeCohortative

JussiveInf ConstructInf Absolute

Participle

Verbal Conjugations

Derived Stems

Page 81: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 12f - Intro to Verbsweak verb classification

Class Example Description

I-Guttural ���� guttural in first root position

II-Guttural ����� guttural in second root position

III-�/� ��� � or � in third root position

III-� ��� � in third root position

III-� ���� � in third root position

I-� ���� � in first root position

I-� ���� � in first root position

Doubly Weak ��� I-Guttural and III-� (for one example)

Biconsonantal �� only two root consonants

Geminate ���� identical second and third consonants

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 82: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 12g - Intro to Verbsverbal sentence word order

Normal word order for a verbal sentence isverb-subject-object.

����� "���� �������� "�� ���� �� ���

God created the heavens and the earth.Gen 1:1

It is not uncommon for the direct object to standat the beginning of a Hebrew sentence

for the purpose of emphasis.

����� ���� �� ������""��

Yahweh your God you shall fear.Deut 10:20

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

verbsubjectobjectobject

verb object

Page 83: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 13a - Qal Perfect: Strongintroduction

The Qal StemQal verbs are active in voice with the simple or unnuanced type ofaction. The simple action of the Qal stem is further divided intotransitive, intransitive and stative.1. Transitive. Transitive verbs may take a direct object. In the example“the prophet wrote the book,” the word “book” is the direct object ofthe verb “wrote” because it receives the verbal action.2. Intransitive. Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object. In theexample “the king perished in the battle,” the verb “perished” cannottake a direct object. Other examples of intransitive verbs include “tolive,” “to die” and “to fast.”3. Stative. Stative verbs are used to describe a state of being. In theexample, “the priest is old,” the verbal construction “is old” describesthe state or condition of the subject (the priest). In English, a stative(or state-of-being) idea is expressed with a form of the verb “to be”(is) and an adjective (old). In Hebrew, a stative idea is expressedthrough various verbs themselves, such as ����� (to be heavy) and ����(to be small). Most stative verbs are considered to be intransitivebecause they cannot take a direct object.

The Perfect ConjugationThe Perfect conjugation is used to express a completed action or state ofbeing. It must be emphasized that the Hebrew Perfect does not havetense (time of action) apart from context and issues of syntax. Rather,it signifies aspect (type of action). The Perfect aspect designates averbal action with its conclusion envisioned in the mind of the speakeror writer. To state it differently, the Perfect aspect denotes completedaction, whether in the past, present or future.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 84: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 13b - Qal Perfect: Strongqal perfect paradigm

Sufformative Perfect Translation

3ms ���� he killed

3fs ��� �����,� she killed

2ms ��� ����.��� you killed

2fs ��� ������� you killed

1cs ���� �����.��� I killed

3cp �� ����,� they killed

2mp ���� ������� you killed

2fp ���� ������� you killed

1cp ��� ����.��� we killed

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 85: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 13c - Qal Perfect: Strongother strong verbs

����� "���� ��$� "���� ����!to dwell to remember to write to keep to gather

3ms ����� "���� ��$� "���� ����!

3fs �����<� � "��<� ����$< � "��,� �� ��,!

2ms �����.��� ��.���� ����.�$� ���.��� ��� .���!

2fs �������� ������ �����$� ������ ��� ���!

1cs ������.��� ���.���� �����.�$� ����.��� ���� .���!

3cp ����<� �"��<� ���$< �"��,� � ��,!

2mp ��������� ������� ������$� ������� ���� ���

2fp ��������� ������� ������$� ������� ���� ���

1cp �����.��� ���.��� ����.�$� ���.��� ��� .���!

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 86: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 13d - Qal Perfect: Strongverbal roots ending in � and �

When a verbal root ending in � receives a sufformativebeginning with �, the two identical consonants becomeone consonant with a Daghesh Forte (�� ➣ ). Five of thePerfect sufformatives begin with �.

���.��� ➣ ���.��� 2ms you cut

������ ➣ ������ 2fs you cut

����.��� ➣ ����.��� 1cs I cut

������� ➣ ������� 2mp you cut

������� ➣ ������� 2fp you cut

When a verbal root ending in � receives a Perfectsufformative beginning with �, the two identical consonantsbecome one consonant with Daghesh Forte (�� ➣ ). Theonly sufformative that begins with � is the 1cp (��). Thefinal � of a verbal root may also assimilate into suffirmativesending in � (�� ➣ ).

�����.��� ➣ �� ��.��� 1cp we dwell

�����.��� ➣ �� ���.��� 1cp we dwell

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 87: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 13e - Qal Perfect: Strongstative verbs

Stative verbs are classified by their stem vowel. The stemvowel is the vowel that is associated with the second root consonant.In transitive strong verb paradigms, the stem vowel isPathach as in "���', (�$�� and (�!��. With stative verbs, thestem vowel is variable.

Pathach-Stative Tsere-Stative Holem-Stative

"��� to be great ����� to be heavy %���' to be small#�!�� to be wise %�'�� to be old "�!� to be able

Pathach- Tsere- Holem-Stative Stative Stative

3ms "�� ����� %���'

3fs ��"�< �����<� ��&��,'2ms � �".�� � �.���� � �&.���'

2fs � �"�� � ����� � �&���'

1cs � �".�� � ��.��� � �&�.��'

3cp �"�< ����<� �&��,'2mp #� �"�� #� ����� #� �&��

2fp %� �"�� %� ����� %� �&��

1cp �&�".�� �&��.��� ���.��'

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 88: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 13f - Qal Perfect: Strongparsing

The parsing of Perfect verbs involves the identificationof the verbal stem, conjugation, person, gender, numberand verbal root. When parsing, give the appropriateinformation in the proper order as the followingexamples illustrate (translation is not a required partof parsing information).

����.���� Qal Perfect 1cs ����� I remembered

����.�� Qal Perfect 2fs ���� you observed

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 89: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 13g - Qal Perfect: Strongthe negative particle �

Perfect (and Imperfect) verbs are negated with theparticle �, usually translated “not.” It may also bespelled ��. The negative particle is always placedimmediately before the verb.

�����!� � �������� �You did not observe the laws.

�������!� � ���.���� �You did not remember the covenant.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 90: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 13h - Qal Perfect: Strongthe particle (���(

The word (���( (also as 1�( and !1�() is commonly translated “behold.”It can stand alone or take Type 1 pronominal suffixes.

1cs +�2�2�(/+�2>���( 1cp �2�2�(/��>���(2ms ����( 2mp /�-���(

2fs ����( 2fp

3ms ���( 3mp /���(

1. The particle (���( may be used to add emphasis.

) (��$3 5��!%!.$�!7�% /+�(�"% %����) (���(!'#% 0 &�*And God saw all that he had made, andbehold, (it was) very good (Gen 1:31).

2. The particle (���( may be used to indicate the immediate presence ofsomeone or something.

�)(���(�$��3 +�-�2$% And behold, I am with you (Gen 28:15).

3. The particle (���( may be used to introduce a fact or situation uponwhich a subsequent statement is based.

.�% ��+!.$�!.�% .�%�0� 5�0%���)(���(/�- .� & +� 3�0�� ��.�0 /�-+�.!3 �+�. 0�%�) +�. /����0!%!5��!% .#- .

And Samuel said to all of Israel, “Behold, I havelistened to all that you have said to me and (therefore)I have caused a king to reign over you” (1 Sam 12:1).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt%

Page 91: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 14a - Qal Perfect: WeakI-Guttural, II-Guttural and III-�/#

I-Guttural II-Guttural III-�/# Strong

3ms �� �# %���� #� �� ����$

3fs ��� <# ���<� ��#� ,� �����,$

2ms ���.� �# ���.��� ���#.� �� ����.���$

2fs ���� �# ������ ���#.� �� �������$

1cs ����.� �# ���.���� ����#.� �� �����.���$

3cp �� <# %��<� #� ,� ���,$

2mp ����� �# ������� ����#� �� ��������

2fp !���� �# !������ !���#� �� !�������

1cp "�.� �# "�.��� "�#.� �� "��.���$

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 92: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 14b - Qal Perfect: WeakIII-�

III-� Strong

3ms ����� ����

3fs ��� �,� ��� �,�

2ms ���.���� �� �.���

2fs ������ �� ����

1cs ����.���� ��� �.���

3cp �� �,� �� �,�

2mp ������ � ��� ���

2fp ������ � ��� ���

1cp ���.���� �� �.���

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 93: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 14c - Qal Perfect: WeakIII-�

III-� Strong

3ms ����� �����

3fs �����<� �����,�

2ms ���. ��� ����.����

2fs �� ��� ��������

1cs ����. ��� �����.����

3cp ��� ���,�

2mp ���� ��� ��������

2fp ���� ��� ��������

1cp ��. ��� ���.����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 94: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 14d - Qal Perfect: Weakdoubly weak verbs

III-�/ III-�/ StrongII-Gutt I-Gutt Verb

3ms ���� ����� �����

3fs ������ �����,� �����,�

2ms ��� .�� ���. ��� ����.����

2fs �� �� �� ��� ��������

1cs ���� .�� ����. ��� �����.����

3cp �� ��� ���,�

2mp ���� �� ���� ��� ��������

2fp ���� �� ���� ��� ��������

1cp �� .�� ��. ��� ���.����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 95: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 14e - Qal Perfect: Weakgeminate verbs

Geminate Geminate Geminate StrongStrong Weak 1 Weak 2 Verb

3ms ����� !��� �� ����

3fs �����,� ��,� �����. �����,

2ms �"�.���� �"�.!�� �"�.��� ���.���

2fs "����� "�!�� "���� ������

1cs ��"�.���� ��"�.!�� ��"�.��� ����.���

3cp ���,� !,� ���. ���,

2mp ��"����� ��"�!�� ��"���� �������

2fp ��"����� ��"�!�� ��"���� �������

1cp ��.���� ��.!�� ��.��� ���.���

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 96: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 14f - Qal Perfect: Weakbiconsonantal verbs

StrongStrong Strong Weak Verb

3ms ��� ��� ��� �����

3fs ����.� ���.�� ����.� �����,�

2ms ����.� ���.�� ����.� ���.����

2fs ����� ����� ���� �������

1cs ����.� �����.� ����.�� ����.����

3cp ��.� �.�� �.�� ���,�

2mp ������ ������ ������ �������

2fp ������ ������ ������ �������

1cp ����.� ����.� ��.�� ���.����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 97: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 14g - Qal Perfect: Weakadvanced information: ����� and �����

����� ����� Strongto give to be Verb

3ms ����� ����� � ���

3fs �����<� �����<� �����,�

2ms ��.���� ����>��� ���. ���

2fs ��.���� ��� � �� ��� ���

1cs � � �.���� �����>��� ����. ���

3cp ����<� ���� ����,�

2mp �� ����� ����� ��� ���� ��

2fp � � ����� ����� ��� ���� ��

1cp � � .��� ����>��� ����. ���

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 98: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 14h - Qal Perfect: Weakadvanced information: ���� and ���

���� ��� Strongto be afraid to die Verb

3ms ���� ��� � ���

3fs ���<� ���.�� �����,�

2ms ���.��� ��. � ���. ���

2fs ��.��� � � ��� ���

1cs ����.��� ��. � ����. ���

3cp ��<� ��.�� ����,�

2mp ������� �� � ���� ��

2fp ������� �� � ���� ��

1cp ���.��� ����. � ����. ���

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 99: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 15a - Qal Imperfect: Strongmaster paradigm

Suffor- Imperfect Prefor- Translationmative Paradigm mative

3ms ������ �� he will kill

3fs ������ �� she will kill

2ms ������ �� you (ms) will kill

2fs � ������ �� you (fs) will kill

1cs ������ �� I will kill

3mp � ������ �� they (mp) will kill

3fp ��� �����.���� �� they (fp) will kill

2mp � ������ �� you (mp) will kill

2fp ��� �����.���� �� you (fp) will kill

1cp ������ �� we will kill

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 100: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 15b - Qal Imperfect: Strongother imperfect strong verbs

#���� ��%� #���� ���"to remember to write to keep to gather

3ms #� ���� ������� #������ ����

3fs #� ���� ������� #������ ����

2ms #� ���� ������� #������ ����

2fs �� ���� ��������� ������� ��!�����

1cs #� ���� ������� #������ ����

3mp �#� ���� �������� �#������ �!����

3fp �����. ���� ������.����� �����.����� ����!�.���

2mp �#� ���� �������� �#������ �!����

2fp �����. ���� ������.����� �����.����� ����!�.���

1cp #� ���� ������� #������ ����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 101: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 15c - Qal Imperfect: Strongstative verbs

With the Imperfect inflection of stative verbs,the stem vowel is Pathach regardless

of the stem vowel in the Perfect.

Perfect Imperfect

Pathach-Stative !�� ➣ !� ������Tsere-Stative ����� ➣ ��� ��Holem-Stative "���$ ➣ "�����

!�� ����� "���$Pathach- Tsere- Holem-Stative Stative Stative

3ms !������ ��� �� "�����

3fs !������ ��� �� "�����

2ms !������ ��� �� "�����

2fs ��!������ ���� �� ��#�����

1cs !������ ��� �� "�����

3mp �!������ ���� �� �#�����

3fp ��#�!�.����� ��#��.� �� �� �.����2mp �!������ ���� �� �#�����

2fp ��#�!�.����� ��#��.� �� �� �.����1cp !�����# ��� �# "����#

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 102: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 15d - Qal Imperfect: Strongparsing

When asked to parse Qal Imperfect verbs, you will berequired to identify the verbal stem, conjugation,person, gender, number and verbal root. When parsing,give the required information in the proper order asthe following examples illustrate (translation is not arequired part of the parsing information).

������� Qal Imperfect 3mp ���� they will hear

������ Qal Imperfect 3ms ��� � he will reign

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 103: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 15e - Qal Imperfect: Strongnegative particles � and � �

The Imperfect can be negated with �. Thisnegative particle is always placed immediatelybefore the verb. It can simply negate the verb orit may be used with the Imperfect for an absoluteor permanent prohibition.

��!��� �you shall not kill (Ex 20:13)

������ �you shall not commit adultery (Ex 20:14)

The Imperfact can also be negated with � � (withMaqqef "� �). This negative particle is used withthe Imperfect to express an immediate, specificand non-durative prohibition.

�����"� �Do not fear! (Gen 15:1)

����������� �����"��� ��������"� �Do not listen to the words of your prophets! (Jer 27:14)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 104: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 16a - Qal Imperfect: WeakII-guttural/III-�/�

II-Guttural III-�/� Strong

3ms ������� ������� ������

3fs ������ ������ �����

2ms ������ ������ �����

2fs ������� �������� �������

1cs ����� � ����� � ���� �

3mp ������� ������� ������

3fp �����.���� ������.���� ������.���

2mp ������ ������ �����

2fp �����.���� ������.���� ������.���

1cp ������� ������� ������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 105: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 16b - Qal Imperfect: WeakIII-�

III-� Strong

3ms ������� ������

3fs ������� ������

2ms ������� ������

2fs �������� �������

1cs ������ �����

3mp �������� �������

3fp ����.����� ������.����

2mp �������� �������

2fp ����.����� ������.����

1cp � ����� ������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 106: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 16c - Qal Imperfect: WeakIII-�

III-� Strong

3ms � ����� ������

3fs � ����� ������

2ms � ����� ������

2fs ������� �������

1cs � ��� ����

3mp ������ �������

3fp ����. ����� ������.����

2mp ������ �������

2fp ����. ����� ������.����

1cp � ����� ������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 107: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 16d - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-guttural

I-Guttural I-GutturalType 1 Type 2 Strong

3ms #����� � �� �"� � ��� ��

3fs #������ �� �"�� ��� �

2ms #������ �� �"�� ��� �

2fs �������� �� �"�� ����� �

1cs #������ �� �"�� ��� ��

3mp �#������ ��� �"�� ���� ��

3fp ��! >������ ��!��. �"�� ��!���.� �

2mp �#������ ��� �"�� ���� �

2fp ��! >������ ��!��. �"�� ��!���.� �

1cp #�����! �� �"�! ��� �!

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 108: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 16e - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-�

I-� I-�Type 1 Type 2 Strong

3ms ������ � ������ �����

3fs ������� ������ �����

2ms ������� ������ �����

2fs ������� ������ �������

1cs ������� ����� �����

3mp ������ � ������ �����

3fp �����.����� �����.���� ������.���

2mp ������� ������ �����

2fp �����.����� �����.���� ������.���

1cp ������� ������ �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 109: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 16f - Qal Imperfect: Weakbiconsonantal classification

Qal Perfect 3ms Qal Imperfect 3ms Lexical Entry

� - Class �� he arose ���� he will arise ��� to arise

��- Class �� he placed � �� he will place � � to place

� - Class ��� he entered ���� he will enter ��� to enter

Page 110: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 16g - Qal Imperfect: Weakbiconsonantal paradigms

Class � � Class Class�� ���� �� Strong

3ms ���� �� ��� ���� ������

3fs ���� �� ��� ���� ������

2ms ���� �� ��� ���� ������

2fs � �.��� � �� .��� � �.��� � ������

1cs ���� �� ��� ���� ������

3mp �.�� � �� .��� �.��� ������

3fp ����.����� �����.�� ��� ����.��� ������.����

2mp �.��� �� .��� �.��� ������

2fp ����.����� �����.�� ��� ����.��� ������.����

1cp ��� � �� �� � ���� ������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 111: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 16h - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-�

Type 1 ���� Type 2 Strong

3ms ���� � ��� � � � ��� ������

3fs ����� ���� ����� ������

2ms ����� ���� ����� ������

2fs ������� ������� ������ ��������

1cs ����� ���� ����� ������

3mp ����� � ����� � ����� �������

3fp �����.���� �����.���� �����.���� ������.����

2mp ������ ������ ����� �������

2fp �����.���� �����.���� �����.���� ������.����

1cp ���� � ��� � ���� � ������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 112: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 16i - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-�

Type 1 Type 2 Doubly Weak Strong

3ms ������ ������ ������� ������

3fs ������ ������ ������� ������

2ms ������ ������ ������� ������

2fs � ������ � ����� � ������� � ������

1cs ������ ������ ������� ������

3mp ������ ����� ������� ������

3fp �����.����� ������.���� ������.����� ������.����

2mp ������ ����� ������� ������

2fp �����.����� ������.���� ������.����� ������.����

1cp ������ ������ ������� ������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 113: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 16j - Qal Imperfect: Weaksummary

II-Gutt III-�/� III-� III-�

3ms ������ ��� �� ������ �� �����

3fs ������ ��� �� ������ �� �����

2ms ������ ��� �� ������ �� �����

2fs �������� ������ �� ��������� �������

1cs ������ ��� �� ������ �� �����

3mp �������� ����� �� �������� ������

3fp ����.����� �����.�� �� �����.����� ����>� �����

2mp �������� ����� �� �������� ������

2fp ����.����� �����.�� �� �����.����� ����>� �����

1cp ������ ��� �� ������ �� �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 114: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 17a - Waw Conversiveintroduction

Converted verbal forms areused primarily to denotesequences of consecutive

actions, either in the past,present or future.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 115: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 17b - Waw Conversivebasic form with imperfect

Qal Imperfect without Qal Imperfect withWaw Conversive Waw Conversive

������ ��������he will observe and he observed

������� ���������he will remember and he remembered

Imperfect withWaw Conversive

������ ����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 116: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 17c - Waw Conversiveimperfect strong verb paradigm

Imperfect with Waw Conversive

3ms � ���� � ��� and he killed

3fs � �������� and she killed

2ms � �������� and you killed

2fs ������������ and you killed

1cs � ����� and I killed

3mp ������� � ��� and they killed

3fp ����� .�������� and they killed

2mp ����������� and you killed

2fp ����� .�������� and you killed

1cp � ����� ��� and we killed

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 117: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 17d - Waw Conversivewaw conversive and regular waw

Qal Imperfect with Qal Imperfect withWaw Conversive Regular Waw

3ms ����� � ��� �������� and he will kill

3fs ���������� �������� and she will kill

2ms ���������� �������� and you will kill

2fs � ���������� � �������� and you will kill

1cs �������� �������� and I will kill

3mp ����� � ��� �������� and they will kill

3fp ������.��� ���� �����.������� and they will kill

2mp ���������� �������� and you will kill

2fp ������.��� ���� �����.������� and you will kill

1cp ����� � ��� �������� and we will kill

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 118: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 17e - Waw Conversiveuse of converted imperfect

1. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with a Perfectverb followed by any number of converted Imperfectverbs.

* # ! $�%.�' �����! $���&"3�! 1�$���% #�)���%,�'"3�!

And Adam knew Eve his wife, and then sheconceived, and then she bore Cain (Gen 4:1).

2. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with thetemporal modifier '�$�'�% followed by Imperfect verbs withWaw Conversive.

'�$�'�% * $��"�! 3�+ ' �&�! �� "�'�%�-�� 0 &�/�'"3�! *'�$��!

And after the death of AbrahamGod blessed Isaac his son (Gen 25:11).

3. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with theconverted Imperfect itself.

!�����% $���+")�! 1���'�%#�.�+ )�$�!�+ %' )�! $�%$�'

And he called to Moses and Yahweh spoke to himfrom the tent of meeting (Lev 1:1).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt!

Page 119: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 17f - Waw Conversivechanges in spelling

With I-� verbs like %�!�� and some I-� verbs (including�����), the stem vowel changes to Seghol.

%�!��� he will say ➣ %�!�>���� and he said

����� he will dwell ➣ ��>���� and he dwelt

����� he will go ➣ ���>���� and he went

Biconsonantal and III-� verbs are “shortened” inconverted Imperfect forms without a sufformative(except the 1cs). With Biconsonantal verbs, the medialvowel letter is lost. With III-� verbs, the final � dropsoff.

$�� he will rise up ➣ �$>���� and he rose up

���� he will set ➣ �>���� and he set

��#���� he will build ➣ "��>���� and he built

������� he will reveal ➣ ���>���� and he revealed

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 120: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 17g - Waw Conversivebasic form with perfect

Qal Perfect without Qal Perfect withWaw Conversive Waw Conversive

����� �������he observed and he will observe

����� �������he remembered and he will remember

Perfect withWaw Conversive

�� ���

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 121: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 17h - Waw Conversiveperfect strong verb paradigm

Perfect with Waw Conversive

3ms ������� and he will kill

3fs �����,��� and she will kill

2ms .��������� and you will kill

2fs ��������� and you will kill

1cs �.��������� and I will kill

3cp ���,��� and they will kill

2mp �������� and you will kill

2fp �������� and you will kill

1cp �������� and we will kill

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 122: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 17i - Waw Conversiveuse of converted perfect

1. The future tense narrative sequence may begin with anImperfect verb followed by any number of convertedPerfect verbs.

.*�/�* 4����'#&"0�� 4*� $0�)���!,%�-!/"-$�

Six days you will labor and (you will) doall your work (Deut 5:13).

2. The temporal modifier (�*$(�) may mark the beginning ofa future tense narrative sequence.

(�*$(�) %�(�( .���� *����&��)-�% �* 4���"4�%

And in that day I will break thebow of Israel (Hos 1:5).

3. The converted Perfect will frequently follow anImperative verb and carry the full force of the initialImperative.

'#/"0 (�)(�* 4*�� 2�0��!� 4% $1�)2$&$��("4�% .� (���(���/$%�)(�)(�*"2�&� �0!/��

Stand (Imperative) in the gate of Yahweh’s house and(you will) proclaim there this word and (you will) say,

“Hear the word of Yahweh” (Jer 7:2).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt%

Page 123: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 17j - Waw Conversiveparsing

The parsing of converted verbal forms is just like the parsingof regular Perfect or Imperfect verbs except that you mustidentify the presence of the Waw Conversive.

� ������� Qal Imperfect 3ms ���� with Waw Conversive

������ Qal Perfect 3ms ���� with Waw Conversive

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 124: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18a - Qal Imperativeintroduction

Volitional ConjugationsThe term “volitional” describes thoseconjugations used, as a general rule,

to express some type of command,wish or desire.

Imperative2nd person volitional conjugation

Cohortative1st person volitional conjugation

Jussive3rd person volitional conjugation

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 125: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18b - Qal Imperativestrong verb paradigm

Imperative Sufformative Translation

2ms ���� (you) kill!

2fs ���� �� (you) kill!

2mp ���� � (you) kill!

2fp �����.�� ��� (you) kill!

Imperfect Subtract ImperativeForm Preformative Form

2ms ������ ➣ ����| �� ➣ ����

2fs ������ ➣ ����| �� ➣ ����

2mp ������ ➣ ����| �� ➣ ����

2fp �����.���� ➣ �����.��| �� ➣ �����.��

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 126: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18c - Qal Imperative“lengthened” 2ms imperative

Lexical Regular LengthenedForm Imperative Imperative Translation

����� ��� ����� you (2ms) kill!

����� ���� ����� you (2ms) observe!

����� ���� ����� you (2ms) judge!

����� ����� ����� you (2ms) listen!

The vowel in the first syllable of a lengthenedImperative like ����� is Qamets Hatuf

It may also appear with Hireq as in �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 127: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18d - Qal Imperativethe particle ��

Imperatives (along with the other volitionalconjugations) may be followed by theparticle �� which can be translated as“please” or simply left untranslated.

�� ������"����

“observe!” or“please observe!”

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 128: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18e - Qal Imperativeweak verbs: part 1

I-Guttural II-Guttural

2ms %������ ➣ %���� &������ ➣ &��� 2fs ������� ➣ ����� �������� ➣ ����� 2mp �%������ ➣ �%���� �&������ ➣ �&��� 2fp ��!.������ ➣ ��!.���� ��!��.����� ➣ ��!��.��

I-� Type 1 I-� Type 2

2ms &�"���� ➣ &�"�� &� ��� ➣ &� ��2fs ���"���� ➣ ���"�� ��� ��� ➣ ��� ��2mp �&�"���� ➣ �&�"�� �&� ��� ➣ �&� ��2fp ��!��."���� ➣ ��!�.�"�� ��!��. ��� ➣ ��!��. ��

III-�/# III-�

2ms ������� ➣ ����� ��$� �� ➣ ��$� 2fs ��������� ➣ ������� ����$� �� ➣ ����$� 2mp �������� ➣ ������ ���$� �� ➣ ���$� 2fp ��!���.����� ➣ ��!��.���� ��!��.$� �� ➣ ��!�.�$�

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 129: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18f - Qal Imperativeweak verbs: part 2

III-� Geminate

2ms ��!��� ➣ ��!�� ��"�� ➣ ��"2fs ��!��� ➣ ��!�� ���.�"�� ➣ ���.�"2mp �!��� ➣ �!�� ���."�� ➣ ���."2fp ��!�>�!��� ➣ ��!�>�!�� ��!��.��"�� ➣ ��!���."

I-! Type 1 I-! Type 2

2ms ��� ➣ �$�! #��� ➣ #�"2fs �� ��� ➣ �� �$�! ��#�"� ➣ ��#�"2mp � ��� ➣ � �$�! �#�"� ➣ �#�"2fp ��!� .��� ➣ ��!� .�$�! ��!�#�.�� ➣ ��!�#.�"

I-� Type 1 I-� Type 2

2ms ��� ➣ �� ���� ➣ ��2fs ������ ➣ ����� �� �� ➣ �� 2mp ����� ➣ ���� �� �� ➣ �� 2fp ��!��.��� ➣ ��!��.� ��!��.��� ➣ ��!��.�

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 130: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18g - Qal Imperativebiconsonantal verbs

�� ���

2ms ���� ➣ �� ��� �� ➣ ��� 2fs ���.��� ➣ ���.� �����. �� ➣ �����. 2mp �.��� ➣ �.� ���. �� ➣ ���. 2fp ����.����� ➣ �����.� �����.��� ��

���

2ms ����� ➣ ���2fs ����.��� ➣ ����.�2mp ��.��� ➣ ��.�2fp �����.���

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 131: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18h - Qal Imperativeirregular/doubly weak verbs

&�*�' (to give) ��% (to take)

2ms &��� ➣ &�� ��� ➣ �2fs "�'�� ➣ "�'� "� �� ➣ "� �2mp �'�� ➣ �'� � �� ➣ � �2fp ���.��� ➣ ����.� ��'� �.�� ➣ ��'� .�

�%�� (to walk) ��"�� (to be)

2ms �%�� ➣ �% ��"��� ➣ ��"��2fs "�$�%�� ➣ "�$�% "�"���2mp �$�%�� ➣ �$�% �"��� ➣ �"��2fp ��'�$�.%�� ➣ ��'�$�.% ��'">�"���

��%�( (to go up) ��!�' (to extend)

2ms ��%�(�� ➣ ��%�( ���� ➣ ��!�'2fs "�%�(�� ➣ "�%�( "��� ➣ "�!�'2mp �%�(�� ➣ �%�( ��� ➣ �!�'2fp ��'".�%�(�� ➣ ��'".�%�( ��'".��� ➣ ��'".�!�'

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 132: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18i - Qal Cohortativethe basics

The Cohortative occurs only in the first person,singular and plural. It is constructed by adding��� to a first person form of the Imperfect.This final ��� is the diagnostic indicator of theCohortative conjugation.

Imperfect Cohortative

������ + ��� = ��������

������ + ��� = ��������

����� � ���� �� May I observe your law.Let me observe your law.

����� �������� Let us make (cut) a covenant.May we make (cut) a covenant.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 133: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18j - Qal Jussivethe basics

The Jussive conjugation occurs primarily inthe third person, singular and plural. Withstrong verbs, the form of the Jussive is thesame as its corresponding Imperfect form. Forexample, ����$�" may be translated as either “hewill write” or “let him write.” The presenceof the particle ��' will suggest the Jussivetranslation.

�����"!-�� �%���� ��'!+�����"Let the king remember Yahweh.

(2 Sam 14:11)

�"�'"��� "�'"� �����" !� ���"May Yahweh judge between me and between you.

(Gen 16:5)

������)�% �����" �%�(�"May Yahweh forgive your servant .

(2 Kgs 5:18)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 134: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18k - Qal Jussive“short” forms

Short jussive forms occur only in the singularand only with selected types of weak verbs,especially III-� weak verbs.

Perfect Imperfect Jussive (short)

��$�� he built ��$���� he will build #��>�� let him build

����% he made ����%�� he will make ��%>�� let him make

�� �% he went up �� �%�� he will go up �%>�� let him go up

��� he saw ������ he will see ��>� let him see

������ (���"(�� #������And let him build the house of Yahweh (Ezra 1:3).

&�� ����� !������ &�"�� ��And God said, “let there be light” (Gen 1:3).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 135: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18l - Qal Jussiveand Cohortative

negation

Jussive and Cohortative verbs are negated with ���.This construction expresses a negative wish or a mild-er form of prohibition than that expressed by �plus the Imperfect. The particle ��� is sometimes at-tached to ��� with Maqqef (���!���). In most instances,you do not need to translate the particle ���.

�������� ���!���Do not let us perish.

(Jonah 1:14)

�������� ����� �����!�����Do not let your anger burn against your servant .

(Gen 44:18)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 136: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 18m - Qal Imperative,Cohortative and Jussive

verbal sequences

1. Multiple Imperative verbs may occur in succession.Context will determine whether or not they arerelated consequentially or sequentially.

����!*�� (���� ��"�&Go up and bury your father (Gen 50:6).

2. An Imperative verb may be followed by a Perfectverb with Waw Conversive. The Perfect verb maycarry the full force of the preceding Imperative.

�����&!"�� ����$���� �"Go and say to my servant (2 Sam 7:5).

3. An Imperative may be followed by an Imperfect orCohortative, a construction that will create a purposeor result clause. The Imperfect will be marked withthe conjunction �� and is translated as “so that.”

�� ���%�� #���$ �%�"!�(������ �����!���Go down there and buy grain for us from

there so that we might live (Gen 42:2).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 137: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 19aPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

introduction

��.���� ������ he will keep us

�� ������� he will keep us

����� ���� he judged you

��� �� he judged you

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 138: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 19bPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

review: type 1 suffixes

Type 1 Type 1 ObjectiveSuffixes Alternate Translation

1cs �� ��� me

2ms � you

2fs � you

3ms � �� him (it)

3fs �� �� her (it)

1cp �� us

2mp ��� you

2fp ��� you

3mp ��� � them

3fp ��� � them

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 139: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 19cPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

on the qal perfect

Qal Perfect 3ms Translation

1cs �� ��.���� he killed me

2ms ���<�� he killed you

2fs ����� he killed you

3ms ����� he killed him (it)

3fs ������ he killed her (it)

1cp ���.���� he killed us

2mp ����<�� he killed you

2fp ����,�� he killed you

3mp ������ he killed them

3fp ������ he killed them

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 140: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 19dPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal perfect

Qal Perfect Qal PerfectWithout Suffixes Before Suffixes

3ms ���� �����

3fs �����,� �.�����2ms ����.��� .������

2fs ������� �.�������1cs �����.��� �.�������3cp ����,� �.�����2mp �������

2fp �������

1cp ����.��� �>������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 141: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 19ePronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal perfect: examples

�����,� (�. �����) + �� ➣ ����. ����� she (it) found us

���.��� (.�����) + ➣ ����� you knew him

��.���� (�.�����) + �� ➣ ���.����� I gave her (it)

����,� (�.�����) + ��� ➣ �� �.������ they surrounded me

����.��� (�>������) + � ➣ �������� we knew them

Page 142: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 19fPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

imperfect: nun-suffixes

Type 1 Nun-Suffix Suffix Example Translation

2ms � ��.�� ���.� � ��� he will capture you

3ms �/� �.�� ��.� � ��� he will capture him

3fs ���/�� ���.�� ����.� � ��� he will capture her

Page 143: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 19gPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal imperfect

Qal Imperfect Qal ImperfectWithout Suffixes Before Suffixes

3ms ������ �����

3fs ������ �����

2ms ������ �����

2fs ������ ������

1cs ������ �����

3mp ������ ������

3fp ����.����2mp ������ ������

2fp ����.����1cp ������ �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 144: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 19hPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

spelling the qal imperfect: examples

�(������� + �� ➣ ��������� and they buried him

(�$��� + ➣ ��$��� he will observe you

��"��� + ➣ ���"��� he will send you

����� + �� .�� ➣ �� .���� he will see her

%������ + # ➣ #�&������ and he gave them

Page 145: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 19iPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

on imperatives

The suffixes used on the Imperative are the same asthose used on the Imperfect.

1. The Imperative 2ms form ���� is spelled ����% (withQamets Hatuf) before a pronominal suffix.

&�!�� + ➣ �!�� (You) observe them!��$�� + ��" ➣ ��" ���$�� (You) judge me!

2. The Imperative 2fs (������) and 2mp (�����), bothending in a vowel, do not change.

���$� + ➣ ���$� (You) seize them!���� + ��" ➣ ��"���� (You) seek me!

3. Imperatives with a Pathach stem vowel (#�!��)lengthen Pathach to Qamets before pronominalsuffixes.

#�!�� + ��" ➣ ��" �#�!�� (You) hear me!����� + �� ➣ ������� (You) redeem her (it)!

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 146: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 19jPronominal Suffixes on Verbs

parsing

When parsing verbs with pronominal suffixes, youwill need to identify the verb and the person,

gender and number of the suffix.

��.����� Qal Perfect 1cs ����� with 2ms suffix

� .������� Qal Imperfect 3ms ����� with 3ms suffix

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 147: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 20aQal Infinitive Construct

basic form

The Infinitive Construct is not inflected for person,gender or number. There is one basic form and,therefore, no paradigm to memorize. The vowelpattern is consistent for all strong verbs and evenfor most weak verbs. Note that the basic form ofthe Qal Infinitive Construct is identical to the QalImperative 2ms (����).

Infinitive ConstructStrong Verb

��� ��

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 148: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 20bQal Infinitive Construct

examples with weak verbs

Imperative Infinitive Infinitive2ms Construct Translation

Strong � ��� � �� to remember

I-Gutt ����� � ��� to abandon

I-� � ��� � ��� to say

II-Gutt ���� � �� to choose

III-� ���� �� � to send

III-� ���� �� � to hear

III-� ��� � �� to call

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 149: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 20cQal Infinitive Construct

III-� verbs: spelling

The Infinitive Construct form of III-� verbs endsin ��. Remember that Imperfect forms end in ��(except in those forms with sufformatives) andthat Imperative forms end in ��(2ms).

Summary of III-� Verbal Endings

Ending Example Translation

Imperfect �� �� ��� he will build

Imperative �� �� �� you (2ms) build!

Infinitive �� �� �� to build, buildingConstruct

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 150: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 20dQal Infinitive Construct

III-� verbs: examples

Verbal InfinitiveRoot Construct Translation

����� ����� to build, building

����� ����� to weep, weeping

����� ���� to go up, going up

����� ���� to answer, answering

����� ���� to do, doing

������ ���� to be, being

���� ��� �� to see, seeing

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 151: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 20eQal Infinitive Construct

I-� verbs

Verbal Infinitive AlternateRoot Construct Form

with � with �

����� ������ ���.��

����� ������ ���.��

����� ������ ���.��

����� ���� ���� (����)����� ��.��

����� ����� ��

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 152: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 20fQal Infinitive Construct

I-� verbs

Verbal InfinitiveRoot Construct

����� � � .�

���� ���.�

����� �� .�

���� ��.�

���� ���.�

���� ����

���� � � .�

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 153: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 20gQal Infinitive Construct

biconsonantal verbs

Verbal InfinitiveRoot Construct

�� ��

�� ��

�� ��

��� ���

���� ����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 154: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 20hQal Infinitive Construct

with suffixes and prefixes

The Infinitive Construct can take pronominal suf-fixes that function as either the subject or objectof the verbal idea.

�����“his killing” or “killing him”

The inseparable prepositions ��, �� and �� may beprefixed to the Infinitive Construct with a rangeof uses and translation values.

� ���� � ����in order to remember while observing

Both pronominal suffixes and prepositional pre-fixes can occur with the Infinitive Construct.

��������when he hears/heard

Qal Infinitive Construct of ���� withpreposition �� and 3ms pronominal suffix.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 155: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 20iQal Infinitive Construct

negation

The negative particles � and �� are not used tonegate the Infinitive Construct. Rather, it is negat-ed with ������ or �������� meaning “not” or “inorder not.”

��� ��������“in order not to kill”

or“not to kill”

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 156: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 20jQal Infinitive Construct

five common uses

1. With !0 to express purpose, intention or result.

&�0 1�/�0 (�)(�- 3�;�4"%��);�5�0 1�-�4-�5�) ;�%��0 1�-�4�*�%�)�5$2���0(���( 1���( '�5

or eyesto knowBut Yahweh has not given to you a heart ).Deut 29:3 [English 29:4] until this day (to hear or ears to see

2. With !0 to denote an action about to take place (inceptive).

�4!�";�% ,$+���0 ;�0�/"%���(";�% +�����)

And he took the knife (in order)to slaughter his son (Gen 22:10).

3. With or without !0 as a verbal noun.

&�,;�'$(!0(�)(-�0 It is good to praise Yahweh (Ps 92:2).

4. With or without !0 to explain, clarify or complement a preceding actionor statement (complementary).

�-�(�#% (�)(�- ;�!7�2";�% ���2���);�/�0�0)-�/ ���

And you shall observe the commandments of Yahweh).Deut 8:6 in his ways (by walkingyour God

5. With !� or !� in a temporal clause with or without pronominal suffixes.

%)�(�( 6��%�� 0�% � �- 3$����� -�(�-�)When (while) Israel dwelt in that land … (Gen 35:22).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt%

Page 157: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 21aQal Infinitive Absolute

introduction

The Infinitive Absolute is not inflected for person,gender or number and so there is only one formto memorize. This form is easy to identify andvaries little with weak verbal roots.

Infinitive AbsoluteStrong Verb

��� ��1. The vowel pattern of the strong verb also

occurs in most weak verb types.

2. Frequently, the Holem Waw stem vowel iswritten defectively as Holem. (�����).

3. Unlike the Infinitive Construct, the InfinitiveAbsolute does not occur with prepositionalprefixes or pronominal suffixes.

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 158: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 21bQal Infinitive Absolute

weak verbs

Qal Perfect Infinitive3ms Absolute

I-Guttural ���� �����I-Guttural ���� �����I- ��� ���� II-Guttural � �� �� ��II-Guttural ���� �����III-� ��� ����III-� ��� ����III- ���� ����I-� ���� �����I-� ���� �����Geminate ���� �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 159: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 21cQal Infinitive Absolute

III-� and biconsonantal verbs

Verbal Root Infinitive Absolute

����� ➣ ����� or ����

���� ➣ ���� or ���

�� � ➣ �� �� or � ��

����� ➣ ����� or ����

Verbal Root Infinitive Absolute

�� ➣ �� or ��

���� ➣ ���

��� ➣ ���

��� ➣ ���

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 160: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 21dQal Infinitive Absolute

parsing

The Infinitive Absolute form is not inflected forperson, gender or number. When parsing youare required to identify only stem, conjugationand lexical form.

���� Qal Infinitive Absolute ������� Qal Infinitive Absolute ���

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 161: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 21eQal Infinitive Absolute

usage

1. Emphatic. The Infinitive Absolute can precede or followa Perfect or Imperfect verbal form of the same root inorder to emphasize the verbal meaning.

+�&�� +�&you (2ms) will certainly die (2 Kgs 1:16)

2. Imperatival. The Infinitive Absolute can stand by itselfand function as an Imperative.

+����� %�!"+�� )�&��Observe the sabbath day! (Deut 5:12)

3. Contemporaneous Action. Two Infinitive Absolutes canbe used together with a Perfect or Imperfect verb toexpress two verbal actions occurring simultaneously.

$�#��� �$�� �$��� (literally) and he walked, walking and eating;

(idiomatically) and he walked, eating as he went (Judg 14:9)

4. Complementary. The Infinitive Absolute can comple-ment the main verb of a sentence and carry the temporalvalue of that main verb.

���(��"$� %!�'������ �+�� %���All of the congregation shall stone him with stones (Num 15:35).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 162: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 21fQal Infinitive Absolute

the particle ���Hebrew can express the existence of someone or something byusing the particle ��� (!���) which translates either “(there)is” or “(there) are.”

���.�� ���“there is a king” or “a king is”

�� � ��!� � ������ ��� ����Surely the Lord is in this place (Gen 28:16).

��� may also be used to express possession when followedby the preposition �� (to).

�����# ���!���Literally: There is to me hope.

Idiomatically: I have hope (Ruth 1:12).

��� ����� �����Literally: Is there to you a brother?

Idiomatically: Do you have a brother? (Gen 43:7)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 163: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 21gQal Infinitive Absolute

the particle ����

Hebrew may express the non-existence or absence of someoneor something by using the particle !��� (!��.��) which translateseither “(there) is not” or “(there) are not.”

' � %�# �"!���Joseph was not in the cistern (Gen 37:29).

&���� ������� (�$��"!�����(And) there is no knowledge of God in the land (Hos 4:1).

!��� can appear with pronominal suffixes as in �>�"��� (3msor 1cp) and ��"��� (3mp) or it may be used to negate averbless clause or sentences with Participles usedpredicatively.

������"(�� ������� ��"���They do not fear the Lord (2 Kgs 17:34).

������� !��� ��� ����" '� ��(The) fool says in his heart, “There is no God” (Ps 53:2

[English 53:1]).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 164: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 22a-Qal Participleactive strong verb paradigm

The Participle inflects like an adjective, with bothgender and number. It is not inflected for person.The inflection of the Participle should look familiar.

Singular Plural

Masculine ���� � �����

Feminine ����.�� ������

Feminine �����

Singular Plural

Masculine � �����

Feminine ����.�� ������

Feminine �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 165: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 22b-Qal Participlediagnostics

The Holem in the first syllable of all forms is diag-nostic of the Qal active Participle. It may also bewritten as Holem Waw (�����). The Holem willnot reduce (undergo propretonic reduction) withthe additional of inflectional endings. The Holem-Tsere vowel pattern is distinctive of the masculinesingular Qal active Participle.

Qal Active ParticipleStrong Verb

�����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 166: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 22c-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 1

I-Guttural I-�Singular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. ��� � ����� � ��� � �������

Fem. ��.� � ����� � ��.��� �������

Fem. ����� � �������

I-� GeminateSingular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. ��� � ������� ��� � ����� �

Fem. ��.���� ������� ��.� � ����� �

Fem. ������� ����� �

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 167: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 22d-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 2

II-Guttural III-�/�Singular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. ���� ������� ����� ���� ���

Fem. ��.��� ������� ���.���� ��� ���

Fem. ������ ��� ���

III-�Singular Plural

Masc. ���� ���� ���

Fem. ��.��� ��� ���

Fem. ��� ���

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 168: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 22e-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 3

III-� BiconsonantalSingular Plural Singular Plural

Masc. ����� ������ �� �����

Fem. ����� ����� ��� ����

Fem. �������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 169: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 22f-Qal Participleuse of the qal active participle

Participles function just like adjectives.

1. Attributive Use. The Participle directly modifies a noun. Themodifying Participle will follow the noun and agree in gender,number and definiteness.

.�� �� !�����# )�-�# the people who dwell (who aredwelling) in the land (Num13:28)

#�(�'� �� %�#�� #�$#�% Yahweh your God is a consumingfire (Deut 4:24).

2. Predicative Use. The Participle asserts something about the noun(with a form of the verb “to be”). The modifying Participle willagree with the noun in gender and number but not definiteness.

�� �� /�-�� /�#�# The mountain was burning withfire (Deut 4:11).

(�'%�#�� !�'� (� �*��� And Samuel was lying downin (the) temple (1 Sam 3:3).

3. Substantive Use. The Participle is used independently as a noun,indicating the “one who” performs a certain action. It may functionas the subject or object of a verb; take a definite article; appear in aconstruct chain; or take pronominal suffixes and prepositionalprefixes.

)%������ 1�!�����# you who dwell in the gardens(Song 8:13)

(� ����% /�*�� +�%�% ��$ and the one who keeps Israelwill not sleep (Ps 121:4)

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 170: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 22g-Qal Participlepassive participle paradigm

The passive Participle inflects like an adjective,with both gender and number. It is not inflectedfor person.

Singular Plural

Masculine �� � ����� �

Feminine ��� � ���� �

Singular Plural

Masculine ����� �

Feminine ��. � ���� �

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 171: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 22h-Qal Participlepassive participle diagnostics

The diagnostic feature of the Qal passive Participleis the Qamets-Shureq vowel pattern. It may alsobe spelled defectively with Qibbuts as in �����.

Qal Passive ParticipleStrong Verb

�����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 172: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 22i-Qal Participleweak verbs

����� abandoned ��� �� opened

����� hated ������ known

���� asked ������ planted

���� slaughtered ����� cursed

����� eaten ����� advised

III-�Singular Plural

Masculine ����� ��������

Feminine ������� ������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 173: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 22j-Qal Participleuse of the qal passive participle

Participles function just like adjectives.

1. Attributive Use. The passive Participle follows the noun it modifiesand agrees in gender, number and definiteness.

2�/�-� "���3���" 3%� �" the covenant written in this book"���" "����" of the law (Deut 29:20)

"�*�$�""(��"3�� +�����# (And) he (re)built all of the broken"�1�2���" wall (2 Chr 32:5).

2. Predicative Use. The passive Participle either precedes or followsthe noun it modifies and agrees in gender and number only (notdefiniteness).

)�(�.�( "�#"�% ��2� Blessed is Yahweh forever (Ps 89:53).

����.� "�*�!���" "��2�� Cursed is the ground because of you(Gen 3:17).

3. Substantive Use. Passive Participles can be used independently asnouns, indicating the “one who” performs a certain action. Whena Participle is used substantively, it behaves just like a noun.

%�,�/�( 2���.�% 0�(�$�"�# And the one equipped (for battle)"�#"�% +�2�� will pass before the ark of Yahweh

(Josh 6:7).

�(���% )%� �2�" 3�$�3�# And they will fall among the slain ones(Isa 10:4).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 174: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 22k-Qal Participleparsing

Like a verb, the Participle has stem and voice.Like an adjective, it is inflected for gender andnumber. When parsing you will be required toidentify stem, conjugation (with voice), gender,number and lexical form.

����� Qal Active Participle ms �����

����� Qal Passive Participle ms ����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 175: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 23a-Sentence Syntaxnormal word order

In Hebrew, normal word order for a verbalsentence is verb-subject-object (vso)

���"!(�� ������ &������(And) God remembered Noah (Gen 8:1).

���� $�#�� ������(And) Joseph dreamed a dream (Gen 37:5).

��������!� !��� ����! ������(And) Moses called to all Israel (Ex 24:16).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

vso

vso

vso

Page 176: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 23b-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the verb

In the syntax of the verbal sentence, the verb isnormally at the beginning, in first position.

!����!����%�"! �$ ����!�� �" (And) a new king arose over Egypt (Ex 1:8).

����������$�� !� $ !������!��#���� I trust in the steadfast love of God forever and ever

(Ps 52:10 [English 52:8]).

�'������� '��� ������ Sing to Yahweh a new song (Ps 96:1).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 177: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 23c-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the verb

The verb may also be preceded by an adverb of time, an adverbial phrase,0��'0 (behold), a temporal modifier (4'0�4�1 or 0�4#0�1), an expression that providescontext or circumstantial information, an independent personal pronounfor emphasis or a negative particle.

0��$;74'0�*,#0!6#�'8 0�10�4 6!/�.!4'� 4�(;�4 Now I know that Yahweh is greater

than all gods (Ex 18:11).

0&�%,#0 74�#- $0 >$2$,7�(-$,!6&, 0�10�4!>$- 0�4#0 After these things, the word of Yahweh

came (was) to Abram (Gen 15:1).

0��'0�1-�#2&� ":4�?!-), "6(<�: And behold, our fathers have fallen

by the sword (2 Chr 29:9).

4'0�4�1"0�.�$0���1 14'2#, 6&-&0!6&, 9�4� 7����1 0���$� 7�?!4(0'� When they were in the field, Cain rose up against Abel his brother and he killed him (Gen 4:8).

!6$,>���$0 4�(- �!6&, 7&5#6 "2(3(-�Do not trust in deceptive words (Jer 7:4).

7��$,�174�:)0+� ?&5&6(8$8 4'6!"4(0� And you will be to me a kingdom

of priests (Ex 19:6).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt,

Page 178: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 23d-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the subject

In the syntax of the verbal sentence, the verb isnormally followed immediately by its subject ifone is specified.

.�(�� �!��"��� ����� "&�� The serpent said to the woman (Gen 3:4).

)���� �! �! �#"�����#�*#�+ .� "&�, The glory of Yahweh dwelt upon Mount Sinai

(Ex 24:16).

The verb may be preceded by its subject toemphasize that subject, though there are otherreasons for this type of variation.

�! �#��,�! '�&�,�& ��(�# Yahweh will reign forever and ever (Ex 15:18).

� ���('#� ���� "&�� �&�, And Moses went up to God (Ex 19:3).

�!�"�* �! �# #�*#�,�� )�" ��-�( And Noah found favor in the

eyes of Yahweh (Gen 6:8).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 179: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 23e-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the object

1. The indirect object is usually marked with the preposition�! (to, for) or !!�� (to, for) and may precede or follow thedirect object (if any).

������ $�)�%!�� ����&���"� �!'����!)�� I know that Yahweh has given to you the land

(Josh 2:9).

2. A direct object (if any) will frequently stand after theverb or its subject. It may precede or follow an indirectobject.

)�� "������ ����"���#����)���� '���� God created the heavens and

the earth (Gen 1:1).

3. The verb may be preceded by its object to emphasizethat object, though there are other reasons for this syntax.

!)������������� ������ Yahweh your God you shall fear (Deut 10:20).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 180: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 23f-Sentence Syntaxconditional sentences

A conditional sentence consists of two clauses. Thefirst clause states the condition and is called the protasis(“if-clause”). The second clause states the consequenceof the condition and is called the apodosis (“then-clause”). The protasis will often begin with �� (if) butit may also begin with ���, "�� or %���� followed by aPerfect, Imperfect or Participle.

$�� ������� %�!���� ������# ������ "�� �� ������

�� ������� �� ����# ������' ��"

Barak said to her, “If you will go with me, then I willgo; but if you will not go with me, (then) I will not go”

(Judg 4:8).

Condition (Protasis) Consequence (Apodosis)“if ( ��) you will go” “then I will go”

“but if ( ��) you will not go” “(then) I will not go”

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 181: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 23g-Sentence Syntaxadverbs

Adverbs are generally divided into four categories:adverbs of time (then, now), place (here, there), degree(very, extremely) and manner (swiftly, gently).

1. Adverbs of Time."���* (now)

"���*"���� '$�"��� ���$"$�� $���*��$ Now I know that you fear God (Gen 22:12).

2. Adverbs of Place.'�� (there)

'��� �#'��-�,�$ -���� '���""/�� And he placed there the man whom he hadformed (Gen 2:8).

3. Adverbs of Degree.!$�(�� (continually)

$�)$�*!$�(��"�#"�$"&�� My eyes are continually on the Lord (Ps 25:15).

4. Adverbs of Manner.'���/�� (suddenly)

�*��"�$ '�"$�&�� �� � �#'���/��And Joshua came upon them suddenly(Josh 10:9).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 182: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 23h-Sentence Syntaxdisjunctive waw

A disjunctive Waw is prefixed to a non-verbal form and is non-sequential, that is, it introduces some kind of break or interruption inthe narrative. There are four basic uses.

1. Parenthetical. The disjunctive clause may interrupt the narrativeflow in order to provide some explanatory information.

*/�:�2,�� 6,�.���) ,�� 5�3�, �4�0� ,�� �4 �, &� /�)"Now they did not know that Joseph was understanding thembecause there was an interpreter between them (Gen 42:23).

2. Circumstantial. The disjunctive clause may introduce or identifycircumstantial information that relates to the main action of thenarrative.

��"-&�."0 :�!#4�. )�:�,���) &%'���* )���) /���)"� ,�)�,�*�*:�,���� /� :�,���) , �2�&�0 ,�& 1,�&

(And) one day, he went into the house to do his work and none ofthe household servants were there in the house (Gen 39:11).

3. Contrastive. The disjunctive Waw may introduce a contrastive ideaand is often translated as “but.”

�:�+�2�0".�&�* .�'�)".�& )�*)�, 4� ���*�*)�4� &� �:�+�2�0".�&�* 1�,�".�&

The Lord looked favorably on Abel and his offering but on Cainand his offering he did not look favorably (Gen 4:4b-5a).

4. Introductory. The disjunctive Waw may begin a new narrative orintroduce a new idea or theme within a narrative.

*)����) :���+ .%��0 /�8�4 )�,�) �+���)"/,�)�$& )�*)�, )�!�4 8 #&

Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the creatures that theLord God had made (Gen 3:1).

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt&

Page 183: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 24a-Niphal Strongperfect

Niphal PerfectStrong Verb

������

Qal Niphal Translation

3ms ����� ������ he was killed

3fs �����,� �������� she was killed

2ms ���.���� ���.����� you were killed

2fs ������ �������� you were killed

1cs ����.���� �����.���� I was killed

3cp ���,� ������ they were killed

2mp ������� ��������� you were killed

2fp ������� ��������� you were killed

1cp ���.���� ���.����� we were killed

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 184: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 24b-Niphal Strongimperfect

Niphal ImperfectStrong Verb

�������Qal Niphal Translation

3ms ������ ������� he will be killed

3fs ������ ������� she will be killed

2ms ������ ������� you will be killed

2fs ��� ���� ��� �,���� you will be killed

1cs ������ ������� I will be killed

3mp �� ���� �� �,���� they will be killed

3fp ��� ��.���� ��� �.������ they will be killed

2mp �� ���� �� �,���� you will be killed

2fp ��� ��.���� ��� �.������ you will be killed

1cp ������ ������� we will be killed

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 185: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 24c-Niphal Strongimperative

Niphal ImperativeStrong Verb

�������Qal Niphal Translation

2ms ���� ������� be killed!

2fs ���� ���,��� be killed!

2mp ���� ���,��� be killed!

2fp �����.�� ����.������ be killed!

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 186: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 24d-Niphal Stronginfinitive

Niphal InfinitiveConstruct

������

Niphal InfinitiveAbsolute

����� ������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 187: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 24e-Niphal Strongparticiple

Niphal ParticipleStrong Verb

�� ���Qal Niphal Translation

ms �� � �� ��� being killed

fs ����. � ����. ��� being killed

mp ���� � ����� ��� being killed

fp ��� � ���� ��� being killed

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 188: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 24f-Niphal Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

������ �������� �������� �������� ������ ������������

������ ������� ������� ������� ������ �������������� ������ �����,�� ������� ����.�������.����� ������ ���,�� ���������

�������� �����,� �����.������ ��������

�����.���� �������

������ ���,����������� ������.������������� ���,� ���.����� ������.����

�������

Page 189: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 25 - Niphal Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong � ���� ����"�� ����"�� ����"�� ����� ���������"��

I-Gutt � �� �� ���� �� ���� �� ���� �� ��� �� ���� ����� ��

III-� ��!���� ��! � ��� ��! � ��� ��! � ��� �!���� ��!����

III-� ������� ������� ������� $����� ������� ��������$�>������ �������

I-� � !�� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� � �!��� !��

I-� � �� ������� ������� ������� ����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 190: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 26a-Piel Strongperfect

Piel PerfectStrong Verb

������

Qal Piel Translation

3ms ����� ������ he slaughtered

3fs �����,� �������� she slaughtered

2ms ����.���� �����.���� you slaughtered

2fs ������� ��������� you slaughtered

1cs �����.���� ������.���� I slaughtered

3cp ���,� ������ they slaughtered

2mp �������� ���������� you slaughtered

2fp �������� ���������� you slaughtered

1cp ���.���� ���.����� we slaughtered

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 191: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 26b-Piel Strongimperfect

Piel ImperfectStrong Verb

�������Qal Piel Translation

3ms ������ ������� he will slaughter

3fs ������ ������� she will slaughter

2ms ������ ������� you will slaughter

2fs � ������ � ������� you will slaughter

1cs ������ ������� I will slaughter

3mp ������� �������� they will slaughter

3fp ������.���� ������.����� they will slaughter

2mp ������� �������� you will slaughter

2fp ������.���� ������.����� you will slaughter

1cp ������ ������� we will slaughter

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 192: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 26c-Piel Strongimperative

Piel ImperativeStrong Verb

����Qal Piel Translation

2ms ����� ���� (you) slaughter!

2fs �������� ������� (you) slaughter!

2mp ������� ������ (you) slaughter!

2fp �����.���� �����.��� (you) slaughter!

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 193: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 26d-Piel Stronginfinitive

Piel InfinitiveConstruct

������

Piel InfinitiveAbsolute

������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 194: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 26e-Piel Strongparticiple

Piel ParticipleStrong Verb

�������Qal Piel Translation

ms ��� ������� slaughtering

fs �� �.�� �� �.������ slaughtering

mp ��� ��� ��� ������� slaughtering

fp �� ��� �� ������� slaughtering

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 195: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 26f-Piel Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

����� ����� �� ����� ����� ����� ����� ��

��� ����� ��� ��� ��� ���������� ���� ����� !���.�������.� ���� ��� ��������

����� ������ ������.� !������

�����.� �����

��� �����

������ ������.�������� ����

���.�� ������.�������

Page 196: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 27 - Piel Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ����� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������

III-�/� ���� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��

III-� �� ��� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ������� ��

III-� 1������ ������� ���� "���� ���� ��������"�.�����

Geminate ����� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������

II-Gutt2 ���� ����� ��� ��� ��� �����

1 3ms only2 virtual doubling3 compensatory lengthening

II-Gutt3 ��� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 197: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 28a-Pual Strongperfect

Pual PerfectStrong Verb

������

Qal Pual Translation

3ms ���� ������ he slaughtered

3fs ������ �������� she slaughtered

2ms �����.�� �����.���� you slaughtered

2fs ������� ��������� you slaughtered

1cs ������.�� ������.���� I slaughtered

3cp ���� ������ they slaughtered

2mp �������� ���������� you slaughtered

2fp �������� ���������� you slaughtered

1cp ���.��� ���.����� we slaughtered

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 198: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 28b-Pual Strongimperfect

Pual ImperfectStrong Verb

����� �Qal Pual Translation

3ms ������ � ���� � he will slaughter

3fs ������ ����� � she will slaughter

2ms ������ ����� � you will slaughter

2fs ��� ���� ��� ���� � you will slaughter

1cs ������ ������� I will slaughter

3mp �� ���� �� ���� � they will slaughter

3fp ��� ��.���� ��� �.���� � they will slaughter

2mp �� ���� �� ���� � you will slaughter

2fp ��� ��.���� ��� �.���� � you will slaughter

1cp ������ ����� � we will slaughter

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 199: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 28c-Pual Strongparticiple

Pual ParticipleStrong Verb

��� ��Qal Pual Translation

ms ����� �� � �� slaughtering

fs ����.��� ����.� �� slaughtering

mp ������� ����� �� slaughtering

fp ������ ���� �� slaughtering

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 200: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 28d-Pual Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Participle

����� ������� �������

���� ������ � ����

� ���� ����� ���.��������.��� ����� ���� ����

������ ������� ��� ����

����.��� ������

����� �������

������� �����.����������� ������

����.��� �����.����������

Page 201: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 29 - Pual Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Participle

Strong ��� � ��� ��� ���� ���

III-� ��� � � ��� � ��� ��� � ���

III-� ���� � ���� ��� ���� ������.�� �

II-Gutt1 �� � �� ��� ��� ���

II-Gutt2 ���� ������ ������

1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 202: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 30a-Hiphil Strongperfect

Hiphil PerfectStrong Verb

�� �� � or ����.��� �Qal Hiphil Translation

3ms ����� �� �� � he caused to kill

3fs �����,� ��� .�� � she caused to kill

2ms ����.���� ����.��� � you caused to kill

2fs ������� ������� � you caused to kill

1cs �����.���� �����.��� � I caused to kill

3cp ���,� ��. �� � they caused to kill

2mp �������� �������� � you caused to kill

2fp �������� �������� � you caused to kill

1cp ���.���� ���.��� � we caused to kill

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 203: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 30b-Hiphil Strongimperfect

Hiphil ImperfectStrong Verb

��������Qal Hiphil Translation

3ms � ���� ������� he will cause to kill

3fs � ���� ������� she will cause to kill

2ms � ���� ������� you will cause to kill

2fs �������� �����.���� you will cause to kill

1cs � ��� ������� I will cause to kill

3mp ������� ���.������ they will cause to kill

3fp ����� .���� �����.���� they will cause to kill

2mp ������� ���.����� you will cause to kill

2fp ����� .���� �����.���� you will cause to kill

1cp � ���� ������� we will cause to kill

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 204: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 30c-Hiphil Strongimperative

Hiphil ImperativeStrong Verb

�� ��� or ����.� ���Qal Hiphil Translation

2ms � � �� ��� cause to kill!

2fs ��� � ����.� ��� cause to kill!

2mp �� � ���.� ��� cause to kill!

2fp ����. � ����.� ��� cause to kill!

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 205: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 30d-Hiphil Stronginfinitive

Hiphil InfinitiveConstruct

�����

Hiphil InfinitiveAbsolute

�����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 206: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 30e-Hiphil Strongparticiple

Hiphil ParticipleStrong Verb

������Qal Hiphil Translation

ms ��� ������ causing to kill

fs �� �.�� �� .������ causing to kill

mp ��� ��� ��� ������ causing to kill

fp �� ��� �� ������ causing to kill

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 207: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 30f-Hiphil Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

������ ������ ����� ������ ����� ���������.���� ����.���������� ������ ����� ������ ����� ������

� ���.��� ����� ����.���� ���.��������.���� ����� ���.���� ���������

������� �����.�� �����.���� ��������

����.���� ������

���.���� ���.������������ ������.���������� ���.�������.���� ������.��

������

Page 208: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 31 - Hiphil Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ������� ������� ������ ������� ������ �����������.����� ����.�����

I-Gutt �����! � �����!�� ����!�� �����!�� ����!�� �����!�����.���! � ����.��!��

III-�/! ��������� ��������� ������� ��������� �������� �������������.������ ����.������

III-� ���"���� ���"���� ��"���� ���"���� ��"���� ���"�����%�.�"���� �����."����

III-� ������� � ����� ������� %����� ������� � ������%�.������

I- ���� "�� ���� "�� ��� "�� ���� "�� ��� "�� ���� "������.�� "�� ����.�� "��

I-� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ���������.��� ����.���

Bicon ���#�� ���#� ��#� ���#� ��#� ���#���%.���#�� ����.�#�

Page 209: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 32a-Hophal Strongperfect

Hophal PerfectStrong Verb

��� � or �����Hophal Hophalu-class o-class

3ms ��� � �����

3fs ������ � ��������

2ms ����.�� � ����.����2fs ������ � ��������

1cs �����.�� � �����.����3cp ����� � �������

2mp ������� � ���������

2fp ������� � ���������

1cp ����.�� � ����.����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 210: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 32b-Hophal Strongimperfect

Hophal ImperfectStrong Verb

����� or �������Hophal Hophalu-class o-class

3ms ����� ������3fs ����� ������2ms ����� ������2fs ������� ��������1cs ����� ������3mp ������ �������3fp ����.���� ����.�����2mp ������ �������2fp ����.���� ����.�����1cp ������ �������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 211: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 32c-Hophal Strongparticiple

Hophal ParticipleStrong Verb

����� or �����

Hophal Hophalu-class o-class

ms ����� �����

fs ���.���� ���.����mp ������� �������

fp ������� �������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 212: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 32d-Hophal Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Participleu-class o-class u-class o-class u-class o-class

����� ����� ����� ����� ����� �����

����� ����� ����� ����� ����� �����

������� ������� ����� ���� ��.���� ��.���������.��� �����.��� ����� ���� �������� ��������

�������� �������� ������� ������ ������ ������

������.��� ������.��� ����� �����

����� ����� ����� �����

��������� ��������� �����.���� �����.������������ ��������� ����� ����

����.��� ����.��� �����.���� �����.�������� �����

Page 213: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 33 - Hophal Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Participle

Strong (u) ����� ����� �����

Strong (o) ������ ������ ������

I-Gutt ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���

III-� ������� ������� �������

I-� ���� ���� ����

I-� ����� ����� �����

Bicon ����� ����� �����

Geminate ����� ����� �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 214: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 33 - Hophal Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Participle

Strong (u) ����� ����� �����

Strong (o) ������ ������ ������

I-Gutt ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���

III-� ������� ������� �������

I-� ���� ���� ����

I-� ����� ����� �����

Bicon ����� ����� �����

Geminate ����� ����� �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 215: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 34a-Hithpael Strongperfect

Hithpael PerfectStrong Verb

� �������

Qal Hithpael Translation

3ms ����� � ������� he killed himself

3fs �����,� ������������� she killed herself

2ms ����.���� ����.�������� you killed yourself

2fs ������� ������������ you killed yourself

1cs �����.���� �����.�������� I killed myself

3cp ���,� ��������� they killed themselves

2mp �������� ������������� you killed yourselves

2fp �������� ������������� you killed yourselves

1cp ���.���� ����.������� we killed ourselves

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 216: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 34b-Hithpael Strongimperfect

Hithpael ImperfectStrong Verb

���������

Qal Hithpael Translation

3ms ������ ��������� he will kill himself

3fs ������ ��������� she will kill herself

2ms ������ ��������� you will kill yourself

2fs � ������ � ��������� you will kill yourself

1cs ������ ��������� I will kill myself

3mp ������� ���������� they will kill themselves

3fp ������.���� �����.�������� they will kill themselves

2mp ������� ���������� you will kill yourselves

2fp ������.���� �����.�������� you will kill yourselves

1cp ������ ��������� we will kill ourselves

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 217: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 34c-Hithpael Strongimperative

Hithpael ImperativeStrong Verb

��������Qal Hithpael Translation

2ms ���� �������� kill yourself!

2fs ����� �� �������� kill yourself!

2mp ����� �� �������� kill yourselves!

2fp ������.�� ����� .������� kill yourselves!

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Page 218: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 34d-Hithpael Stronginfinitive

Hithpael InfinitiveConstruct

��������

Hithpael InfinitiveAbsolute

��������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 219: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 34e-Hithpael Strongparticiple

Hithpael ParticipleStrong Verb

����������Qal Hithpael

ms ���� ����������

fs ����.�� ��� �.��������mp � ���� � �� ��������

fp ����� ��� ��������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 220: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 34f-Hithpael Strongconjugation summary

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

��������� ��������� ��������� ��������� ��������� ���������

�������� �������� �������� �������� �������� ��������

� �������� ������� ���������� ����.���������.������� ������� ��������� �����������

���������� ��������� ������.������ ����������

����.������� ��������

��������� ���������

����������� �����.����������������� ��������

�����.������ �����.��������������

Page 221: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 35 - Hithpael Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!��

Gemin �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!��

III-� ����� ��!�� � ��� ��!�� ����� ��!�� !��� ��!�� � ��� ��!��

II-Gutt1 ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!��

1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening

II-Gutt2 �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!��

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 222: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Strong Verb Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Qal ����� � ��� � ��� � ��� ����� �� �

Niphal ������� ������ ������ ������ ������ ��������������

Piel ���� ������� � ���� � ���� � ���� �������

Pual ������ �������� ��������

Hiphil ����� ������ ����� ������ ����� ����������.���� ��� .����

Hophal ������ ������ ������������ ������ ����� ��

Hithpael �������� ��������� �������� �������� �������� ��������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 223: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Niphal Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong � ���� ����"�� ����"�� ����"�� ����� ���������"��

I-Gutt � �� �� ���� �� ���� �� ���� �� ��� �� ���� ����� ��

III-� ��!���� ��! � ��� ��! � ��� ��! � ��� �!���� ��!����

III-� ������� ������� ������� $����� ������� ��������$�>������ �������

I-� � !�� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� � �!��� !��

I-� � �� ������� ������� ������� ����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 224: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Piel Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ����� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������

III-�/� ���� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��

III-� �� ��� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ������� ��

III-�1������ ������� ���� "���� ���� ��������"� .�����

Geminate ����� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������

II-Gutt2 ���� ����� ��� ��� ��� �����

1 3ms only2 virtual doubling3 compensatory lengthening

II-Gutt3 ��� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 225: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Pual Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Participle

Strong ��� � ��� ��� ���� ���

III-� ��� � � ��� � ��� ��� � ���

III-� ���� � ���� ��� ���� ������ .�� �

II-Gutt1 �� � �� ��� ��� ���

II-Gutt2 ���� ������ ������

1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 226: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Hiphil Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ������� ������� ������ ������� ������ �����������.����� ���� .�����

I-Gutt �����! � �����!�� ����!�� �����!�� ����!�� �����!�����.���! � ���� .��!��

III-�/! ��������� ��������� ������� ��������� �������� �������������.������ ���� .������

III-� ���"���� ���"���� ��"���� ���"���� ��"���� ���"�����%�.�"���� ����� ."����

III-� ������� � ����� ������� %����� ������� � ������%� .������

I- ���� "�� ���� "�� ��� "�� ���� "�� ��� "�� ���� "������.�� "�� ���� .�� "��

I-� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ���������.��� ���� .���

Bicon ���#�� ���#� ��#� ���#� ��#� ���#���%.���#�� ����.�#�

Page 227: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Hophal Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Participle

Strong (u) ����� ����� �����

Strong (o) ������ ������ ������

I-Gutt ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���

III-� ������� ������� �������

I-� ���� ���� ����

I-� ����� ����� �����

Bicon ����� ����� �����

Geminate ����� ����� �����

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 228: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Hithpael Diagnosticsat-a-glance

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute

Strong ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!��

Gemin �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!��

III-� ����� ��!�� � ��� ��!�� ����� ��!�� !��� ��!�� � ��� ��!��

II-Gutt1 ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!��

1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening

II-Gutt2 �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!��

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 229: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Summary of Endings on III-� VerbsQal and Derived Stems

Ending Qal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael

Perfect ��� ����� ������� ���� ���� ������� ������� ��������

Imperfect ��� ������� ������� ������ ������ ������� ������� ��������

Imperative � � � ��� � ����� � �� � ����� � ������

Inf Construct � ���� ������ ��� ������ �������

Participle ��� ����� ������� ������ ������ ������� ������� ��������

Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Page 230: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Strong VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal (1) Hophal (2) Hithpael

Perfect 3ms &�$!+ &�$��* &��� &��� &%�$��# &�$��# &�$��# &�� ,�#3fs ����� ,� #�&�$��* #�&��� #�&��� #�&%�.$��# #�&�$��# #�&�$��# #�&�� ,�#2ms ���&�.$� ���&�.$��* ���&.��� ���& .��� ���& .�$��# ���&�.$��# ���&�.$��# ���&.�� ,�#2fs ��&�$� ��&�$��* ��&��� ��&��� ��&�$��# ��&�$��# ��&�$��# ��&�� ,�#1cs %��& .�$� %��&�.$��* %��& .��� %��& .��� %��& .�$��# %��&�.$��# %��&�.�$��# %��& .�� ,�#3cp ���� ,� �&�$��* �&��� �&��� �&%.�$��# �&�$��# �&�$��# �&�� ,�#2mp '���&�$� '���&�$��* '���&��� '���&��� '���&�$��# '���&�$��# '���&�$��# '���&�� ,�#2fp )���&�$� )���&�$��* )���&��� )���&��� )���&�$��# )���&�$��# )���&�$��# )���&�� ,�#1cp �*�& .�$� �*�& .�$��* �*�& .��� �*�& .��� �*�& .�$��# �*�&�.$��# �*�&�.$��# �*�&�.� ,�#

Imperfect 3ms & $��% &�$���% &�� �% &����% &%�$��% &�$��% &�$��% &�� ,�%3fs & $�� &�$��� &�� � &���� &%�$��� &�$��� &�$��� &�� ,�2ms & $�� &�$��� &�� � &���� &%�$��� &�$��� &�$��� &�� ,�2fs %�&�$�� %�&�$ ,�� %�&�� � %�&���� %�&%�.$��� %�&�$��� %�&�$��� %�&�� ,�1cs & $��" &�$���" &�� �" &����" &%�$��" &�$��" &�$��" &�� ,�"3mp �&�$��% �&�$ ,��% �&�� �% �&����% �&%�.$��% �&�$��% �&�$��% �&�� ,�%3fp #�*�& .$�� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�� � #�*�& .���� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�$��� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�� ,�2mp �&�$�� �&�$ ,�� �&�� � �&���� �&%�.$��� �&�$��� �&�$��� �&�� ,�2fp #�*�& .$�� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�� � #�*�& .���� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�$��� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�� ,�1cp & $��* &�$���* &�� �* &����* &%�$��* &�$��* &�$��* &�� ,�*

416 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms

Page 231: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Imperative 2ms & $� &�$���# &�� &�$��# &�� ,�#2fs %�&�$� %�&�$�,+�# %�&�� %�&% .�$��# %�&�� ,�#2mp �&�$� �&�$�,+�# �&�� �&%.�$��# �&�� ,�#2fp #�*�& .$� #�*�& .�$���# #�*�& .�� #�*�& .�$��# #�*�&�.� ,�#

InfinitiveConstruct & $� &�$���# &�� &%�$��# &�� ,�#

Infinitive &�$� &�$+�* &�� &�$��# &�� ,�#Absolute &�$���# &��

Active ms &�$� &�� �( &%�$��( &�� ,�(Participle fs ,�&�.$� ,�& .�� �( ,�&.� �$��( ,�&�.� ,�(

mp '%�&�$� '%�&�� �( '%�&%�$��( '%�&�� ,�(fp ,�&�$� ,�&�� �( ,�&%�$��( ,�&�� ,�(

Passive ms &�$!+ &�$��* &����( &�$��( &�$��(Participle fs #�&�$� #�&�$��* ,�& .����( ,�& .�$��( ,�&�.$��(

mp '%�&�$� '%�&�$��* '%�&����( '%�&�$��( '%�&�$��(fp ,�&�$� ,�&�$��* ,�&����( ,�&�$��( ,�&�$��(

Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms 417

Page 232: Basic Biblical Hebrew

I-Guttural VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Niphal Hiphil Hophal

Perfect 3ms $�*�- .�&�' #�&�-�, $(�*�-�% $�*!-�%3fs % �* <- %��& ,' %�#�&�-�, % ( .�*�-�% % �*�-�%2ms ���� .*�- ����>&�' ���#>�&�-�, ����� .*�-�% ���� .*!-�%2fs ����*�- ����&�' ���#�&�-�, ����*�-�% ����*!-�%1cs (��� .�*�- (��� >�&�' (���#>�&�-�, (����.*�-�% (��� .�*!-�%3cp �$�* <- �.�& ,' �#�&�-�, �$(�.*�-�% �$�*�-�%2mp )���*�- )���&�' )��#�&�-�, )���*�-�% )���*!-�%2fp +���*�- +���&�' +��#�&�-�, +���*�-�% +���*!-�%1cp �,��.*�- �,� .�&�' �,�#>�&�-�, �,� .�*�-�% �,� .�*!-�%

Imperfect 3ms $ *�-�( .�&�'�( #�&�-�( $(�*�-�( $�*!-�(3fs $ *�-�� .�&�'� #�&�-� $(�*�-�� $�*!-��2ms $ *�-�� .�&�'� #�&�-� $(�*�-�� $�*!-��2fs (��*�-�� (��&�'� (�#�& <-� (�(�.*�-�� (��*�-��1cs $ *�-�" .�&�'�" #�&�-�" $(�*�-�" $�*!-�"3mp �$�*�-�( �.�&�'�( �#�& <-�( �$( .�*�-�( �$�*�-�(3fp %�,� .*�-�� %�,��>&�'� %�,�#>�&�-� %�,� .�*�-�� %�,� .�*!-��2mp �$�*�-�� �.�&�'� �#�& <-� �$(�.*�-�� �$�*�-��2fp %�,� .*�-�� %�,��>&�'� %�,�#>�&�-� %�,� .�*�-�� %�,� .�*!-��1cp $ *�-�, .�&�'�, #�&�-�, $(�*�-�, $�*!-�,

418 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms

Page 233: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Imperative 2ms $ *�- .�&�' #�&�-�% $�*�-�%2fs (��*�- (��&�' (�#�& <-�% (�(�.*�-�%2mp �$�*�- �.�&�' �#�& <-�% �$(�.*�-�%2fp %�,� .*�- %�,� >�&�' %�,�#>�&�-�% %�,��.*�-�%

Infinitive $ *�- .�&�' #�&�-�% $(�*�-�%Construct

Infinitive $�*�- .�&�' #�&�-�, $�*�-�%Absolute #�&�-�%

Active ms $�* - .�& ' $(�*�-�*Participle fs /� .�* - /� > �& ' /��*�-�*

mp )(��* - )(��& ' )(�(�*�-�*fp /�$�* - /�.�& ' /�$(�*�-�*

Passive ms $�*�- .�&�' #�&�-�, $�*!-�*Participle fs % �*�- %��&�' /�# >�&�-�, /�� .*!-�*

mp )(��*�- )(��&�' )(�#�&�-�, )(��*!-�*fp /�$�*�- /�.�&�' /�#�&�-�, /�$�*!-�*

Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms 419

Page 234: Basic Biblical Hebrew

I-� VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Qal (2)

Perfect 3ms $�#�� ����� $� ��3fs ��#<� ����� ,� �� ,�2ms �� . �#�� ����.���� �� � . ��2fs �� �#�� �������� �� � ��1cs ��� . �#�� �����.�� �� ��� �. ��3cp �$�#<� ���� ,� �$� ,�2mp ��� �#�� ��������� ��� � ��2fp !�� �#�� !�������� !�� � ��1cp �" . �#�� �"��� .��� �" � . ��

Imperfect 3ms $�#���� ������ $� ���3fs $�#���� ����� $� ��2ms $�#���� ����� $� ��2fs ���� �� ������� ��� ��1cs $�#���� ����� $� ��3mp �$�#���� ������� �$� ���3fp ��" � .#���� ��"��� .��� ��" � . ��2mp �$�#���� ������ �$� ��2fp ��" � .#���� �����.�� �� ��" � . ��1cp $�#���" �����" $� ��"

420 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms

Page 235: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Imperative 2ms $�#�� ����� $� ��2fs ���#�� ������� ��� ��2mp �$�#�� ������ �$� ��2fp ��" . �#�� ��"��� .��� ��" � . ��

Infinitive $�#�� ����� $� ��Construct

Infinitive $�#�� ����� $� ��Absolute

Active ms $�#�� ����� $� ��Participle fs %� . �#�� %��.���� %� . � ��

mp ����#�� �������� ���� ��fp %�$�#�� %������ %�$� ��

Passive ms $�#�� ����� $� ��Participle fs ��# � �������� �� ��

mp ����# � �������� ���� ��fp ��$�# � %������ %�$� ��

Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms 421

Page 236: Basic Biblical Hebrew

II-Guttural VerbsQal Niphal Piel (vd) Piel (cl) Pual (vd) Pual (cl) Hithpael (vd) Hithpael (cl)

Perfect 3ms )�!�� )�!���( %�!�( ���� %�!�( ���� %�!�(*� ����*� 3fs �!�� �!���( �&�!�( �$��� �& �!�( �$��� �&�!�(*� �$�,�*� 2ms ����.!�� ����.!���( ���&.�!�( ���$ .��� ���&.�!�( ���$.��� ���&.�!�(*� ���$ .���*� 2fs ���!�� ���!���( ��&�!�( ��$��� ��&�!�( ��$��� ��&�!�(*� ��$���*� 1cs "��� .�!�� "��� .�!���( "���&�.!�( "���$ .��� "���&�.!�( "���$ .��� "���&�.!�(*� "���$ .���*� 3cp �)�!�� �)�!���( �&�!�( �$��� ��& �!�( �$��� �&�!�(*� �$� ,�*� 2mp %����!�� %����!���( %���&�!�( %���$��� %���&�!�( %���$��� %���&�!�(*� %���$���*� 2fp '����!�� '����!���( '���&�!�( '���$��� '���&�!�( '���$��� '���&�!�(*� '���$���*� 1cp �(��.!�� �(� .�!���( �(�&�.!�( �(�$ .��� �(�&�.!�( �(�$ .��� �(�&�.!�(*� �(�$ .���*�

Imperfect 3ms )�!���" )�!���" %�!�(�" �����" %�!�(�" �����" %�!�(*�" ����*�"3fs )�!���� )�!���� %�!�(� ����� %�!�(� ����� %�!�(*�� ����*��2ms )�!���� )�!���� %�!�(� ����� %�!�(� ����� %�!�(*�� ����*��2fs "��!���� "��! ���� "�&�!�(� "�$�<�� "�& �!�(� "�$���� "�&�!�(*�� "�$�,�*��1cs )�!���� )�!���� %�!�(�� ������ %�!�(�� ������ %�!�(*�� ����*��3mp �)�!���" �)�! ���" �&�!�(�" �$� <��" �& �!�(�" �$����" �&�!�(*�" �$� ,�*�"3fp �(��.!���� �(��.!���� �(�&�.!�(� �(�$ .���� �(�& .�!�(� �(�$ .���� �(�&�.!�(*�� �(�$ .���*��2mp �)�!���� �)�! ���� �&�!�(� �$� <�� �& �!�(� �$���� �&�!�(*�� �$� ,�*��2fp �(��.!���� �(��.!���� �(�&�.!�(� �(�$ .���� �(�& .�!�(� �(�$ .���� �(�&�.!�(*�� �(�$ .���*��1cp )�!���( )�!���( %�!�(�( �����( %� �(�( �����( %�!�(*�( ����*�(

422 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms

Page 237: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Imperative 2ms )�!�� )�!��� %�!�( ���� %�!�(*� ����*� 2fs "��!�� "��!��� "�&�!�( "�$�<� "�&�!�(*� "�$�,�*� 2mp �)�!�� �)�!��� �&�!�( �$� <� �&�!�(*� �$� ,�*� 2fp �(��.!�� �(� .�!��� �(�&�.!�( �(�$ .��� �(�&�.!�(*� �(�$ >���*�

Infinitive )�!�� )�!��� %�!�( ���� %�!�(*� ����*� Construct

Infinitive )�!�� )�!���( %�!�( ���� %�!�(*� ����*� Absolute

Active ms )�!�� %�!�(�& �����& %�!�(*�& ����*�&Participle fs * �.!�� *�&.�!�(�& *�$�.)���& *�&�.!�(*�& *�$ . ��*�&

mp %"��!�� %"�&�!�(�& %"�$�<��& %"�&�!�(*�& %"�$� <�*�&fp *�)�!�� *�&�!�(�& *�$� <��& *�&�!�(*�& *�$� <�*�&

Passive ms )�!�� )�!���( %�!�(�& ����&Participle fs �!�� * .�!���( *�&.�!�(�& *�$ . ���&

mp %"��!�� %"��!���( %"�&�!�(�& %"�$���&fp *�)�!�� *�)�!���( *�&�!�(�& *�$���&

Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms 423

Page 238: Basic Biblical Hebrew

III- /' VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal

Perfect 3ms �"�� �"��& � �� � � � !�"��� �"���3fs �� �" ,� �� �"��& �� � �� �� � � �� ! .�"��� �� �"���2ms ��� �."�� ��� �."��& ��� .� �� ��� .� � ��� .�"��� ��� .�"���2fs �� .�"�� �� .�"��& �� �. �� �� .� � �� .�"��� �� .�"���1cs !��� .�"�� !��� �."��& !��� .� �� !��� .� � !��� �."��� !��� �."���3cp � �" ,� � �"��& � � �� � � � � ! .�"��� � �"���2mp #��� �"� #��� �"��& #��� � �� #��� � � #��� �"��� #��� �"���2fp %��� �"� %��� �"��& %��� � �� %��� � � %��� �"��� %��� �"���1cp �&� .�"�� �&� .�"��& �&� �. �� �&� .� � �&� .�"��� �&� �."���

Imperfect 3ms �"��! �"���! � ���! � ��! � !�"��! �"��!3fs �"��� �"���� � ��� � �� � !�"��� �"���2ms �"��� �"���� � ��� � �� � !�"��� �"���2fs !� �"��� !� �" ,��� !� � ��� !� � �� !� !�."��� !� �"���1cs �"��� �"���� � ���� � ���� � !�"��� �"���3mp � �"��! � �" ,��! � � ���! � � ��! � ! .�"��! � �"��!3fp ��&� �."��� ��&� �."���� ��&� �. ��� ��&� .� �� ��&� .�"��� ��&� �."���2mp � �"��� � �" ,��� � � ��� � � �� � !�."��� � �"���2fp ��&� �."��� ��&� �."���� ��&� �. ��� ��&� .� �� ��&� .�"��� ��&� �."���1cp �"��& �"���& � ���& � ��& � !�"��& �"��&

424 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms

Page 239: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Imperative 2ms �"� �"���� � �� �"���2fs !� �"�� !� �" ,��� !� � �� !� ! .�"���2mp � �"�� � �" ,��� � � �� � ! .�"���2fp ��&� .�"� ��&� .�"���� ��&� �. �� ��&� �."���

Infinitive � �� �"���� � �� � !�"���Construct

Infinitive � �"�� � �"��& � � �� � �"���Absolute � �"����

Active ms � �"�� � � ���$ � !�"��$Participle fs )� .�"�� )� .� ���$ )� �."��$

mp #!� �"�� #!� � ���$ #!� !�"��$fp )� �"�� )� � ���$ )� !�"��$

Passive ms � �"�� �"��& � ��$ �"��$Participle fs �� �"� )� .�"��& )� .� ��$ )� �."��$

mp #!� �"� #!� �"��& #!� � ��$ #!� �"��$fp )� �"� )� �"��& )� � ��$ )� �"��$

Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms 425

Page 240: Basic Biblical Hebrew

III-� VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael

Perfect 3ms ��#� ��#� �" �� � �� � ���#� �� ��#� �� �� � $��3fs ����# , ����#� �" ���� � ���� � �����.#� �� ����#� �� ���� � $��2ms �$�� .#� �$�� .#� �" �$�� .� � �$�� . � �$�� .#� �� �$��.#� �� �$�� . � $��2fs $��#� $��#� �" $�� � $�� � $��#� �� $��#� �� $�� � $��1cs �$��.#� �$� .�#� �" �$��. � �$��. � �$� .�#� �� �$� .�#� �� �$��. � $��3cp ���# , ���#� �" ��� � ��� � ����.#� �� ���#� �� ��� � $��2mp ��$��#� ��$��#� �" ��$�� � ��$�� � ��$��#� �� ��$��#� �� ��$�� � $��2fp !�$��#� !�$��#� �" !�$�� � !�$�� � !�$��#� �� !�$��#� �� !�$�� � $��1cp �"��.#� �"� .�#� �" �"��. � �"��. � �"��.#� �� �"� .�#� �� �"��. � $��

Imperfect 3ms ��#� �� ��#���� �� � �� �� � �� ���#� �� ��#� �� �� � $��3fs ��#� � ��#��� �� � � �� � � ���#� �� ��#� �� �� � $�2ms ��#� � ��#��� �� � � �� � � ���#� �� ��#� �� �� � $�2fs ����#� � ����# <�� ���� � � ���� � � �����.#� �� ����#� �� ���� � $�1cs ��#� �� ��#���� �� � �� �� � �� ���#� �� ��#� �� �� � $��3mp ���#� �� ���#<��� ��� � �� ��� � �� ����.#� �� ���#� �� ��� � $��3fp ��"��.#� � ��"� .�#��� ��"� .� � � ��"� .� � � ��"��.#� �� ��"� .�#� �� ��"��.� � $�2mp ���#� � ���#<�� ��� � � ��� � � ����.#� �� ���#� �� ��� � $�2fp ��"��.#� � ��"� .�#��� ��"� .� � � ��"� .� � � ��"��.#� �� ��"� .�#� �� ��"��.� � $�1cp ��#� �" ��#���" �� � �" �� � �" ���#� �" ��#� �" �� � $�"

426 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms

Page 241: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Imperative 2ms ��#� ��#���� �� � ��#� �� �� � $��2fs ����#� ����#<��� ���� � �����.#� �� ���� � $��2mp ���#� ���#<��� ��� � �����.#� �� ��� � $��2fp ��"� .�#� ��"� .�#���� ��"� .� � ��"� .�#� �� ��"� .� � $��

Infinitive ��#� ��#���� �� � ���#� �� �� � $��Construct

Infinitive ��#� ��#� �" �� � ��#� �� �� � $��Absolute ��#����

Active ms ��#� �� � � ���#� � �� � $� Participle fs $� �#� $�� � � $��#� � $�� � $�

mp �����#� ����� � � ������#� � ����� � $� fp $���#� $��� � � $����#� � $��� � $�

Passive ms ��#� ��#� �" �� � � ��#� � Participle fs ����#� ����#� �" ���� � � $��#� �

mp �����#� �����#� �" ����� � � �����#� � fp $���#� $���#� �" $��� � � $���#� �

Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms 427

Page 242: Basic Biblical Hebrew

III-" VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael

Perfect 3ms "�(�� "�(� �( "���� "���� "�$�!�" "�$�!�" "���� )�"3fs ")�(<� ")�(� �( ")���� ")���� ")�$�!�" ")�$�!�" ")���� )�"2ms )#�.(�� )# .�(� �( )#�.��� )# .���� )# .�$�!�" )# .�$�!�" )# .���� )�"2fs )#�(�� )#�(� �( )#���� )#���� )#�$�!�" )#�$�!�" )#���� )�"1cs #�)# .�(�� #�)# .�(� �( #�)#�.��� #�)#�.��� #�)# .�$�!�" #�)#�.$�!�" #�)#�.��� )�"3cp �(�� �(� �( ���� ���� �$�!�" �$�!�" ���� )�"2mp %�)#�(�� %�)#�(� �( %�)#���� %�)#���� %�)#�$�!�" %�)#�$�!�" %�)#���� )�"2fp '�)#�(�� '�)#�(� �( '�)#����� '�)#���� '�)#�$�!�" '�)#�$�!�" '�)#��$�� )�"1cp �(# .�(�� �(# .�(� �( �(#� .��� �(# .���� �(# .�$�!�" �(#� .$�!�" �(#� .��� )�"

Imperfect 3ms "�(� �# "�(���# "���!�# "���!�# "�$�!�# "�$�!�# "���� )�#3fs "�(� �� "�(���� "���! � "���! � "�$�!� "�$�!� "���� )��2ms "�(� �� "�(���� "���! � "���! � "�$�!� "�$�!� "���� )��2fs #�(� �� #�(���� #���! � #���! � #�$�!� #�$�!� #���� )��1cs "�(� �� "�(���� "���!�� "���!�� "�$�!�� "�$�!�� "���� )��3mp �(� �# �(���# ���!�# ���!�# �$�!�# �$�!�# ���� )�#3fp "�(#.�(� �� "�(#�>(���� "�(#�.��! � "�(#�.��! � "�(#�.$�!� "�(#�.$�!� "�(#.���� )��2mp �(� �� �(���� ���! � ���! � �$�!� �$�!� ���� )��2fp "�(#.�(� �� "�(#�>(���� "�(#�.��! � "�(#�.��! � "�(#�.$�!� "�(#�.$�!� "�(#.���� )��1cp "�(� �( "�(���( "���!�( "���!�( "�$�!�( "�$�!�( "���� )�(

428 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms

Page 243: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Imperative 2ms "�(�� "�(���" "���� "�$�!�" "���� )�"2fs #�(�� #�(���" #���� #�$�!�" #���� )�"2mp �(�� �(���" ���� �$�!�" ���� )�"2fp "�(#.�(�� "�(#.�(���" "�(#.���� "�(#�.$�!�" "�(#�.��� )�"

Infinitive )�(�� )�(���" )���� )�$�!�" )���� )�"Construct

Infinitive "�(�� "�(� �( "��� "�$�!�"Absolute "�(���" "����

Active ms "�(�� "���!�& "�$�!�& "���� )�&Participle fs "�(�� "���!�& "�$�!�& "���� )�&

mp %#�(�� %#���!�& %#�$�!�& %#���� )�&fp )�(�� )���!�& )�$�!�& )���� )�&

Passive ms #�(�� "�(� �( "���!�& "�$�!�&Participle fs "�#�(�� "�(� �( "���!�& "�$�!�&

mp %#�#�(�� %#�(� �( %#���!�& %#�$�!�&fp )�#�(�� )�(� �( )���!�& )�$�!�&

Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms 429

Page 244: Basic Biblical Hebrew

I-' VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Qal (Irreg.) Niphal Hiphil Hophal

Perfect 3ms #�*�' )�(�' &,�' #���' #"���! #���!3fs !�#�* <' !�)�(<' !�' ,<' !�#���' !�#" .���! !�#���!2ms ���#.�*�' ���)�.(�' ��.,�' ���# .���' ���#��.��! ���#.���!2fs ��#�*�' ��)�.(�' �,�' � ��#���' ��#���! ��#���!1cs "���# .�*�' "���).�(�' "���.,�' "���#�.��' "���#�.��! "���# .���!3cp �#�* <' �)�(<' �' ,<' �#���' �#".���! �#���!2mp $���#�*�' $���)�(�' $��,�' $���#���' $���#���! $���#���!2fp &���#�*�' &���)�(�' &��,�' &���#���' &���#���! &���#���!1cp �'�# .�*�' �'�).�(�' ���.,�' �'�#�.��' �'�# .���! �'�#�.��!

Imperfect 3ms #���" )���" &��" #�+���" #"���" #���"3fs #���� )���� &��� #�+���� #"��� #����2ms #���� )���� &��� #�+���� #"��� #����2fs "�#���� "�)�(�� "�' ��� "�#�+<��� "�#" .��� "�#����1cs #��� )��� &�� #�+��� #"��� #��� 3mp �#���" �)�(�" �' ��" �#�+ <��" �#".���" �#���"3fp !�'�# .���� !�'�)�.��� !��.��� !�'�#�.+���� !�'�# .��� !�'�#�.���2mp �#���� �)�(�� �' ��� �#�+ <��� �#".��� �#����2fp !�'�#�.�*�� !�'�)�.��� !��.��� !�'�#�.+���� !�'�# .��� !�'�#�.���1cp #���' )���' &��' #�+���' #"���' #���'

430 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms

Page 245: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Imperative 2ms #�*�' )�( &� #�+���! #���!2fs "�#�*�' "�)�( "�' � "�#�+<��! "�#" .���!2mp �#�*�' �)�( �' � �#�+ <��! �#".���!2fp !�'�# .�*�' !�'�).�( !���.� !�'�#�.+���! !�'�# .���!

Infinitive #�*�' ,�).�( ,� #�+���! #"���!Construct �)�(�' &�,�'

Infinitive #�*�' �)�(�' &�,�' #�+���! #���!Absolute #���'

Active ms #�*�' �)�(�' &,�' #"���%Participle fs ,�# .�*�' ,�)�.(�' ,�'.�,�' ,�# .���%

mp $"�#�*�' $"�)�(�' $"�' ,�' $"�#"���%fp ,�#�*�' ,�)�(�' ,�' ,�' ,�#"���%

Passive ms #�*�' �)�(�' &�,�' #���' #���%Participle fs !�#�*�' !�)�(�' !�'�,�' ,�# .���' ,�# .���%

mp $"�#�*�' $"�)�(�' $"�'�,�' $"�#���' $"�#���%fp ,�#�*�' ,�)�(�' ,�'�,�' ,�#���' ,�#���%

Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms 431

Page 246: Basic Biblical Hebrew

I- VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Niphal Hiphil Hophal

Perfect 3ms ���� � � ����$ � ���� �����3fs ����� < ���� < ������$ ��� .���� �������2ms �����.�� ����. � �����.��$ ����.���� ����.����2fs ������� ���� � �������$ �������� ��������1cs ����.��� ���� . � ����.���$ ����.���� ����.����3cp ���� < ��� < �����$ �� �.��� ������2mp !������ !��� � !������$ !������� !�������2fp #������ #��� � #������$ #������� #�������1cp �$�� .��� �$�� . � �$���.��$ �$�� .���� �$�� .����

Imperfect 3ms ��� � � ����� � ��� ���� 3fs ��� � �� ������ � ���� �����2ms ��� � �� ������ � ���� �����2fs ����� ��� �� ���� <��� �� .���� ������1cs ���� � �� ������ � ���� �����3mp ����� ��� � ���� <�� �� .��� ����� 3fp ��$��.��� ��$�� . �� ��$��.������ ��$���.��� ��$��.����2mp ����� ��� �� ���� <��� �� .���� ������2fp ��$��.��� ��$�� . �� ��$��.������ ��$���.��� ��$��.����1cp ���$ � �$ �����$ � ���$ ����$

432 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms

Page 247: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Imperative 2ms �� � ������ ����2fs ���� ��� ���� <��� �� .����2mp ���� ��� ���� <��� �� .����2fp ��$��.� ��$�� . ��$��.������ ��$���.���

Infinitive '���.� '�.� ������ � ����Construct

Infinitive ���� ��%� ������ ����Absolute

Active ms ��� ��� � ���"Participle fs '���.�� '�.�� '���.��"

mp ! ����� ! ���� ! �� ���"fp '����� '���� '�� ���"

Passive ms ����$ ����"Participle fs '�� .��$ '�� .��"

mp ! �����$ ! �����"fp '�����$ '�����"

Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms 433

Page 248: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Biconsonantal VerbsQal (�-class) Qal (�� -class) Qal (�-class) Hiphil Hophal

Perfect 3ms � �� ��� ���� ��3fs ��! .� ��!�.� ��� .�� ��!� .��� ��! ��2ms ���!. ���!.�� �&�� .� �&� .!���� ���!.��2fs ���! ��!�� &��� &�!���� ���!��1cs ����! . ����! .�� ��&� .�� ��&� .!���� ����! .��3cp �! .� �! .�� ���.� �!� .��� �! ��2mp ���! ���!�� �&��� �&�!���� ���!��2fp "���! "���!�� "�&��� "�&�!���� "���!��1cp �#�! . �#�!�.� �#� .�� �#� .!���� �#�! .��

Imperfect 3ms �$�� ����� ����� ���� ��3fs �$�� ����� ����� ���� ��2ms �$�� ����� ����� ���� ��2fs ��!� .$�� ��!��.��� ���� .��� ��!� .��� ��! ��1cs �$�� ����� ����� ���� ��3mp �!� .$�� �!��.��� ��� .��� �!� .��� �! ��3fp ��#�.�!�$�� ��#��.!����� ��#�� .��� ��#�.�!���� ��#�! .��2mp �!� .$�� �!��.��� ��� .��� �!� .��� �! ��2fp ��#�.�!�$�� ��#��.!����� ��#�� .��� ��#�.�!���� ��#�! .��1cp �$�# ����# ����# ���# �#

434 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms

Page 249: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Imperative 2ms �$ ��� ��� ��2fs ��!� .$ ��!��.� ���� .� ��!� .���2mp �!� .$ �!��.� ��� .� �!� .���2fp ��#�! .� ��#�! .��

Infinitive �$ ��� ��� ����Construct ��

Infinitive �$ �� ��� ��Absolute

Active ms � �� ��� ���!Participle fs ��!� ��!�� ����� ��!���!

mp ��!� ��!�� ����� ��!���!fp &�!� &�!�� &���� &�!���!

Passive ms �$ ��� ��� ��!Participle fs &�!.��!

mp ��!��!fp &�!��!

Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms 435

Page 250: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Geminate VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Niphal Piel Hiphil Hophal Hithpael

Perfect 3ms � �( $�� �(�' #� �! �(�! �(�! #� ��*�!3fs !� � <( !�� .�� !�� .�(�' !�#�#�! !����.(�! !���.(�! !�#�#��*�!2ms �*� .��( �*� .��� �*� .��(�' ���# .� �! �*� .��(�! �*� .��(�! ���#�.�#��*�!2fs *���( *���� *���(�' ��#� �! *���(�! *���(�! ��#� ��*�!1cs "*� .��( "*� .��� "*� .��(�' "��#�. �! "*� .��(�! "*� .��(�! "��#�.�#��*�!3cp � � <( �� .�� �� .�(�' �#�#�! ���.(�! �� .�(�! �#�#��*�!2mp $�*���( $�*���� $�*���(�' $���#� �! $�*���(�! $�*���(�! $���#� ��*�!2fp &�*���( &�*���� &�*���(�' &���#� �! &�*���(�! &�*���(�! &���#� ��*�!1cp �'� .��( �'� .��� �'� .��(�' �'�# .� �! �'� .��(�! �'� .��(�! �'�#�.�#��*�!

Imperfect 3ms �(�" $�*�" ���" #� �!�" �(�" �(�" #� ��*�"3fs �(�� $�*�� ��� #� �!� �(�� �(�� #� ��*�2ms �(�� $�*�� ��� #� �!� �(�� �(�� #� ��*�2fs "��.�(�� "�� .�*�� "���.�� "�#�#�!� "��.�(�� "�� .�(�� "�#�#��*�1cs �(�� $�*�� ���� #� �!�� �(�� �(�� #� ��*��3mp ���.(�" �� .�*�" ���.��" �#�#�!�" �� .�(�" ���.(�" �#�#��*�"3fp !�'"�.��(� !�'"�.��*� !�'"�.���� !�'�#�. �!� !�'"�.� �(� !�'"�.��(�� !�'�# .� ��*�2mp ���.(�� �� .�*�� ���.�� �#�#�!� � � �.(�� �� .�(�� �#�#��*�2fp !�'"�.��(� !�'"�.��*� !�'"�.���� !�'�#�. �!� !�'"�.� �(� !�'"�.��(�� !�'�# .� ��*�1cp �(�' $�*�' ���' #� �!�' �(�' �(�' #� ��*�'

436 Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms

Page 251: Basic Biblical Hebrew

Imperative 2ms �( $�� ���! #� �! �(�! #� ��*�!2fs "��.�( "�� .�� "���.��! "�#�#�! "��.�(�! "�#�#��*�!2mp ���.( �� .�� ���.��! �#�#�! �� .�(�! �#�#��*�!2fp !�'� �.( !�'�%�.� !�'"�.����! !�'�#�. �! !�'"�.� �(�! !�'�#�. ��*�!

Infinitive �( $�� ���! #� �! �(�! #� ��*�!Construct

Infinitive � �( $�%�� ���! #� �! �(�! #� ��*�!Absolute

Active ms � �( $�� #� �!�% #� ��*�%Participle fs !� � �( !���� *�# .� �!�% *�#�. ��*�%

mp $"� � �( $"���� $"�#� �!�% $"�#�#��*�%fp *� � �( *���� *�#� �!�% *�#�#��*�%

Passive ms � �( �(�%Participle fs !� � �( *� .�(�%

mp $"� � �( $"���(�%fp *� � �( *���(�%

Appendix 1: V

erb Paradigms 437