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    LABORATORY

    1.0TITLE

    GENERATION OF AM SIGNALS.

    2.0OBJECTIVE

    1. To understand the characteristics of amplitude modulation (AM).2. To study AM modulation index and its effect on the system performance.

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    3.0INTRODUCTION

    For Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication. Its more

    used for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. AM works by varying the strength of

    the transmitted signal in relation to the information being sent. For example, changes in signal

    strength may be used to specify the sounds to be reproduced by a loudspeaker, or the light

    intensity of television pixels. Contrast this with frequency modulation, in which the frequency is

    varied, and phase modulation, in which the phase is varied.

    Modulation is a process of translating information signal from low band frequency to high

    band frequency that is suits the transmission medium. Information signal is usually of low

    frequency, so it cannot travel fat and needs a carrier signal of higher frequency for long distance

    destination. Carrier and information(modulating) are the input while the output is called the

    modulated signal.

    Figure 1: Basic Block Diagram of A Modulator

    There are several type of amplitude modulation such as Conventional Amplitude

    Modulation (AM), AM-Double Side Band (AM-DSB) or Suppressed Carrier AM (SCAM) and

    Single Side Band Modulation (SSB). Figure 2 show the different type of amplitude

    modulation (AM). The top diagrams show the conventional AM which the frequency

    spectrum is composed of the carrier frequency (fc), upper sideband (fc + fm), lower sideband

    (fc fm).

    3.1 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) AM

    An amplitude modulation with suppressed carrier is generated if the carrier amplitude

    is influenced in a multiplier with a message signal without DC offset. This method used

    when for example as an intermediate form for single sideband amplitude modulation or

    for the stereo supplementary signal in FM broadcasting.

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    3.2 Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM (SSBSC)

    Power and bandwidth can saved by filtering one sideband and suppressing the carrier

    when both sidebands contain the information. This method widely used for

    communications applications, particularly within the HF portion of the radio spectrum.

    Remarks : LSB = Lower Side Band

    USB = Upper Side Band

    fc = Carrier Frequency

    fm = Information Frequency

    Figure 2: Spectrum and Waveforms of Conventional-AM, DSBSC-AM and SSBSC-AM Signals

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    3.3 Modulation Factor,m

    The change in the carrier amplitude is proportional to the change in the modulation

    signal amplitude Modulation factor (m) is known as the ratio of the change to the

    unmodulated carrier amplitude. The highest value of m under ideal scenario is m = 1.

    3.4 AM Power Performance and Efficiency

    3.4.1 Full AM

    Total transmitted power for full AM signal is combine from all three

    frequency components such as carrier, upper and lower sideband. Its

    efficiency, is equal to the ratio between the power to transmit useful

    information signal, PSB to the total transmitted power, PT .

    Figure 3: Equation for Total Power Transmitted,PT and Efficiency,

    3.4.2 DSBSC-AM and SSBSC-AM

    Power efficiency is equal to 100% where all the transmitted power used to

    carry the information signal. The SSBSC more improves AM bandwidth

    efficiency as both sidebands carry similar information signal where one

    sideband is just the mirror image of the other.

    Figure 4: Equation for Total Power Transmitted,PT DSBSC-AM and SSBSC-AM

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    4.0METHOD

    4.1 INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS

    i. Modulation Board Type 4280

    ii. Demodulation Board Type 4281

    iii. Pico Scope

    iv. Oscilloscope

    v. Spectrum Analyzer

    4.2PROCEDURE

    There are two procedures to perform in this laboratory. There are:

    4.2.1 Modulator

    4.2.2 Demodulator

    Figure 5: Circuit of modulator for amplitude-modulated signals

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    Figure 6: Circuit of a single sideband modulator (SSB)

    Figure 7: Circuit of demodulator by plugging the 2mm connecting plug

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    4.2.1 MODULATOR

    Modulator for amplitude-modulated signals already assemble by refers (see Figure 5).

    Modulation factor of an AM modulator will determine. After that, the line diagrams (scope),

    modulation trapezium and the frequency spectrum will appear in the software Pico scope

    and then save the result in the computer. Make a folder to make sure its is easy to arrange

    back for the result later. Change the VDC as shown in Table 1 for the following values, +1V

    and +0.5V. The results for the output were recorded.

    Then change the VDCto zero. The waveform, trapezoid and spectrum will sketch and explain

    about the result. Compare the current findings to results for m=1. After that, assemble a

    single sideband modulator (SSB) according to the filter method (see Figure 6). Output signal

    with the oscilloscope at different information frequencies are examined and the frequency

    of the sidebands are measured and the results are shown in Table 2.

    4.2.2 DEMODULATOR

    Continue the experimental setup by plugging the 2mm connecting plug (see Figure 7) and

    the voltages asked are measured and draw the results in the Table 3.

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    5.0RESULTS

    Table 1

    Vdc=+2V

    Waveform

    Spectrum

    Trapezoid

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    Vdc=+1V

    Waveform

    Spectrum

    Trapezoid

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    Vdc=+0.5V

    Waveform

    Spectrum

    Trapezoid

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    Vdc=+0V

    Waveform

    Spectrum

    Trapezoid

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    Table 2

    fm=2kHz

    Em=2V

    Waveform

    Spectrum

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    fm=1kHz

    Em=2V

    Waveform

    Spectrum

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    fm=500Hz

    Em=2V

    Waveform

    Spectrum

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    Table 3

    Vam

    V1

    V2

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    Vdem

    Vout

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    6.0DISCUSSION

    MODULATION

    1. On what variable does the shape envelope curve depends?

    By refer to the modulation frequency V peak-peak voltage

    2. How are different amplitudes of the message signal represented in the output signal?

    The change in the carrier amplitude is proportional to the change in the modulation signal

    amplitude.

    M=Em

    EcBy method measuring modulation factor, sine wave display voltage with constant amplitude

    is very rarely transmitted.

    3. How can the modulation factor be determined from the frequency spectrum?

    By calculate the bandwidth of the sideband to the carrier frequency.

    4. How great is the amplitude of the lower sideband oscillation when the modulation factor is

    60% and the carrier has an amplitude of 10V?

    0.6 =

    6 + =

    = 10 6

    =

    = 2.5V

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    DEMODULATION

    1. Compare the waveform of VDEM and VOUT.

    VDEM VOUT

    -Combine with demodulation

    -Vpeak more than Vout

    - Only information signal

    - Vpeak less than VDEM

    2. In your opinion, can AM techniques in which the carrier is suppressed (DSBSC and SSBSC)

    being demodulated using the above technique.

    In my opinion, Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) is being demodulated because

    in DSBSC, the signal is mirror. It is similar or same to the experiment that we done.

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    7.0CONCLUSION

    In a conclusion, the objective of this experiment were fulfilled. The amplitude modulation is

    reliable, important and popular used in the industry. Amplitude modulation(AM) also is one of

    the most straightforward ways of modulating a radio signal or carrier. The process of

    demodulation, where the audio signal is removed from the radio carrier in the receiver is also

    quite simple as well. The easiest method of achieving amplitude demodulation is to use a simple

    diode detector. This consists of just a handful of components such as a diode, resistor and a

    capacitor. The advantages of amplitude modulation (AM) are it is simple to implement, it can be

    demodulated using a circuit consisting of very few components and AM receivers are very

    cheap as no specialised components are needed.

    The disadvantages are it is not efficient in terms of its power usage, not efficient in terms of

    its use of bandwidth, requiring a bandwidth equal to twice that of the highest audio frequency

    and is prone to high levels of noise because most noise is amplitude based and obviously AM

    detectors are sensitive to it. The important part of amplitude modulation (AM) is the measuring

    of the modulation depth, double sideband, single sideband, and the carrier signal. The trapezoid

    display is more exactly, it is because the modulation depth is directly readable from the

    oscilloscopes screen.

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    8.0REFERENCES

    1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation

    2. http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/amplitude-modulation

    3. http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/am-amplitude-

    modulation/single-sideband-suppressed-carrier-ssbsc.php

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    NI Supported: YesPublish Date: Mar 12, 2012

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    Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

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    6.6 GHz RF Instrumentation for PXI

    NI PXI-5690

    Amplitude Modulation17 Ratings | 4.00 out of 5

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    Overview

    This tutorial is part of the National Instruments Measurement Fundamentals series. Each tutorial in this series

    teaches you a specific topic of common measurement applications by explaining the theory and giving practicalexamples. This tutorial covers an introduction to RF, wireless, and high-frequency signals and systems.

    For the complete list of tutorials, return to theNI Measurement Fundamentals main page, or for more RFtutorials, refer to theNI RF Fundamentals main subpage. For more information about National Instruments RFproducts, visitwww.ni.com/rf.

    Table of Contents

    1. Amplitude Modulation2. Mathematical Background3. Types of AM Modulation4. Reality Check5. Related Products

    6. Conclusion

    Amplitude Modulation

    Modulation is the process of varying a higher frequency carrier wave to transmit information. Though it istheoretically possible to transmit baseband signals (or information) without modulating it, it is far more efficient tosend data by modulating it onto a higher frequency "carrier wave." Higher frequency waves require smallerantennas, use the available bandwidth more efficiently, and are flexible enough to carry different types of data.AM radio stations transmit audio signals, which range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, using carrier waves that range from500 kHz to 1.7 MHz. If we were to transmit audio signals directly we would need an antenna that is around10,000 km! Modulation techniques can be broadly divided into analog modulation and digitalmodulation.Amplitude modulation (AM) is one form of analog modulation.

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    Figure 1. Basic Stages of AM

    Mathematical Background

    The carrier signal is generally a high-frequency sine wave. There are three parameters of a sine wave that canbe varied: amplitude, frequency, and phase. Any of these can be modulated, or varied, to transmit information. Asine wave can be mathematically described by a sine or cosine function with amplitudeAc, frequency fc, andphase .

    Figure 2. Carrier Wave

    The carrier signal is modulated by varying its amplitude in proportion to the message, or baseband, signal. Themessage signal can be represented by

    and the carrier signal can be represented by

    To make the equations simpler, assume that there is no phase difference between the carrier signal and themessage signal and thus = 0.

    The modulated signal can be represented by multiplying the carrier signal and the summation of 1 and themessage signal, as shown below.

    With some basic trigonometric manipulation, the above waveform can be written as

    Types of AM Modulation

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    As described in the previous section, the modulated signal has waves at three frequencies: fc, fc fb and fc + fb.Transmitting at all three frequencies wastes power and bandwidth. To avoid that problem use a fil ter to removeone of the sidebands (usually the lower sideband, fc fb). Use a highpass filter to remove the lower sidebandsignal; this process is single sideband (SSB) modulation.

    However, by removing one of the sidebands we lose some of the original power of the modulated signal. Tomaximize the power transmitted, transmit both the lower and the upper sideband. This process is doublesideband (DSB) modulation. The following figure i llustrates DSB.

    Figure 3. Frequency Domain View of Double Sideband Full Carrier

    One of the components of the modulated signal is the pure carrier wave. Because the carrier wave does not haveany information, we can remove the carrier wave component from the signal before we transmit it. This process iscalled single sideband/double sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC, DSB-SC) modulation. However, we needthe carrier when demodulating the signal. Special circuits can extract information about the carrier from one of

    the sidebands; these circuits are used when demodulating SSB-SC or DSB-SC signals.

    We can also use amplitude modulation to send digital data.Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)uses fourpredetermined amplitude levels to determine digital bits.

    Reality Check

    Although understanding AM is helpful to understand modulation, it is not the most efficient or useful way tomodulate a signal. Simple AM is slow and requires too much power. Because most communication today isdigital, far more complex methods are used. Generally, phase shift keying (PSK)a type of phase modulationis used to transmit digital data.

    Related Products

    NI PXIe-5663 6.6 GHz RF Vector Signal AnalyzerThe National Instruments PXIe-5663 is a modular 6.6 GHz RF vector signal analyzer with 50 MHz ofinstantaneous bandwidth optimized for automated test.

    NI PXIe-5673 6.6 GHz RF Vector Signal GeneratorThe National Instruments PXIe-5673 is a 4-slot 6.6 GHz RF vector signal generator that delivers signalgeneration from 85 MHz to 6.6 GHz, 100 MHz of instantaneous bandwidth, and up to 512 MB of memory.

    NI PXI-5660 2.7 GHz RF Vector Signal AnalyzerThe National Instruments PXI-5660 is a modular 2.7 GHz RF vector signal analyzer with 20 MHz ofinstantaneous bandwidth optimized for automated test.

    NI PXI-5671 2.7 GHz RF Vector Signal GeneratorThe National Instruments PXI-5671 module is a 3-slot RF vector signal generator that delivers signal generationfrom 250 kHz to 2.7 GHz, 20 MHz of instantaneous bandwidth, and up to 512 MB of memory.

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    NI PXI-5652 6.6 GHz RF and Microwave Signal GeneratorThe National Instruments PXI-5652 6.6 GHz RF and microwave signal generator is continuous-wave withmodulation capability. It is excellent for setting up stimulus response applications with RF signal analyzers.

    NI RF SwitchesThe National Instruments RF switch modules are ideal for expanding the channel count or increasing theflexibility of systems with signal bandwidths greater than 10 MHz to bandwidths as high as 26.5 GHz.

    NI LabVIEWNational Instruments LabVIEW is an industry-leading graphical software tool for designing test, measurement,and automation systems.

    NI Modulation ToolkitThe National Instruments Modulation Toolkit extends the built-in analysis capability of LabVIEW with functionsand tools for signal generation, analysis, visualization, and processing of standard and custom digital and analogmodulation formats.

    Conclusion

    For the complete list of tutorials, return to theNI Measurement Fundamentals main page, or for more RF

    tutorials, refer to theNI RF Fundamentals main subpage. For more information about National Instruments RFproducts, visit www.ni.com/rf.

    17 Ratings | 4.00 out of 5

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    Reader Comments | Submit a comment

    In the amplitude modulation section, the time parameter has been omitted. Please correct [email protected] - Oct 28, 2010

    Great

    Nice revision to communication systems theory for any Engineer who would want some quick learning for his/herproject needs.- Apr 04, 2010

    Recognition

    Excellent brief introduction. NI taking care of the students, as always.- Carlos Cristiano Nunes, Ph.D.,Microserv.anon14215267 - Mar 05, 2010

    BASIC VIEW

    VERY NICE INTRODUCTION- SHANMUGAM,[email protected] - Jan 16, 2009

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  • 7/16/2019 azam long.docx

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    Modulation is the process of varying a higher frequency carrier wave to transmit information.

    Though it is theoretically possible to transmit baseband signals (or information) without modulating

    it, it is far more efficient to send data by modulating it onto a higher frequency "carrier wave."