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    Society for merican rchaeology

    Archaeology of the Middle Rio Balsas Basin, MexicoAuthor(s): Robert H. ListerSource: American Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Jul., 1947), pp. 67-78Published by: Society for American ArchaeologyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/275756 .Accessed: 24/01/2014 15:36

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    ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE RIO BALSAS BASIN, MEXICO

    ROBERT H. LISTER

    INTRODUCTION

    A RCHAEOLOGICAL reconnaissance andexcavations in the Rlo Balsas drainage

    basin of Guerrero and Michoacan were under-taken by parties from the University of NewMexico during the summers of 1939 and 1941.1As a result of the first summer's work, threepublicatiots have appeared.2 This paper willcover the archaeological remains in the MiddleRlo Balsas Basin of Guerrero and Michoacan.It will include the results of both summers'work and be based on surface observations andcollections, and on excavations conducted atthree sites.3

    For the most part the reconnaissance wasundertaken on foot or horseback, inasmuch asthe few roads that existed in the area were madeimpassable for vehicles by the summer rains.

    Early archaeological work was done on theeastern and western borders of the Middle RloBalsas Basin by Pepper, Lumholtz, and Starr inthe 1880's and 1890's.4 However, they did notget into the area covered by this paper. Spindenreported on archaeological material obtained byWilliam Niven at Placeres del Oro in an articlein the American Anthropologist in 1911.5 Inaddition to the University of New Mexico sur-veys, the following work in the area has beenaccomplished recently. William Spratling, ofTaxco, Guerrero, has collected in Guerrero.6Pedro R. Hendrichs published a report dealingwith the ethnography, geography, and eco-nomics of the area, in which he touched on thearchaeology.7 Pedro Armillas has made severalarchaeological surveys through the Balsas

    country. Some of his material will be incorpo-rated in this work in order to present a more

    complete picture of the archaeology of thearea.8 R. J. Weitlaner made surveys in westernGuerrero, obtaining material on ethnology andarchaeology. 9

    The area covered by this report extendedfrom Tetela del Rlo in the east to San Jeronimoin the west and included the country on bothsides of the Rio Balsas. This may be termed theMiddle Basin of the Rlo Balsas. The river inthis area flows through an east-west structuraldepression between the central Mexican plateauand the Sierra Madre del Sur. Elevations in thevalley range from 350 to 1500 feet, placing theentire area within the hotter and drier sectionof the Tierra Caliente. It is the Arid TropicalLife Zone. Quite high temperatures are reachedduring the dry season, especially during themonths of March and April; in fact, the valleyof the Balsas has the hottest year-around cli-mate in Mexico. The wet season, June to Sep-tember, is marked by heavy nightly showers.Water is plentiful during the rainy season, butduring the dry season the obtaining of drinkingwater is sometimes a serious problem to thenatives. The landscape features thorny legumi-nous shrubs and trees, cacti and grasses (P1.VIII, upper left).

    Geologically the area is composed of ancientgneisses, schists, and granites, frequentlycovered by limestones, shales, and slates. Inplaces Tertiary volcanics form the upper man-tle. The river basin is covered by Quaternaryalluviums.

    An indication of the complexity of thearchaeological problem that might be expectedalong the Rlo Balsas is given in a.perusal of thedocumentary material on the area. Brand10

    makes a statement based on Tarascan tradition,Relaciones geogrdficas de Indias, 1579-82, andthe sixteenth century distribution of Tarascanspeech and place names, to the effect that theTierra Caliente lands of the Balsas were con-quered between 1370 and 1440 by the Taras-cans. These lands were occupied by suchpeoples as the Cuitlatecos, Apanecos, Chumb-

    I Both parties were led by Dr. Donald D. Brand. The fol-lowing students made up the 1939 group: John Goggin,Robert Lister, Douglas Osborne, and William Pearce, of theUniversity of New Mexico; and Hugo Moedano of the Na-tional University of Mexico. Only two students, Robert Lis-,ter and Daniel McKnight, assisted Dr. Brand in 1941.

    2 Brand, 1943b; Goggin, 1943; Osborne, D., 1943.The Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia and

    the Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia grantedus many aids and courtesies. To them our thanks are ex-tended.

    I Pepper, 1916; Lumholtz, 1902.6 Spinden, 1911.6 Spratling, 1932.7 Hendrichs, 1945, 1946.

    8 Armillas, 1944 and 1945.9 Weitlaner, 1944.10Brand, 1944, p. 43.

    67

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    68 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY (1, 1947

    ios, Tolemecos, Nahuatlans, Cuauhcomecos,and Xilotlantzincos.

    The Tarascans remained in the Zirandaro-Coyuca-Cutzamala-Ajuchitlan area until thecoming of the Spaniards,"1 and were pushinginto north central Guerrero from garrisoncenters at Ajuchitlan and Cutzamala at thattime.12

    The Matlatzinca occupied some of the areaaround Huetamo. They were granted this land,

    Rlo and Ajuchitlan, where they were checkedby the Tarascans.15 Both the Aztecs and theTarascans then set up lines of garrisons andforts against each other. The Aztec line reachedthe Balsas at Tetela del Rio; the Tarascans'defenses extended from the north downthrough Cutzamala to Ajuchitlan.16

    Another group to be considered in the areaare the Chontal. At one time they were spreadfrom the Rlo Balsas north almost to the Nevada

    1C1f -n I S^-s eWS Lj0

    't0SEcN ~~~~~~"- 4 6."'' - >1

    I0'yI 30FT.SCALE?t,t,.,..,., ~SCALE

    ____1_______n___________ - ~ c)~

    10~~~~ ~~~~~~5F{

    |SCALEi

    FIG. 5. Typical ruins, Middle Balsas Basin, Guerrero, Mexico. Inset, pyramid facings, Ajuchitlan.

    for helping the Tarascans in their wars againstthe Aztecs."3

    A few Cuitlatecos still live in San MiguelTotolapan, and it is known that formerly theyoccupied a larger area. The Aztecs conqueredpart of the Cuitlatecos in the valley of theBalsas during Ahuitzotl's time (1485-1502).14

    Aztec conquests down the Rio Balsas ex-tended as far as PezuaDan. between Tetela del

    de Toluca, and from the Rio Cutzamala east tothe Rio Cocula, Iguala, and Taxco.17

    SITES

    Archaeological sites in the area are knownprincipally by two names. In the east the localMexicano term mumuxtli is used for all types ofmounds, and in the west the Tarascan wordydcata is utilized.

    11 Brand, 1943b, p. 147.12 Brand, 1944, p. 41.13 Osborne, C. M., 1941, p. 101.14 Brand, 1944, p. 42.

    ]5 Brand, 1944, p. 42.16Brand, 1944, p. 42; Hendrichs, 1945, p. 228.17 Brand, 1944, map facing p. 60.

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    LISTER] ARCHAEOLOGY F MIDDLE RfO BALSAS BASIN, MEXICO 69

    A survey of the area has revealed the fol-lowing types of sites (Fig. 5).

    1. House remains. The style most commonlyseen consisted of rectangular or square outlinesof stone twelve to thirty feet on a side (P1.VIII, lower right). The outlines were made upof one or two rows of water-worn stones vary-ing in width from one to three feet. Occasionallyoutlines with rounded corners were observed.Such rock outlines probably were remains offoundations of jacal type houses. To judge bypresent day houses in the area, the foundationsoriginally consisted of rubble (rock and mud);on that, walls of reed, cane, and mud wereplaced, and covering the hut was a thatchedroof. Bits of fire-hardened mud with reed andgrass impressions, undoubtedly pieces of roof orwall remains, were found in the rock outlines.

    Another type of rock outline had stonesstrewn over and about the house site. This typeof hut may have had rubble walls (a type stillemployed in the region); when they went topieces, the rocks fell on both sides of the foun-dation stones, which remained in place becausethey were partially buried in the ground. In afew instances, the interiors of rock outlines wereso filled with rocks as to suggest cobblestonefloors.

    House remains were usually located on level

    ground in more or less open areas. However, atEl Respaldo (site 24), near Coyuca, they werefound on the sides and top of a good sized hill.They generally were found in groups suggestingvillages. In a few instances, groups of remainswere found on low artificial platforms.

    Sites 24, 26, 33, 38, 40, and 42 exemplified theabove type of remains.

    2. Truncated pyramids. Isolated, truncatedpyramids occurred throughout the area. (P1.VIII, lower left). As a rule, they were square-based, flat-topped, and had well sloping sides.Size

    varied considerably. Pyramidal basesranged from sixty feet to four hundred feet.Height varied from six feet to ninety feet.Stones and mounds on top of most of the pyra-mids indicated the former existence of struc-tures. Wherever treasure seekers had dug intomounds of this type, rubble cores were revealed.Pyramid faces probably were finished withshaped stones and then covered with plaster.Bits of thick white plaster frequently werefound about the pyramids. The pyramids werelocated on the flat alluvial plain adjacent to theRio Balsas or at junctions of tributary streamsand the Balsas.

    Sites 15, 16, 25, 27, 28, 30, 35, 36, 37 con-sisted of isolated, truncated pyramids.

    3. Truncated pyramids associated with plat-forms and other earthworks. This group includedthe largest and most impressive sites along theRio Balsas. Over half of the ruins in the areawere of this type. Several variations were noted.A number consisted of a truncated pyramidwith a much lower platform built on to theeastern, western, or northern side of the pyra-mid. About the structure generally were smallermounds.

    A combination noted fourteen times was thearrangement of truncated pyramids and wedge-shaped platforms in court-like shapes. Some ofthese platforms had dirt cores and were facedwith water-worn rocks. Courts were U-shaped,square, or triangular and were from one hund-red to three hundred feet across. Wall outlinesof some of the court-shaped platforms indicatedtheir use as bases for other structures.

    Large hillsides and mountain sides weresometimes terraced and groups of platforms,mounds, and truncated pyramids placed onthem. Small natural hills occasionally were usedas cores for platforms and truncated pyramids..

    Some pyramid and platform tops were flat,but generally there were ridges and mounds ofdirt and stones upon them. All of the cores of

    these structures that could be examined weremade up of rubble. A number of instances ofrebuilding or remodeling pyramids were noted.A partially exposed pyramid at Ajuchitlan(site 29) revealed a well-made facing of shapedstones covered with thick white plaster. Threebuilding periods could be seen. Armillas pic-tures a pyramid facing at Mexiquito (site 3) inwhich two building periods are visible."8 Atruncated pyramid at Zirandaro (site 5) showedtwo building periods.

    The largest group of such remains was at

    Mexiquito (site 3), where a large L-shaped hillon the bank of the Balsas was completelycovered by . terraces, groups of platforms,mounds, and truncated pyramids. The hillstands two hundred and fifty or three hundredfeet high and has direct command of the RlioBalsas. The areas about the base of the hill,especially to the east, contained many trun-cated pyramids and platforms arranged aboutcourts. The tremendous number of structuresat Mexiquito, and their impressive location,would imply a religious or secular center at that

    18 Armillas, 1944, p. 254.

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    70 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [1,1947

    site. However, it is not known whether all ofthe sites were utilized simultaneously.

    On many of the bluffs and hills commandingthe Rio Balsas were located terraces, mounds,platforms, and pyramids. Such sites were notedat San Jeronimo (site 1), Mexiquito (site 3),Catatemba (site 4), El Quimis at Zirandaro(site 5), Characuareo (site 7), La Huisachal(site 19), El Respaldo at Coyuca (site 24),Amuco (site 25), El Embarcador at Ajuchitlan(site 29), El Cubo Viejo (site 35), Cuadrillo deSanto Tomas (site 39), and Tetela del Rio (site42). The concentration of remains, combinedwith their strategic locations, suggest defensivesites or forts. Brand has discussed how theseforts not only commanded passage on the river,but also could have constituted a chain ofsignal stations up and down the Balsas.19

    Sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 19, 21, 22,23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, and 42belong in this category.

    4. Mounds. There were a few instances ofgroups of low rock-covered mounds (P1. VIII,upper right). Usually they were circular or ob-long in outline and measured twenty to onehundred feet across. They were four to eightfeet high. The largest concentration of suchmounds was in the area about San Miguel To-tolapan (site 31).

    Sites 24 and 31 contained mounds.5. Ball courts. Armillas and Osborne have

    tentatively identified several ball courts in thearea. Armillas speaks of H-shaped courts atCitahua (site 36) and Placeres del Oro (site 16)and a rectangular one at Pandacuareo (site15).2? Osborne suggests the presence of arectangular ball court at Purechucho (site 13).21

    EXCAVATIONS

    Stratigraphic trenches were dug at threesites, San Miguel Totolapan, Coyuca, and

    Santiago in an effort to obtain informationabout pottery wares, to test wall outlines, andto determine the purpose of small, rock coveredmounds. Sites distant from one another werechosen in order to get a better sampling of thearea as a whole.

    San Miguel Totolapan

    The site was located two-thirds of a milewest of San Miguel Totolapan and was about

    one hundred and fifty yards south of the RioBalsas. The area was known locally as "Tiem-bla la Tierra." Sherds were found scatteredover twenty or thirty acres of corn fields. Threemounds covered with river worn rocks were theprincipal features. They were grouped withintwo hundred and fifty yards of one another.The largest was rectangular in outline andmeasured one hundred feet long, fifty feet wide,and stood six feet high. The other mounds werecircular and averaged twenty-five feet in dia-meter and three feet in height.

    Trenches were dug along the western sidesand extended into the centers of each of thesmall mounds. The trenches were carried downbelow cultural material.

    A burial, or possibly two burials, was en-countered twelve inches below the surfacedirectly in front of one of the mounds. Somefragments of long bones and a few skull pieceswere all that remained. In addition to beingpoorly preserved, they appeared badly dis-turbed. It was impossible to determine burialposition. A small jar of Balsas Red, Coarse,containing bits of calcined human bones to-gether with a few bird bones, was found towardthe individual's feet. This could have repre-sented a cremation, in which the burned boneswere buried in the funerary urn and the un-

    burned portions of the long bones and skull wereplaced in the ground along side the urn. On theother hand, it may have represented two bur-ials, one a primary inhumation, and the otheran urn burial of cremated remains.

    A pocket of black ashy material was foundresting on rock fourteen inches below the sur-face at the bottom of one of the trenches. Thepocket was eighteen inches in diameter and sixinches thick. Mixed with the ashy materialwere bits of burned human bones, single flakeobsidian knives, three obsidian projectile points,and a copper awl-like implement. This appearedto have been a cremation platform.

    The trenches into the mounds revealed coresof large rocks, dirt, and potsherds. No facings,such as might be expected on platforms orpyramids, were found. It is possible that thefacings had been destroyed and that we dug intothe rubble that made up the cores. The groundon which the mounds were built was strewnwith sherds before the building took place.

    Balsas Red ware, in both Fine and Coarsevariants, was found in the trenches from top tobottom. No other ware was present in thetrenches. However, surface finds included

    '9 Brand, 1943, p. 43.20 Armillas, 1944, p. 80.21 Osborne, D., 1943, p. 62.

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    LISTER] ARCHAEOLOGY OF MIDDLE RfO BALSAS BASIN, MEXICO 71

    Zimatepec Black-on-White, Chandio White-on-Red, Totolapan Red-on-Tan, and La HuisachalIncised pottery wares.

    Recovered from the excavations or from the

    surface collection, in addition to the items al-ready mentioned, were: legless trough metates;numerous single flake obsidian knives; ob-sidian projectile points, generally with bothside and basal notches; spindle whorls; a badlyweathered figurine; a stone celt; and a smallbasalt pestle.

    The site was primarily a habitation site.Perhaps small religious or secular structureshad been erected on the low mounds.

    Coyuca de Catalan

    A site was located just south of Coyuca onCerro El Respaldo. In fact, from the outskirtsof the town on out to the end of the hill, onecould find evidence of prehistoric occupation inthe form of sherds and worked obsidian. Alarge mound made up of river worn boulderscould be seen along the trail between the townand El Respaldo.

    Cerro El Respaldo is situated on the westbank of Rio Cuirio, just south of where itempties into the Rio Balsas. The hill is abouteighty feet high and slopes down to the RioCuirio in five terraces. It is roughly oblong and

    its greatest axis, lying east-west, is three hund-red yards long. A thick vegetation, consistingmainly of thorny legumes and cacti covers thehill. Scattered over the entire hill were smallplatforms and terraces upon which were locatedmany low rock-covered mounds and rectangularoutlines of stones.

    Excavations were conducted in four of therock outlines. They revealed that the outlineswere wall remains or wall foundations. Possiblytwo types of houses were constructed. One mayhave been of wattle and daub or cane walls set

    on a foundation of stone and covered by athatched roof. The remains of such a housewould be evidenced by the rectangular rockoutlines. A second house type, suggested by thelow rock mounds, had walls of rubble plus athatch roof. The collapse of the walls caused amound of stones to be built up. Sherds and gen-eral village refuse were found below the walls,suggesting that the houses were built upon anarea over which refuse had been strewn earlier,or that artificial platforms to serve as housebases were built up of dirt and trash from thearea. A number of pieces of fire hardened claywith reed and grass impressions were found in

    the house fill. These were bits of roof or wallremains. The rock outlines had their long axesoriented east-west. Their widths consistentlymeasured eight or nine feet, but lengths varied

    from ten to thirty-six feet.Cerro El Respaldo must have been a habita-tion site with agricultural fields to the east,north, and west. Soil on the Cerro itself was notdeep enough for agriculture. The type of remainand the fact that the site covered a large areaprecludes its use as a strictly religious or cere-monial center. Both land and water, two essen-tials necessary for an agricultural village, wereavailable.

    Nearly four thousand sherds from the strati-graphic trenches were obtained and studied.The Balsas Red wares were very numerous inall levels. A few wares were diagnostic. ChandioRed-on-White was found only in upper levels.Zimatepec Black-on-White, though present inall levels, occurred in much greater numbers inthe upper levels. La Huisachal Orange wasmore numerous in lower levels than in upperlevels.

    Obsidian spalls and single flake knife bladeswere abundant on the surface and in the excava-tions. Thirty-five large obsidian cores, fromwhich single flake knives were struck, were re-covered from one small house. The obsidian

    was of both black and green types. As far as isknown, the closest obsidian to be found is ap-proximately sixty miles to the north, nearZitacuaro, Michoacan. Wherever the materialwas found, it apparently was transported toCoyuca in an unworked state and the artifactsfashioned from it there.

    Included in the surface collection are eight-teen pieces of pipe stems and one piece of a pipebowl. As will be pointed out later, they aresimilar to specimens from Tzintzuntzan, Micho-acan. Also similar to items found at Tzintzun-

    tzan are two vessel spouts and one stirruphandle found on the surface at Coyuca. Bothlegged and legless trough metates of vesicularbasalt were observed. Spindle whorls werefound in numbers, as were obsidian projectilepoints. A pottery seal, several green stone beads,and a few pieces of shell ornaments also werecollected. A stone fiber beater was recoveredin one of the trenches. No burials were encount-ered at Coyuca.

    Santiago

    Five large mounds covered with water wornrocks were found on the west bank of the Rio

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    72 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [1,1947

    Taca6mbaro about one mile northwest of thesmall village of Santiago. Three of the rectangu-lar mounds were grouped together in a U-shape. Parallel mounds averaging one hundred

    twenty feet in width and one hundred fifty feetlong made up the sides of the U, while a smallermound fifty feet wide and one hundred thirtyfeet long formed the bottom. They averagedtwelve feet in height. A few rock outlines werevisible on the south mound. The plaza formedbetween the mounds faced east. A singlemound was located two hundred yards to thewest, and another two hundred fifty yards tothe south of the main group.

    Four trenches were dug at this site, one inthe plaza of the main group, one on top of oneof

    the large mounds making up the sides of theU-shaped structure, and the third and fourthon the top and side of the mound to the west ofthe main group.

    - Excavations revealed that the mounds werebuilt of dirt with facings of water-worn stones.In the plaza a lens of charcoal and burned rockswas found at a depth of thirty inches. It ap-peared to be an old fire area or fireplace. Nostratigraphy was obtained. Only a few sherdsof Balsas Red wares were encountered. An un-usually large globular jar was found just belowthe surface of one trench. It was of Balsas Red,Coarse and measured three feet in diameter.The vessel walls averaged three-fourths of aninch thick and one inch thick at the rim. Twohorizontal loop lugs, one and one half inches indiameter, were attached to the sides of thevessel, above the shoulder.

    A legless trough metate of basalt was ob-served on the surface of one of the mounds. Asmall green stone bead was collected. No bur-ials were encountered.

    This appears to have been a combinationvillage site and religious center, judging by the

    types of mounds present.POTTERY

    Pottery wares in the Middle Balsas Basinare not outstanding. True, potsherds are foundat all sites, but for the most part, they are ofcoarse undecorated wares and are very badlyweathered. The actions of rains and humic acidsin the soil have altered the surfaces of mostsherds. This is true even of the few decoratedwares, making their recognition very difficult.

    After carefully studying the sherd material,the types listed below have been identified.

    The types are described here, together withtheir known distribution.

    Balsas Red, Coarse;2

    Temper: abundant and consists of small white rocks andsand; thick sherds show extremely heavy temper.Paste: tan to red; black firing streak frequently present.

    Surfaces are smoothed but rarely slipped. The exteriors arebetter smoothed than the interiors. Many surfaces showheavy smoothing marks, and a few surfaces are striatedas though smoothed with some sort of grass brush. Wallsare thick, ranging rom one-quarter f an inch to three-quar-ters of an inch. Rims generally are much thicker than thevessel walls, ranging up to one inch. Rims may be simple,flaring, or carry an angular ip. Jars frequently have crene-lated shoulders. A punched design was noted on a fewsherds.

    Form: jars, shallow bowls, tripod bowls, and molcajetes.Lugs were of several types. A heavy loop lug was most nu-merous; however, there were instances of small nubs andwedge-shaped ugs. Conical egs and human effigy legs wereused on tripod vessels.

    Several sherds were recovered that had small circularholes punched through them. They were all parts of tripodbowls and could have served as sieves of some sort.

    Distribution. Balsas Red, Coarse is widespread over theentire area. In fact, it is known that it also spreads out ofthe Balsas lowlands toward the north as far as the regionabout Teloloapan, Guerrero.

    Balsas Red, Fine

    Basically this is the same ware as Balsas Red, Coarse,but it has thinner walls and finer paste. It is generally slippedand always smoothed. It ranges in color from red to almostgray.

    Form: shallow bowls, molcajetes, nd tripod bowls. Solidconical legs and short hollow conical legs with rattles werethe principal types of supports for tripod vessels. Annularbases were quite numerous. Loop legs were occasionallynoted. Several effigy supports were collected. They werezo6morphic in nature. Lugs were of the loop and wedgevarieties. A few of the more tan pieces have red rims.

    Distribtdion. This ware has the same distribution as BalsasRed, Coarse.

    Ciitzeo Polished Black23

    Temper: very fine white particles.Paste: brown to gray, depending upon firing; hard. Sur-

    faces are very well smoothed and have been both slippedand polished. Walls are thin, averaging three-sixteenths of

    "This is the same ware that D. Osborne (1943, p. 62)identified as Huetamo Red Coarse. In his detailed reportof the Huetamo area, on file at the University of New Mex-ico, he says that this ware should be called Balsas Red, if itis found over the entire area. This has proven to be the case.Therefore, the author is taking the liberty of calling it Bal-sas Red, with Coarse and Fine variants.

    23Osborne, D., 1943, p. 63.

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    74 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [1,1947

    but one appears to have a dull red slip and theother a red line design on a tan slip.

    The stirrup handle resembles a handle shownby Moedano32 in his Tzintzuntzan report. It is

    the upper portion of such a hollow handle witha small bowl-like opening at the top (Fig. 6, a).The handle is oblong in cross section, measuresseven-eights of an inch at its greatest diameter,

    width. Both side-notched and side- and basal-notched types were manufactured. The lattertype predominated. A few large triangularshaped points were noted in the Huetamo dis-

    trict. Projectile points were most numerous inthe eastern part of the Basin.Metates were found over the area and were

    nearly always of vesicular basalt. The legless

    _\ c e I

    0 ~~~~~~~3N.SCALE

    FIG. 6. Artifacts from the Middle Balsas Basin, Guerrero, Mexico; a, stirrup handle; b, vessel spout; c, typical spindlewhorl; d, fragment of a pipe bowl; e, f, pipe, side and top views; g, loop leg; h, figurine; , typical projectile point; j, spiralstemmed pipe.

    and is hollow. The bowl-like opening on the topis circular and is three-fourths of an inch in

    diameter. It has a dull red slip.ARTIFACTS OTHER THAN POTTERY VESSELS

    StoneSingle flake obsidian knife blades were num-

    erous at every site. Black obsidian was usedmostly; however, at Coyuca some dark greenobsidian was employed.

    Projectile points did not exhibit a great dealof workmanship. Typical points were made byreworking obsidian knife blades. They aver-aged an inch in length and one-half inch in

    trough type was most common. However, thetripod-legged variety was noted at Coyuca.

    Manos were of medium size, rectangular withrounded corners, and of igneous material. A fewsmall basalt pestles were found.

    Celts occurred over the entire area. A fewall-around and three-quarter grooved axes werenoted in the west. A stone fiber beater wasfound at Coyuca. It was rectangular withrounded corners and had a groove around theedge for hafting. The working surface hadparallel striations. It measured three inches bytwo and a quarter inches by one inch.

    Stone figures, or idols, were noted in several

    collections. They usually were crudely done.2Moedano, 1941, p. 25, Fig. 1 (14).

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    LISTER] ARCHAEOLOGY OF MIDDLE RIO BALSAS BASIN, MEXICO 75

    Green stone beads were collected at manyof the sites.

    Terra Cotta

    Pipe fragments were found at only one site,Coyuca (El Respaldo, site 24), and there theywere quite numerous. All together eighteenstem pieces and one bowl fragment were re-covered. They were all collected on the surfaceof the site. This is another example of Tarascaninfluence in the Middle Balsas Basin; the pipesare similar to a Type A described and picturedby Moedano from Tzintzuntzan.33 Similaritybetween the Coyuca pipes and the Tarascanpipe is seen in the style of the bowl, spiral andcylindrical stems, and the placing of two smalllegs beneath the bowl (Fig. 6, d, e,

    f,j). In the

    Coyuca collection there are sixteen cylindricalor oblong shaped stems, and two spiral stems.Stems were flattened toward the bit end andhad a circular enlargement to which the bowlwas attached at the opposite end. White and redslips were applied to the pipes. Several exam-ples had an incised design around the stem. Nocomplete stems were recovered, so their lengthis unknown. However, there appeared to be twotypes of stems, one rather short and heavy andthe other long and thin.

    Spindle whorls were mainly of a utilitariantype. The great majority of them were made oftan or red clay, were unslipped, conical inshape, and had no decoration. They averagedthree-fourths of an inch in diameter. A fewspecimens had incised designs, but they wererare.

    The area certainly lacked a figurine complex.One very badly weathered example was foundat San --(iguel Totolapan. It was made ofheavily tempered tan clay and represented afemale figure wearing ear ornaments (Fig. 6,h). It may have been worn as a pendant since

    two holes through the upper part of the bodyappear to have been made so that the figurinecould have been suspended on a cord. A figur-ine found by Osborne in the Huetamo area wassaid to be a "gingerbread" type, but it was soweathered that its finer outline could not be de-termined.34 A small animal effigy head wasfound at Zirandaro. It resembled a fox.

    One flat stamp-type seal was found at Co-yuca.

    ShellOrnaments made of shell were not nearly as

    numerous along this part of the Balsas as theywere farther down river. As would be expected,

    worked shell occurred with greater frequency asone neared the Pacific. A few shell ornamentsand bits of shell were found over the area, withtheir greatest concentration appearing atCoyuca. A piece of a bracelet made from aCardium shell was collected at Coyuca. Conusshells were used for beads, and there is onelarge tubular bead made of an unidentified hell.Bits of Nacreous shells were found at severalsites. Spinden35 reported a number of shellbeads and shells associated with a burial atPlaceres del Oro.

    MetalAlthough these parts of Guerrero and Mi-

    choacan were famous in prehistoric times fortheir tribute of copper and gold to the Taras-cans and Aztecs, very few metal objects wereobtained or examined in our survey. Coppercelts and bells were seen in collections, and anawl-like implement of copper was found at SanMiguel Totolapan. The awl-like implement isseven inches long and three thirty-seconds of aninch wide. The sides are square and the endspointed.

    CARVED STONE

    Occurrences of carved stone centered aboutthe Mexiquito-Zirandaro area (sites 3 and 5)in the western part of the Basin. One specimen,however, was seen on Cerro de Aguila (site 30).

    This specimen was an oblong stone three andone-half feet long with a stylistic representationof a serpent carved on one end. It apparentlyhad been set into the fate of a platform orbuilding.

    Osborne has described and illustrated the

    stelae and carved heads from San Augustin,near Zirandaro, Santiago, and Mexiquito.36Spinden and Hendrichs give illustrations anddescriptions of heads and carved stone slabsfrom Placeres del Oro (site 16).37

    Since the stelae and stone carvings have beenably described by the above mentioned individ-uals they will not be considered further in thisarticle. For full descriptions see the referencesin the footnotes. Osborne has pointed out a

    33Moedano, 1941, p. 37, Fig. 6.34 Osborne, D., 1943 p. 63.

    35 Spinden, 1911, p. 33.36Osborne, D., 1943, pp. 67-70.37 Spinden, 1911; Hendrichs, 1945, pp. 219-20.

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    76 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [1, 1947

    similarity between the Balsas stone carving andcertain objects from Central America.38

    BURIALS

    Burials were observed at several places inthe Middle Balsas Basin. At El Tamarindo(site 40) a burial was found beneath a low rockcovered mound, evidently a former house site.It looked as though the bones had been placedbelow the floor of the house. The bones werequite fragmentary but did not appear burned,although a layer of ash was seen about onefoot below the surface. The burial positioncould not be determined since the bones hadbeen disturbed by treasure seekers. One incisortooth was found that had three superficialgrooves made in the enamel. This type of toothmutilation is discussed by Borbolla and calledtype F.39 It has also been found at MonteAlban in Oaxaca.

    The burial found just to the side of themound at San Miguel Totolapan (site 31) con-sisted of bits of long bones and skull fragments,and an urn containing calcined bones. As wasmentioned previously, this may represent acremation in which the burned remains wereplaced in the urn and the unburned pieces ofbone buried along with it, or it may have beentwo burials-a cremation and an interment.

    Associated with the remains in the urn were afew calcined bird bones, suggesting a sacrifice atthe time the body was cremated. At the samesite an area believed to be a cremation platformwas exposed in one of our trenches. Upon itwere ashes, bits of bone, and artifacts.

    At Placeres del Oro (site 16) William Nivenfound a cremation that was described by Spin-den.40 There, the cremated remains were placedbetween elaborately carved stone slabs. Spin-den believes that this was a partial cremationand that the remains were buried while stillsmoldering. A number of funerary offeringsaccompanied the burial.

    Armillas4' found a burial at Amuco (site 25)in which the body had been placed in theground, resting on its side, and about its headseveral red pottery vessels had been grouped.

    Some evidence points toward the practice offuneral rites in which the corpse was at leastpartially cremated before burial. The cremated

    remains, together with unburned portions ofheavy bones, were buried together. Sometimesthe calcined remains were placed in funeraryurns, or in other cases, they were buried di-rectly in the ground. Other evidence is for sim-ple imhumation below house floors or in theground.

    SUMMARY AND OBSERVATIONS

    The aboriginal population of the Middle Bal-sas Basin must have been quite large. Cervan-tes de Salazar speaks of the natives as being"as thick as bees" when he wrote of the regionduring the period 1558-67.42 The great numberof archaeologic remains certainly furthers thispoint of view; however, we have no way ofknowing whether or not all of the sites were oc-cupied at one time until additional excavationsare undertaken.

    The people were agricultural and gatheredtogether in villages. Houses apparently weresimilar to those in the area at present, i.e., jacalstructures with walls or wall foundations ofrock. Some villages seem to have been builtaround courts or plazas.

    Large religious or secular centers are indi-cated by imposing sites made up of great pyra-mids and platforms. These bases for buildingsthat were probably of a more temporary nature

    were frequently faced with shaped stones andimpressively coated with white plaster.

    Defensive sites or forts are suggested by othergroups of pyramids, platforms, and terraces onhills and promontories overlooking and com-manding the Rio Balsas.

    Pottery wares present a very plain picturewhen considered as a whole. The great majorityof sherds are Balsas Red, Coarse and BalsasRed, Fine. All wares are badly weathered. Thisfactor has caused most of the designs to disap-pear from decorated sherds since their slips are

    unusuallysoft. From stratigraphic and dis-

    tributional studies of potsherds, the followingobservations were made:

    1. Balsas Red, Coarse and Balsas Red, Fine were foundover the entire area and were used throughout the period ofoccupation. They were employed as the common cooking,serving, and storage wares.

    2. Zimatepec Black-on-White was found only in theeastern part of the Basin and extended northeastwardalmost to Teloloapan, Guerrero. This ware may havebeen made by the Chontals or the Cuitlatecos who occupiedthis area at one time. The practice of making loop-shapedlegs for tripod vessels of this ware was unique in this area.

    38 Osborne, D., 1943, p. 72.39 Rubin de la Borbolla, 1940, p. 359.40 Spinden, 1911, p. 33.41 Armillas, 1945, p. 83. 42Cervantes de Salazar, 1914, p. 11.

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    AMERICAN ANTIQUITY, VOL. XIII [HAURY] PLATE; IX

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    Large copper bells from (a-,d) a pre-Columbian uin near Mammoth, Arizona and (e) the Tarascan culture, Michoacin,Merico. a, photomicrograph 100 diameters) of une'tched opper n the Mammoth bell, showing crystal structure, b, photo-micrograph 400 diameters) of unetched copper in the same bell, revealing undistort'ed pherical suiphide inclusions atcrystal interfaces; c, side view of, the Mammoth bell; d, top view of the same. c, d, 6/7; e, natural size. a, b, courtesy,B. H. McLeod; e, courtesy, Daniel F. Rubin de la Borbolla, National Museum of Mexico.

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    LISTER] ARCHAEOLOGY OF MIDDLE RIO BALSAS BASIN, MEXICO 77

    The legs were shaped exactly like lugs but were placed onthe bottoms of bowls as supports (Fig. 6, g). Vessels with

    loop legs still are made in the Zumpango del Rio part ofGuerrero.

    3. Chandio White-on-Red extended from San MiguelTotolapan westward. The same ware was found nearApatzing6n, Michoac6n, and the implication s that it has acontinuous distribution from the Middle Balsas Basin tothe ApatzingAn area. But this has not been tested. It oc-curred only in upper levels and may have been of Tarascanorigin.

    4. La Huisachal Orange was found to be the mostnumerous n lower levels at Coyuca.

    5. A red-on-tan ware found only at San Miguel Totola-pan may be a Cuitlateco type since that area was a Cuit-lateco center.

    Obsidian was utilized for projectile pointsand knife blades. Igneous rocks were employedin the making of metates, manos, and pestles.The legless trough type metate was dominant.Green stone beads were used as ornaments, aswere objects made of shell such as bracelets,beads, and pendants. No applique sets of shellsuch as were common in the Tepalcatepec Basinwere found. No turquoise ornaments were re-covered. An absence of bone artifacts was alsonoted. Celts were more frequently used thanwere axes.

    Clay pipes were of a type found at Tzintzun-tzan, Michoacan. The making of vessels withspouts and stirrup handles were other traitsthat have parallels with material from Tzin-tzuntzan. Spindle whorls were simply made andappeared to be strictly utilitarian in nature.Figurines were very rare in the area, only twobeing found during the reconnaissance.

    Metal objects were rare despite the fact thatearly documents assign great importance to thearea as a source for various metals.

    Only in the Mexiquito-Zirandaro and thePlaceres del Oro areas did the art of carvingstone reach a high level. There, large stelae,heads, stone vessels, and slabs to accompanyburials were well made.

    In disposing of the dead both cremation andinhumation were practiced. Graves might con-tain funerary offerings or they might only con-sist of skeletal remains. Ashes and bones fromcremations were sometimes placed in urns.

    Evidence for the Tarascan occupation is be-lieved to have been found in the western part

    of the Basin. This influence apparently reachedthe area from the Tepalcatepec Basin to thewest. However, it is likely that there was morethan one route over which influence could havespread. The Tarascan influence is evidenced byChandio White-on-Red pottery, pipes, vesselspouts, and stirrup handles. Goggin43 sets up aChandio complex in the Tepalcatepec Basincharacterized by Chandio White-on-Red ware,an abundance of pipes, walled platforms, andcobblestone mounds. He says that "teapot"shaped vessels (with spouts) have been foundassociated with this complex. This certainlyappears to be the same complex that sbows up

    in the Middle Balsas Basin, especially at Coy-uca. The similarity of pipes, vessel spouts, andstirrup handles from the Balsas with thosefrom Tzintzuntzan has already been shown. Itis logical that this Tarascan influence shouldshow up strongly at Coyuca since that site wasreputed to have been an important Tarascancolony after 1460.

    Zimatepec Black-on-White occurs at Coyucain the same levels with Chandio White-on-Red,pointing to a contemporaneity of the Cuitla-teco or Chontal, whichever were the makers ofthe ware, with the Tarascan occupation.

    No Aztec Black-on-Orange pottery wasfound in the reconnaissance. This may implythat although part of the area was conqueredby them during Ahuitzotl's time (1486-1502),there was no real attempt at colonization.Garrisons and forts were set up but may havebeen manned principally by local groups dom-inated by the Aztecs. Perhaps a few Aztecwarriors were left behind to keep order andexact tribute, but materially the culture of thelocal groups was unchanged. A short distance tothe north, around Teloloapan, Guerrero, Azteccolonies were established and there Aztec wareswere commonly found.

    It is evident that the majority of the sites inthe Middle Balsas Basin belonged to groupsearlier than the Tarascans and Aztecs. Manysites present indications of considerable agein the amount of detritus covering the struc-tures and in the occurrence of several buildingperiods.

    43Goggin, 1943, pp. 56-7.

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    78 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [1,1947

    BIBLIOGRAPHY

    A1MILLAS, PEDRO

    1944. "Mexiquito, gran ciudad arqueol6gica en lacuenca del Rio de las Balsas." El Mexico A ntiguo,

    Vol. 6. Mexico.1945. "Expediciones en el Occidente de Guerrero: elgrupo de Armillas, Febrero-Marzo, 1944."Tlalocan, Vol. 2, No. 1. Sacramento.

    BRAND, DONALD D.1943a. "Primitive and Modern Economy of the

    Middle Rio Balsas, Guerrero and Michoacan."Proceedings of the Eighth American Scientific Con-gress, Vol. 9. Washington.

    1943b. "Recent Archaeologic and Geographic nvesti-gations in the Basin of the Rio Balsas, Guerreroand Michoacan." 27a Congreso Internacional deAmericanistas, 1939, Vol. 1, pp. 140-7. Mexico.

    1944. "An Historical Sketch of Geography andAnthropology in the Tarascan Region." NewMexico Anthropologist, Vols. 6-7, pp. 37-108.Albuquerque.

    CERVANTES DE SALAZAR, FRANCISCO

    1914. Cr6nica de Nueva Espafna. Vol. 1. Madrid.GOGGIN, JOHN M.

    1943. "An Archaeological Survey of the Rio Tepal-catepec Basin, Michoacan, Mexico." AMERICANANTIQUITY, VOl. 9, pp. 44-58.

    HENDRICHS, PEDRO R.1945. Por tierras ignotas, Vol. 1. Mexico.1946. Por tierras ignotas, Vol. 2. Mexico.

    LUMHOLTZ, CARL

    1902. Unknown Mexico. 2 vols. New York.MOEDANO, HUGO

    1941. "Estudio preliminar de la ceramica de Tzint-zuntzan, temporada III." Revista Mexicana deEstudios Antropol6gicos, ol. 5, pp. 21-42. Mexico.

    OSBORNE, CAROLYN MILES1941. An Ethnological Study of Michoacdn in the

    Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries.

    M.A. thesis, University of New Mexico, Albu-querque.OSBORNE, DOUGLAS

    1943. "An Archaeological Reconnaissance in South-eastern Michoacan, Mexico." AmiERicAN N-TIQUITY, Vol. 9, pp. 59-73.

    PEPPER, GEORGE H.1916. "Yacatas of the Tierra Caliente." Holmes

    Anniversary Volume, pp. 405-20. Washington.RUBIN, DE LA BORBOLLA, DANIEL F.

    1939. "Antropologfa Tzintzuntzan-Ihuatzio. Tem-poradas I y II." Revista Mexicana de EstudiosAntropol6gicos, Vol. 3, pp. 99-121. Mexico.

    1940. "Types of Tooth Mutilation Found in Mexico."American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol.26. Philadelphia.

    1941. "Exploraciones arqueol6gicas en Michoacan.Tzintzuntzan, Temporada III." Revista MexicanadeEstudios Antropol6gicos, ol. 5, pp. 5-20. Mexico.

    SPINDEN H. J.1911. "An Ancient Sepulcher at Placeres del Oro,

    State of Guerrero, Mexico." American Anthro-pologist, Vol. 13, pp. 29-55. Lancaster.

    SPRATLING, WILLIAM

    1932. Little Mexico. New York: J. Cape and H. Smith.WEITLANER, ROBERT J., AND R. H. BARLOW

    1944. "Expeditions in Western Guerrero: The Weit-

    laner Party, Spring, 1944." Tlalocan, Vol. 1, pp.364-75. Sacramento.

    Cambridge, Mass.November, 1946

    EDGAR LEE HEWETT

    REGINALD FISHERW E ARE called upon to record the loss of

    one of the last of the "early greats" inAmerican Archaeology, Edgar Lee Hewett, whotook his eternal place on December 31, 1946with his illustrious contemporaries in the sci-ence-Lewis H. Morgan, Frederic W. Putnam,J. Wesley Powell, William H. Holmes, J. WalterFewkes, Adolf F. Bandelier, Alice C. Fletcher,and Charles F. Lummis. Philosopher, teacher,world traveler and explorer, Doctor Hewettleaves an enviable record which includes: the

    founding and direction for thirty-seven years of

    the Archaeological Institute's School of Ameri-can Research; the establishment of departmentsof anthropology in two leading universities(University of New Mexico and University ofSouthern California); the building of two im-portant museums (Museum of New Mexico andSan Diego Museum); the development andtraining of several distinguished professionalarchaeologists; and the endowment of "TheHumanities" with numerous essays, papers,and books comprising more than two hundred

    titles-archaeological, philosophical, sociologi-