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AVERTEBRATA AVERTEBRATA Moluska Moluska /Mollusc’ /Mollusc’ Defri Yona, SPi. MSc.Std Defri Yona, SPi. MSc.Std PS. Ilmu Kelautan PS. Ilmu Kelautan PSPK-UB PSPK-UB
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AVERTEBRATA ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Jan 12, 2016

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AVERTEBRATA ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’. Defri Yona , SPi . MSc.Std PS. Ilmu Kelautan PSPK-UB. Phylum-Moluska. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Mollusca = Mollis (Romawi) = Soft = Lunak 110.000 species hidup; ½ marine 35.000 species fosil 99% adalah Gastropoda dan Bivalvia - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

AVERTEBRATA AVERTEBRATA

‘‘MoluskaMoluska/Mollusc’/Mollusc’

Defri Yona, SPi. MSc.StdDefri Yona, SPi. MSc.StdPS. Ilmu KelautanPS. Ilmu Kelautan

PSPK-UBPSPK-UB

Page 2: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’
Page 3: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’
Page 4: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Phylum-Moluska Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca

Mollusca = Mollis (Romawi) = Soft = Lunak

110.000 species hidup; ½ marine 35.000 species fosil 99% adalah Gastropoda dan Bivalvia ½ yang telah teridentifikasi Ukuran bervariasi microscopic-giant squid

Page 5: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

8 Class1. Monoplacophora (mainly

fossil)2. Aplacophora 2 Subclass:

Neomeniomorpha

Chaetodermomorpha3. Polyplacophora4. Scaphopoda5. Rostroconchia (fossil only)6. Gastropoda

3 Subclass: ProsobranchiaOpisthobranchiaPulmonata

7. Bivalvia/Pelecypoda3 Subclass: Protobranchia

Lamellibranchia

Septibranchia

8. Cephalopoda3 Subclass: Nautiloidea

Ammonoidea

(fossil only) Coleoidea

Page 6: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Morphology

(After W. D. Russell-Hunter, A Life of Invertebrates, Macmillan, 1979)

Page 7: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Shell/Cangkang Made of calcium carbonat crystal Bervariasi bentuk dan ukuran, correlated to

habitat types

Terdiri dari: Periostracum/Outer layer lapisan tipis dari

zat organik yang disebut conchiolin Prismatic Layer berupa CaCO3 yang

tersusun dari kristal vertikal Innermost/Nacreous Layer berupa CaCO3

yang berkilau yang disebut juga lapisan mutiara

Page 8: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Feeding & Digestive Tract Herbivora, carnivora, parasit, scavenger,

cilliary feeder Foregut region: esophagus & mouth cavity

Radula = gigiFungsi: scraping, grazingJumlah & bentuk bervariasiModification (ex. poisonuous)

Stomach = perutKompleksBervariasi tergantung feeding

habit

Page 9: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’
Page 10: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Locomotion Some swim, some mobile, some sedentary Some gastropod glide (gerakan yang luwes)

upon cilia Burrowing (meliang) Twist (melintir) or jump for some bivalves Buoyancy floating and jet propulsion

(mendorong) for cephalopoda Crawling (merangkak)for octopus Bore into hard substrates

Page 11: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Circulatory & Nervous Systems Sirkulasi darah melalui gill filaments Proses pertukaran antara CO2 & O2 terjadi

pada permukaan insang Darah mengandung respiratory pigment

yang disebut hemocyanin, tidak banyak yang memiliki hemoglobin

Sirkulasi darah melalui jantung (peredaran darah terbuka)

Well developed sensory organs

Page 12: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Reproduction

Sexual simple or complex External fertilization Hermaprhodites (successive &

simultaneous)Life cycle/Siklus hidup:Fertilised eggstrochopore

larvaveliger larvaadult

Page 13: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Spat/muda

Page 14: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Respiration

Prosesnya melalui insang yg disebut “ctenidia” - bervariasi sesuai dengan habitat

Estuarine species: harus mampu beradaptasi terhadap perubahan lingkungan (pasang surut)

Excretion melalui metanephridia, body, gill surface

Page 15: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

CharacteristicCharacte-ristic

Aplacopho-ra

Polypla-cophora

Monopla-cophora

Gastropo-da

Cephalo-poda

Bivalvia Scapho-poda

Radula Absent in 20% of Neomenio-morpha

Yes Yes Yes Yes No Internal, cannot extend beyond body

Broad, muscular foot

Reduced or absent

Yes Yes Yes Modified into arms

Yes Small, only at ‘front’ end

Visceral mass

Not obvious/ tdk nyata

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Large digestive (ceca)

No ceca in some Aplacophora

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Large complex metane-phridia (kidney)

None Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Small, simple

Page 16: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Habitat

From deep ocean-shallow water-humid land

Mostly marine Can be found at depth over 9000m in

the sea (ex. Bivalvia-protobranchia) Cannot cope with very dry regions

/tidak bisa hidup di tempat yg sangat kering

Page 17: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Manfaat Moluska

Sumber makanan (ex. clams,mussels, octopus, squid, oyster)

Perhiasan (pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera and Pinctada mertens )

Sebagai mata (uang jaman dulu/ daerah terpencil, sbg alat musik dll)

Page 18: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Bahaya Moluska Food poisoning Gigitan dari blue-ringed octopus

dapat berakibat fatal Sengatan dari beberapa species

seperti cone shell dapat mematikan Snails & slugs (siput) serious

agricultural pests

Page 19: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Measurement method

Page 20: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Cara mengukur

apexumbo

Page 21: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Assignment

Paper dgn topik (pilih salah satu):• Morphology• Zonasi habitat• Manfaat• BahayaKetentuan paper:• Maks 2 hal kwarto• Tulis tangan rapi• Min 5 references• Due date: tanggal UTS

Page 22: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Figure from D. R. Prothero, 1998, Bringing Fossils to Life, McGraw-Hill

Page 23: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Class Monoplacophora

Primitive mollusc characteristic genus Neopilina

Cap-like shell/weak foot structure (struktur kaki lunak)

Less than 3 cm Tidak banyak dikenal

Page 24: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Monoplacophora

Sejak 1952 : 11 sp hdp telah teridentifikasi dari jurang samudra pasifik di lepas pantai Costa Rica pd kedalaman 2000-7000 m sebelumnya hanya ditemukan sbg fosil

Dlm rongga mantel tdpt 5-6 ps ctenidia & 5-6 ps ginjal,Kepala jelas, sal pencernaan lengkap,mulut dg radula deposit feeder, reproduksi seksual/external fertilisation, dioecious.

Page 25: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Monoplacophora

Tubuh spt siput kecil 3 mm-3 cm. di bag posterior dpt rongga mantel yg luas

Kaki datar & bundar

Page 26: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Aplacophora :100 species wormlike/ silindris

Deepwater marine habitat Tidak mempunyai cangkang,

pelindung tubuh adalah mantel yang berisi spikula kapur/ spt sisik

Tidak memiliki kaki Panjang tbh 2-14 mm sbg benthos dlm liang

Bag posteriorTdpt insang

Kepala dibwh

Chaetodermomorpha

Page 27: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Aplacophora Neomineomorpha 180 sp all hermaprodit

Bentuk masih spt cacing, agak pipih secara lateral, no shells panjang tubuh 1mm – 30 cm (tergantung species)• kepala tidak jelas & Bbrp sp tanpa radula•Tanpa alat ekskresi & gonoduct•Tubuh tertutup mantel tanpa ctenidia di rongga mantel•Tdpt insang sekunder dg bentuk lipatan kulit/papila

Hdp di laut biasa tdpt dlm koloni coelenterata krn memakan polip-polip nya

Dibagi dlm 2 ordo didsrkan pada jml lapisan kapur & ada tdknya papila epidermis

Page 28: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Polyplacophora 600 living species, 100 fossil species Sedentary Shallow water to depth about 400 m,

primarily rocky intertidal Ex. Chiton broad foot (untuk menempel

pada substrat), shell consisting of 8 overlapping plates (protection&flexibility)

Feed on algae on the rocks Hewan nokturnal merayap di malam hari

untuk mencari makan

Page 29: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Polyplacophora

Page 30: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Scaphopoda 200 species, burrowing Disebut juga tusk atau tooth shells Cangkangnya panjang, cylindrical dan

terbuka pada kedua ujungnya Kepala dan kaki terletak di ujung yang lebih

besar Memiliki tentakel seperti benang di bagian

kepala yang digunakan untuk menyaring makanan (microcospic organisms)

Habitat shallow & deep waters

Page 31: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Scaphopoda

Page 32: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Mollusca Class: ScaphopodaOrdo: DentaliidaFamily: DentaliidaeGenus: DentaliumSpesies: Dentalium Vulgare

Klasifikasihidup di laut dalam pasir atau lumpur

Sirkulasi air untuk pernafasan tjd

krn gerakan kaki dan silia,

pertukaran gas terjadi di mantel

Page 33: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Dentalium vulgare memiliki cangkok yang berbentuk

silinder yang kedua ujungnya terbuka

Beberapa Ciri Fisik

Page 34: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Panjang tubuhnya sekitar 2,5 s.d 5 cm

Dekat mulut terdapat tentakel kontraktif bersilia, yaitu alat peraba; Fungsinya untuk

menangkap mikroflora dan mikrofauna

Hewan ini mempunyai kelamin terpisah.

Page 35: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Manfaat- Konsumsi

karena mengandung cukup banyak protein dalam tubuhnya

- Pernak pernikuntuk interior, asesoris maupun perhiasan wanita

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Page 37: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’
Page 38: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Gastropoda “bellyfoot” 35.000 living species, 15.000 fossil

species the largest & most diverse Wide variety of habitat, primarily

marine Mostly mobile, some sedentary Three-layered shells, spiral whorl of

calcium carbonat

Page 39: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Gastropoda

Herbivores/plant eaters

Carnivorous/ani-mal eaters

Complex nervous system ganglia

Modification of radula

Page 40: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Gastropoda

Reproduction variable: separate sexes, hermaphrodites,

protandric hermaphrodites pembuahan telur terjadi di air larva mengalami perputaran 180o dimana

organ bagian belakang (mantle cavity, gills & anus) berpindah posisi ke bagian depan torsi

Page 41: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Subclass Prosobranchiasnail/keong

abalone/mata7

cone shell

limpet

Page 42: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Subclass Prosobranchia

Majority of gastropods Bernapas dengan menggunakan

insang dan rongga mantel Insang dan anus terdapat di bagian

anterior Rongga mulut memiliki probosis untuk

makan

Page 43: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Subclass Opistobranchia

Sea hares & sea slugs Mengalami detorsi Cangkang kecil atau

tidak ada sama sekali Bernapas dengan

insang sekunder; nudibranchia bernapas dengan permukaan tubuh

Page 44: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Subclass Pulmonata

Land snails Rongga mantel berfungsi sebagai

paru-paru

Page 45: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Bivalvia/Pelecypoda 20.000 species (ex. clams, oyters, mussels) Two pieces shells (valves), puncak

cangkang disebut ‘umbo’ Mostly valves is similar in size Sedentary species different size of valves Abductors two large muscles that hold

the valves Kaki termodifikasi menjadi alat untuk

menggali (burrowing) Tidak punya radula dan juga kepala

Page 46: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Bivalvia/Pelecypoda Memiliki sepasang insang untuk proses

respirasi dan menyaring makanan Proboscis to feed on bottom detritus Mekanisme pencernaan: mulut-

oesophagus-perut-usus-anus Simple nervous system tiga pasang

ganglia & dua pasang long nerve cord Organ keseimbangan statocyst Separate sexes, fertilization in seawater

Page 47: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Bivalvia/Pelecypoda

Page 48: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Bivalvia/PelecypodaClams-soft bottom burrowersOysters-attached surface dwellers

Shipworms- hard bottom burrowers Scallops-unattached surface dwellers

Page 49: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Bivalvia/PelecypodaLife Style

Attached surface dwellers

Unattached surface dwellers

Soft-bottom burrowers

Hard-bottom burrowers

Page 50: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

The mouth of pelecypodaUl = bibir atas

m = mulut

ll = bibir bawah

h = pelindung

lg = alur lateral

rop = Palp kanan luar

rip = Palp kanan dalam

Gambar 3. Mulut tiram (Galtsoff, 1964)

Page 51: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Pemilihan partikel makanan oleh silia lamela insang (Newell, 1974).

Page 52: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Alat pencernaan tiram Crassostrea virginica (Galtsoff, 1964)

UmboMulut

1Oesophagus2 Stomach/perut

3 Digestive diverticula4 Intestine

(midgut)

5Cristalline style sac6 Regtum

7 Anus8 Cloaca

9Insang1Otot aduktor

Page 53: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Lambung tiram (Crasssotrea virginica ) (Galtsoff, 1964)

Dilihat dari kiri (B) Dilihat dari kanan

A.Anterior chamber, A.ap. Apendiks anterior

dari caecuma Apendiks posterior, C.Caecum, Cr.s. Crystalline style sacmg. Midgut (usus), P.ap. apendik

posterior dari caecumPC. Piloric caecum, OE. Oesophagus, D.1,2,3, saluran-saluran utama untuk

digestive diverticula

Page 54: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Satu bagian dari benang insang Ostrea edulis

Atkins (1938) dalam Galtsoff (1964)

An. Lfc = anterior latero frontal cilia

cfc = central frontal cilia

ffc = fine frontal cilia

para lfc = para latero frontal cilia

mg = mucous glandan

lfc = anterior latero frontal cilia

t.m. = tranverse muscle fiber

l c = lateral cilia

Page 55: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Bentuk Insang Crassostrea virginica

Keterangan : g = groove, , ifj Penghubung inter filamen,

of= ordinary filament, w.t. = Tabung air,O= ostium

il.m = otot interlamella, il.s = septum interlamella,

I.m= otot longitudinal dari interlamela septum,

pf = principal filament, pl = plica, t.f.= filament transisi,

tr.m. = otot sekat transversal inter lamella

(Galtsoff 1964).

Page 56: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Cephalopoda

‘headfoot’ 650 species living (ex. squid,

cuttlefish, octopus dan nautilus) Highly adapted for swimming No foot tentacles & arms Carnivorous posses radula &

powerful beaks Posses ink sac, chromatophores,

photophores

Page 57: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Cephalopoda

Separate sexes & reproduction requires copulation (pembuahan di dalam)

Fertilization dapat terjadi di dalam atau di luar mantle cavity

Distribution worldwide & found in all depths of the ocean

Page 58: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Cephalopoda Most advanced class of mollusc

development of the head region emphasized

highly developed brain and nervous system have the capacity for learning and memory posses complex behavioural patterns highly developed sense organs Eyes are analogues to vertebrate eyes

Considered to be the most intelligent of the invertebrate group as well as many vertebrates

Page 59: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

CephalopodaLocomotion Squid & cuttlefish the best swimmer Nautilus swim backwards Octopus mainly crawl around the bottom with the

tentacles, but swim when necessaryShell Nautilus: possess well developed external shell Squid & cuttlefish: reduced shell overgrown by the

mantle Octopus: shells have disappeared completely

Page 60: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

Caribbean reef squid (Sepioteuthis sepioidea)

Cephalopoda

cuttlefishnautilus

squid

octopus

Page 61: AVERTEBRATA  ‘ Moluska /Mollusc’

End of this topic!!!!End of this topic!!!!

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