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11
AYUBOWANAYUBOWAN
22
Urbanization and Water Urbanization and Water Quality Control for the Quality Control for the
Source of Water in Source of Water in Colombo city, Sri LankaColombo city, Sri Lanka
ByByDr. R M S K RatnayakeDr. R M S K Ratnayake
DirectorDirectorCentral Environmental Authority Central Environmental Authority
Sri LankaSri Lanka
33
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
44
Beauty of Sri LankaBeauty of Sri Lanka
SIHARAJA FORESTSIHARAJA FOREST
55
AVUKANA STATUEAVUKANA STATUE
66
WATERFALLS IN SRI LANKAWATERFALLS IN SRI LANKA
77
KNUCKLES KNUCKLES
88
LEAPORDLEAPORD
99
a.a. IntroductionIntroduction
About Sri LankaAbout Sri Lanka–– Rich in Natural ResourcesRich in Natural Resources–– 103 Rivers Cover All Island103 Rivers Cover All Island–– 9 Provinces and 25 Districts9 Provinces and 25 Districts–– Capital is Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte in Capital is Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte in
Colombo DistrictColombo District–– 65610 Km65610 Km22 of Total Land Areaof Total Land Area–– 20 Million Population20 Million Population–– 2000 mm of Annual Average Rainfall Provides 2000 mm of Annual Average Rainfall Provides
131230 Millions m131230 Millions m3 3 of Fresh Water Annually of Fresh Water Annually
1010
b.b. Reason for Selection of the Reason for Selection of the Target Area Target Area
Colombo is the main commercial and Colombo is the main commercial and industrial city in the islandindustrial city in the islandHighest industrial and population Highest industrial and population densitiesdensitiesPollution loads to the water Pollution loads to the water resources are highresources are highDrinking water demand is high due Drinking water demand is high due to population increaseto population increase
1111
25 Administrative Districts of Sri Lanka25 Administrative Districts of Sri Lanka
1212
1.1. SocioSocio--economical and Natural economical and Natural Conditions of Colombo CityConditions of Colombo City
PopulationPopulation
Population DensityPopulation Density–– Total AreaTotal Area 699 km699 km2 2 (~1% from island)(~1% from island)–– Population DensityPopulation Density 3513/ km3513/ km22
–– Island Pop. DensityIsland Pop. Density 320/ km320/ km22
PopulationPopulation 19811981 20012001 20072007
ColomboColombo 16992411699241(11.4%)(11.4%)
22512742251274(12.0%)(12.0%)
24560002456000(12.3%)(12.3%)
IslandIsland 1484675014846750 1879725718797257 2001000020010000
1313
SocioSocio--economicaleconomical……..Gross Domestic Products is $ 40.7 billionGross Domestic Products is $ 40.7 billion50% of GDP contribution is from Western Province 50% of GDP contribution is from Western Province Annual Average PrecipitationAnnual Average Precipitation-- 2400 mm2400 mmAccessibility to Tap Water System ~65% in Colombo Accessibility to Tap Water System ~65% in Colombo DistrictDistrictRest are from other sources, well water (31%), tube Rest are from other sources, well water (31%), tube wells (1%) etc.wells (1%) etc.Domestic Wastewater SystemDomestic Wastewater System–– Colombo is the only city in Sri Lanka with sewage Colombo is the only city in Sri Lanka with sewage
system system –– 80% of the Colombo city area has access to the sewer 80% of the Colombo city area has access to the sewer
systemsystem–– Collected sewage discharge into the sea outfall without Collected sewage discharge into the sea outfall without
any treatment (two places, approximately 1km and any treatment (two places, approximately 1km and 1.5km)1.5km)
–– Rest of the people have individual septic tank/soakage Rest of the people have individual septic tank/soakage pit systems for sewage or domestic wastewaterpit systems for sewage or domestic wastewater
–– Piped sewage facility in SL is 4% from population, site Piped sewage facility in SL is 4% from population, site sanitation or septic tanks is 80% and 16% is without sanitation or septic tanks is 80% and 16% is without proper sanitationproper sanitation
1414
2.2. Situation of Quantity and Situation of Quantity and Quality of the Water SourceQuality of the Water Source
3 Production Centres in Grater Colombo 3 Production Centres in Grater Colombo Water Supply SystemWater Supply System–– Kelani River Intake at AmbataleKelani River Intake at Ambatale–– Labugama Compounding ReservoirLabugama Compounding Reservoir–– Kalatuwawa Compounding ReservoirKalatuwawa Compounding Reservoir
Systems Provide 18 Million mSystems Provide 18 Million m33/day/day
Total Consumers 2.0 Million Total Consumers 2.0 Million
65%65% of the Colombo District Requirementof the Colombo District Requirement
1515
Situation of Quantity andSituation of Quantity and……NameName Volume of Volume of
available available WaterWater
Volume of Volume of abstracted abstracted Water (mWater (m33))
Kalani RiverKalani RiverAmbataleAmbatale
~15 ~15 MCM/dayMCM/day(Average (Average runoff)runoff)
512000512000
LabugamaLabugamaReservoirReservoir
15.4 MCM15.4 MCM 6200062000
KalatuwawaKalatuwawaReservoirReservoir
8.9 MCM8.9 MCM 3700037000
1616
Situation of Quantity andSituation of Quantity and……Water quality of intakesWater quality of intakes
IntakeIntake BODBOD CODCOD TSSTSS Heavy Heavy metalsmetals
pHpH
Kalani Kalani riverriver
22 1818 2020 Pb .06Pb .06Cr <.01Cr <.01
8.08.0
LabugamaLabugama 33 1919 1010 Pb Pb --Cr <.01Cr <.01
7.57.5
LalatuwawLalatuwawaa
22 1717 1212 Pb Pb --Cr <.01Cr <.01
7.37.3
1717
3. Effluent Load to the Sources3. Effluent Load to the Sources~30% from total industries are in Colombo~30% from total industries are in ColomboMore than 10% 0f the population is in More than 10% 0f the population is in ColomboColomboPollution of water resources in the area are Pollution of water resources in the area are highly threatened by pollutionhighly threatened by pollutionIndustrial effluents of the area can be Industrial effluents of the area can be managedmanagedDomestic effluents and other non point Domestic effluents and other non point sources are difficult to controlsources are difficult to controlStagnated water sources are highly Stagnated water sources are highly threatened by nutrient pollution, NOthreatened by nutrient pollution, NO33
-- and and POPO44
--
1818
Effluent Load toEffluent Load to……Main wastewater receiving water bodies in Main wastewater receiving water bodies in Colombo areaColombo area–– Kalani riverKalani river–– Beira lake (stagnated water body connected to the sea)Beira lake (stagnated water body connected to the sea)–– Sea Sea
Wastewater could result from industrial and Wastewater could result from industrial and domesticdomestic–– Industrial effluents discharge directly or indirectly into Industrial effluents discharge directly or indirectly into
the Kalani river or its tributariesthe Kalani river or its tributaries–– Domestic wastewater including sewage Domestic wastewater including sewage
Discharge into the sea outfall through sewer networkDischarge into the sea outfall through sewer networkDirectly discharge into the Kelani river or Beira lake Directly discharge into the Kelani river or Beira lake 18000 households in the beira lake catchment's area are 18000 households in the beira lake catchment's area are discharging sewage into the lakedischarging sewage into the lake
1919
Effluent Load toEffluent Load to……....
Industrial effluent loads into Kelani Industrial effluent loads into Kelani riverriver–– Two common TP s in main industrial Two common TP s in main industrial
zoneszones~15000 m~15000 m33/day (25% is sewage)/day (25% is sewage)~10000 m~10000 m33/day (25% is sewage)/day (25% is sewage)Treated effluents are conform to CEA stdsTreated effluents are conform to CEA stds
–– Other industriesOther industriesTextile Textile -- ~35000 m~35000 m33/day/dayFood & beverages Food & beverages -- ~35000 m~35000 m33/day/dayChemical industries Chemical industries -- ~15000 m~15000 m33/day/day
2020
Effluent Load toEffluent Load to……..
COD loads from major industrial COD loads from major industrial sectorssectors
–– 2 common treatment plants2 common treatment plants-- ~6250 ~6250 kg/daykg/day
–– Textile industriesTextile industries-- ~8750 kg/day~8750 kg/day–– Food & beverage industriesFood & beverage industries-- ~8750 ~8750
kg/daykg/day–– Chemical industriesChemical industries-- ~3750 kg/day~3750 kg/day
2121
4.4. Current Measures on Quality Current Measures on Quality Control for the Water ResourceControl for the Water Resource
Sources of Water Pollution in Colombo Sources of Water Pollution in Colombo AreaArea–– Non Point SourcesNon Point Sources–– Point SourcesPoint SourcesNon Point SourcesNon Point Sources–– Mainly from Domestic wastewater, agricultural Mainly from Domestic wastewater, agricultural
runoffs etc.runoffs etc.–– Difficult to apply laws and regulations directlyDifficult to apply laws and regulations directly–– Difficult to controlDifficult to control–– Controlled by applying better land use pattern, Controlled by applying better land use pattern,
local government planning laws, awarenesslocal government planning laws, awareness–– Main responsibility is with local government Main responsibility is with local government
authorities (13 in Colombo, 4 MC, 5 UC, 4 PS)authorities (13 in Colombo, 4 MC, 5 UC, 4 PS)
2222
Current Measures on QualityCurrent Measures on Quality……Laws on control of non point sourcesLaws on control of non point sources
–– NEANEAMay require local authority to comply with recommendations May require local authority to comply with recommendations relating to the prohibition of the unauthorized discharge, emissrelating to the prohibition of the unauthorized discharge, emission ion or deposit of sewage and the prevention of the discharge of or deposit of sewage and the prevention of the discharge of untreated sewage into soil, canals or water ways.untreated sewage into soil, canals or water ways.
–– LGA lawsLGA lawsThe Government or any Municipal Council may, from time to The Government or any Municipal Council may, from time to time, cause to be made, altered, or extended such public time, cause to be made, altered, or extended such public main or other drains, sewers and watercourses necessary main or other drains, sewers and watercourses necessary for the effectual draining of the Municipality for the effectual draining of the Municipality –– MC 97MC 97Prevent obstruction of discharge of rainPrevent obstruction of discharge of rain--water and drainage water and drainage to any natural watercourse, channel, lake or swamp to any natural watercourse, channel, lake or swamp recognized for such purpose by resolution recognized for such purpose by resolution –– MC 101MC 101Connection of private drain with any public drain without Connection of private drain with any public drain without authority is an offence authority is an offence –– MC 103MC 103
2323
Current Measures on QualityCurrent Measures on Quality……
Options for discharge of sewage in Options for discharge of sewage in ColomboColombo–– Individual systems (within the premises)Individual systems (within the premises)–– Sewage network (discharge into sea out Sewage network (discharge into sea out
fall without any treatment)fall without any treatment)–– Common treatment systems Common treatment systems
(condominiums and schemes)(condominiums and schemes)–– Illegal direct discharges to the water Illegal direct discharges to the water
bodies (specially from unauthorized bodies (specially from unauthorized houses/buildings)houses/buildings)
2424
Current Measures on QualityCurrent Measures on Quality……
Point SourcesPoint Sources–– Mainly from Industrial ActivitiesMainly from Industrial Activities–– Points of sources can be identified Points of sources can be identified –– Can be minimized and controlled by laws and Can be minimized and controlled by laws and
different strategies different strategies
Control measures/strategies on point Control measures/strategies on point sourcessources–– Laws and regulationsLaws and regulations–– Monitoring Monitoring –– Education and awarenessEducation and awareness
2525
Current Measures on QualityCurrent Measures on Quality……Laws and regulations on point sourcesLaws and regulations on point sources
–– Mainly controlled by National Environmental Act (NEA) of 1980Mainly controlled by National Environmental Act (NEA) of 1980
Central Environmental Authority (CEA) established in1981 for Central Environmental Authority (CEA) established in1981 for implementation of the NEAimplementation of the NEA
Five main sections and section IV is on environment management Five main sections and section IV is on environment management and protectionand protection
–– Two legal tools and discharge standardsTwo legal tools and discharge standards
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) -- Section IV CSection IV Capproving procedure for prescribed projects, due to sensitivity approving procedure for prescribed projects, due to sensitivity or or scalescale
Environmental Protection Licence (EPL) Environmental Protection Licence (EPL) -- Section IV ASection IV Aall prescribed activities/industries need EPL for discharge theiall prescribed activities/industries need EPL for discharge their r wasteswastes
Wastewater Discharge Standards Wastewater Discharge Standards -- Section IV BSection IV Bdischarging effluents shall be conform to the stipulated standardischarging effluents shall be conform to the stipulated standardsds
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Current Measures on QualityCurrent Measures on Quality……EPL process for waste discharging activitiesEPL process for waste discharging activities–– 133 prescribed activities including wastewater 133 prescribed activities including wastewater
generating activitiesgenerating activities–– EPL is a legal requirement to discharge waste into the EPL is a legal requirement to discharge waste into the
environmentenvironment–– EPL issued only after conforming to the standardsEPL issued only after conforming to the standards–– Operation of an industry without an EPL is a punishable Operation of an industry without an EPL is a punishable
offenceoffence
Wastewater discharge standardsWastewater discharge standards–– Two types of standardsTwo types of standards–– Receiving environmentReceiving environment-- inland surface waters, irrigation, inland surface waters, irrigation,
coastal area, common TPcoastal area, common TP–– Type of activityType of activity-- textile, rubber, tanning textile, rubber, tanning
2727
Some Important Water Quality ParametersSome Important Water Quality Parameters
TSSTSS BODBOD Oil & Oil & GreaseGrease
CODCOD PesticidePesticide Faecal Faecal Coli formColi form
Inland Inland surfacesurface
5050 3030 1010 250250 0.0050.005 4040
IrrigationIrrigation 21002100 250250 1010 400400 -- 4040
Marine Marine coastalcoastal
150150 100100 2020 250250 0.0050.005 4040
Common TPCommon TP 500500 350350 3030 850850 0.20.2 --
RubberRubber-- latexlatexstd.std.
100100100100
60605050
----
400400400400
----
----
Textile Textile 5050 6060 1010 250250 -- --
TanningTanning-- ISWISWMC MC
100100150150
6060100100
10102020
250250300300
----
----
2828
5.5. Current Issues on Quality Control Current Issues on Quality Control for the Water Sourcefor the Water Source
Unavailability of zoning planUnavailability of zoning planUnlimited discharges to the water sourcesUnlimited discharges to the water sourcesEconomical and technological issues on Economical and technological issues on pollution controlpollution controlEncroachments and illegal constructions at Encroachments and illegal constructions at reservations of the water sourcesreservations of the water sourcesInadequacy of the existing laws and Inadequacy of the existing laws and regulationsregulations
2929
Current Issues on QualityCurrent Issues on Quality……..
Unavailability of zoning planUnavailability of zoning plan–– Zoning plans are available only for 3 LGA s in Zoning plans are available only for 3 LGA s in
Colombo districtColombo district–– Not demarcated industrial zonesNot demarcated industrial zones–– Difficult to control environmental pollution Difficult to control environmental pollution
Unlimited industrial discharges to the Unlimited industrial discharges to the water sourceswater sources–– Gradually increase industries in major cities Gradually increase industries in major cities
due to infrastructure developmentsdue to infrastructure developments
3030
Current Issues on QualityCurrent Issues on Quality……..
–– Waste loads to the water sources gradually Waste loads to the water sources gradually increasing in Colombo areaincreasing in Colombo area
–– Receiving capacities of wastes on water Receiving capacities of wastes on water sources are limitedsources are limited
Economical and technological issues on Economical and technological issues on pollution controlpollution control–– Financial barriers on pollution control activitiesFinancial barriers on pollution control activities–– Inadequacy of the available technologyInadequacy of the available technology
3131
Current Issues on QualityCurrent Issues on Quality……..
Encroachments and illegal Encroachments and illegal constructions at reservations of the constructions at reservations of the water sourceswater sources–– Most of the reservations/catchments are Most of the reservations/catchments are
encroach by people and discharge their encroach by people and discharge their waste into the water sourceswaste into the water sources
–– Difficulties on application of laws on themDifficulties on application of laws on them–– Unauthorized constructions at the river Unauthorized constructions at the river
banksbanks–– No reservations are demarcated No reservations are demarcated
3232
Current Issues on QualityCurrent Issues on Quality……..
Inadequacy of the existing laws and Inadequacy of the existing laws and regulationsregulations–– Existing law on waste emission is a command Existing law on waste emission is a command
and controlled systemand controlled system–– No system to control the pollution loads of No system to control the pollution loads of
industriesindustries–– Existing laws on domestic wastewater Existing laws on domestic wastewater
discharge are weakdischarge are weak–– Inadequacy of land policy to control Inadequacy of land policy to control
encroachmentsencroachments–– Laws are not sufficient to control illegal Laws are not sufficient to control illegal
industrial activities within a short periodindustrial activities within a short period
3333
Thank YouThank You
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