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on automatic traffic signal controller With hard efforts from: Ritesh kumar Vinay kumar Santosh kumar Rakesh kumar Vikramaditya kumar
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Mini project on automatic traffic signal controllerWith hard efforts from:Ritesh kumar Santosh kumar Vinay kumar Rakesh kumar Vikramaditya kumar

INTRODUCTION : Now a days due to ever increasing vehicles on the

road, it require a efficient control on the four way junction of road. In order to find a solution to this problem the concept of an automatic traffic controller is conceived. Apart from providing efficient control of traffic, it also eliminate chance of human errors since it function automatically.

The automatic traffic controller automatically switches on the four

way junction for 8 seconds for direction control. The main circuit components used are 555-Timer and 4-bit binary synchronous counter (74160). The 555-Timer generates a clock signal for 8 seconds. This signal is used to clock counter circuit. Binary counter is converted to 3 bitcounter to achieve 8 possible cases. The traffic light control is done by different Boolean function of logic gate.

This project basically consist of three stages viz : Astable multivibrator 3 - bit synchronous counter Logic gates based on boolean function

History:On 10 December 1868, the first traffic lights

were installed outside the British Houses of Parliament in London, by the railway engineer J. P. Knight. The modern electric traffic light is an American invention. The first interconnected traffic signal system was installed in Salt Lake City in 1917. Automatic control of interconnected traffic lights was introduced March 1922 in Houston, Texas. The first automatic experimental traffic lights in England were deployed in Wolverhampton in 1927.

Optics and lighting: In 1990s, cost-effective traffic light lamps using

light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were developed; prior to this date traffic lights were designed using incandescent or halogen light bulbs. Advantages of LED based lamps v Much greater energy efficiency (can be solar-powered). v Much longer lifetime between replacement. v Much faster switching. v The ability to display multiple colors and patterns from the same lamp. Individual LED elements can be enabled or disabled, and different color LEDs can be mixed in the same lamp v No sudden burn out like incandescent based light v Gradual dim out process during wear & tear. v Another new LED technology is the use of CLS (Central Light Source) optics. These comprise around 7 high-output LEDs (sometimes 1 watt) at the rear of the lens, with a diffuser to even out and enlarge the light. This gives a uniform appearance, more like traditional halogen or incandescent luminaries.

BASIC FEATURES: This automated traffic signal controller can be made by

suitably programming GAL device. Its main features are:v The controller assumes equal traffic density on all the roads. v This controller allows the pedestrians to safely cross the road during certain periods as free left-turn condition is provided throughout the entire signal period, which poses difficulties to the pedestrians in crossing the road v The controller uses digital logic, which can be easily implemented by using logic gates. v The controller is a generalized one and can be used for different roads with slight modifications. . The control can also be exercised manually when desired. The time period for which green, yellow and red traffic signals remain on (and then repeat) for the straight moving traffic is divided into eight units of 8Seconds (or multiples thereof) each.

GENERIC ARRAY LOGIC (GAL DEVICES)vThe An innovation of the PAL was generic array logic device . vGALs are programmed and reprogrammed using a PAL programmer, or by using the in-circuit programming technique on supporting chips.. vLattice GALs combine CMOS and electrically erasable (E^2) floating gate technology for a high-speed, low-power logic device.

Astable

BLOCK DIAGRAM3 - bit synchrono us Counter

MVR

LOGIC

FUNCTION OF GATE

Description of Major ComponentsIC 555 TIMER IC 74160 (4 bit synchronous counter) IC 7408(2 input AND gate) IC 7411(3 input AND gate) IC 7432(2 input OR gate) IC 7404(inverter) Capacitor(10uF,0.0.01uF) Resistor(270 K ,240K,470 ohm) LED(green,yellow,red)

IC 555 timerIt generate clock signal for 8 second.

74160 (4 bit synchronous counter)4 bit synchronous counter is converted into 3

bit counter by connected Q3 signal to the reset via inverter.

Ic 7408(2 INPUT AND GATE)

IC 7404(hex inverter)

This device contains six independent gates

each of which performs the logic NOT function.

FUNCTION TABLE: Y = ABC

Ic 7411(3 input and gate)inputs output

A L L L L H H H H

B L L H H L L H H

C L H L H L H L H

Y L L L L L L L H

Ic 7432(2-input or gate)

working

Working(contd.)

Working(contd.)

Working(contd.)

REALISATION OF BOOLIAN FUNCTIONSFOR EXAMPLE:RED - BE (ST.) XYZ+XYZ+XYZ+XYZ+XYZ= XYZ+XY+XY XYZ+X

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PCB(design)

555 TIMER

It operate in two modes: 1. monostable 2.astable 8 pin DIP (dual in line package) Temp range -55 to 125 (SE555) Supply voltage (+5 to 18 V) It has adjustable duty cycle PIN DESCRIPTION 1. Gnd - all voltage are measured with respect to this

terminal. 2. Trigger 3. Output- 2 way a load can be connected to the output terminal 4. Reset pin- reset or disabled by applying negative pulse 5. Control voltage add a capacitor .01uf to avoid noise problem 6. threshold when comparator 1 input=>2/3 Vcc high 7. Discharge

ASTABLE OPERATION

APPLICATIONFree-running ramp generator Pulse generation Square wave oscillator Time delay generation Pulse width modulation

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)Example: Circuit symbol: Function LEDs emit light when an electric current pass Never connect an LED directly to a battery or

power supply! es through them Tri-colour LEDs Bi-colour LEDs A bi-colour led has two LEDs wired in inverse parallel {one forward, one backward)

Resistor RESISTOR: resistors restrict the flow of electric

current. 4 band resistor 5 band resistor 6 band resistor REAL VALUE RESISTOR 1.E6 2.E12 E12. 10,12,15,18,22,27,33,39,4756,68,82

ADVANTAGES:1. Simple and efficient circuit 2. Working requirement is easily met. 3. No instant and direct manual operation is

needed. 4. Consumes very small amount of power for operation. 5. It also saves a considerable amount of power. 6. A very practical and low cost device. 7. It can make to work by using solar cell/wind cell for power requirements

REFRENCES

1.www.electronics.com 2.www.electronicsforu.com 3.www.google.com 4.www.kpsec.freeuk.com 5. www.wikipedia.org 6.software:-a) pROTEL b)ORCAD

Any Questions

THANK YOU !!

THANK YOU !!