Australian Battery Performance Standard Project Webinar 2 10:30 - 11:30 AM, Thu 20 June 2019 This project is funded by ARENA’s Advancing Renewables Program and the Victorian Government’s New Energy Jobs Fund. Project website: www.dnvgl.com/cases/australian-battery-performance-testing-standard-project-abps-project--143069
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Australian Battery Performance Standard Project · 2019-06-20 · Australian Battery Performance Standard Project Webinar 2 -Thu 20 June 2019 This project is funded by ARENA’s Advancing
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Australian battery performance standard project Proposed performance standard for a battery storage system connected to a domestic/small commercial solar PV system
§ To produce a draft Performance Standard, for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) connected to domestic/small commercial PV systems (max. 100kW / 200kWh).
§ The Draft Standard will define a series of performance testing protocols & performance metric reporting methods for manufacturers and system integrators.
§ This is to ensure that end users are better informed regarding the expected performance of a BESS for specific use-cases, in order to compare systems on a like-for-like basis.
§ Following its completion, the Draft Standard will be submitted to Standards Australia, to begin the process of making it a formal Australian Standard.
§ In the interim, it will be released as a recommended practice for early adoption by industry
The Project Consortium is made up of the following partners:
§ CSIRO
§ Deakin University
§ Smart Energy Council
§ DNV GL (Project lead)
This Project received funding from ARENA as part of ARENA’s Advancing Renewables Program and the Victorian Government through the New Energy Jobs Fund.
Webinar 2Anand I Bhatt, Christopher Munnings and Anthony Hollenkamp| Research Team Leader and Senior Scientists
23 November 2018
Solar Generation in Australia
• Australia has high levels of solar irradiance
• Solar generation is a favoured renewables generation mode
• Market has been moving from off-grid/remote systems toward grid connected due to rising electricity costs
• The Solar industry is looking at battery energy storage to increase sales
• Numerous methods in literature to evaluate batteries for PV connection
How to evaluate batteries for performance
Method Solar profile Battery parameters DoD Estimated or predicted lifetimeHOMER Smoothed solar bell curve (no intermittency) 2V, 3000Ah, 86% round trip efficiency,
70% max DoDSetpoint of 80% SoC (20% DoD) Approx. 8000 cycles
C/5 and C/10 discharges Solar generator for a bell curve with intermittency
54Ah flooded and 50Ah tubular plates lead acid batteries
12V VRLA, AGM or flooded type. C/35 charge/discharge rates
20% DoD 182 to 1001 cycles (up to 2.74 years)
● IEC 61427● Chinese Guo Biao standard
● 50 cycles of 30%DoD (5-35% SoC), 100 cycles at 75-100% SoC● 50 cycles at 0.2 C/10 current, full discharge at C/10 and capacity, chage at C/10 and hold cell voltage at 2.35V for 3 h ● Smoothed solar bell curve
● 2V, 500Ah VRLA ● 2V 300 Ah
●30% DoD and 25% DoD●40% DoD (60-100% SoC)
● 1050 cycles● 1100 cycles (3 years)
Not stated Not stated ● Vanadium redox● Li-ion● NaS● NiCd● polysulfide-bromide● zinc-bromine● NiMH● lead-acid
33% to 100% DoD range Cycles:● 8000-2800● 7000-3000● 5000-2300● 1500-300● 9000-10000● 3000-1500● 1200-600● 1000-320
• Numerous methods in literature to evaluate batteries for PV connection
How to evaluate batteries for performance
Method Solar profile Battery parameters DoD Estimated or predicted lifetimeHOMER Smoothed solar bell curve (no intermittency) 2V, 3000Ah, 86% round trip efficiency,
70% max DoDSetpoint of 80% SoC (20% DoD) Approx. 8000 cycles
C/5 and C/10 discharges Solar generator for a bell curve with intermittency
54Ah flooded and 50Ah tubular plates lead acid batteries
12V VRLA, AGM or flooded type. C/35 charge/discharge rates
20% DoD 182 to 1001 cycles (up to 2.74 years)
● IEC 61427● Chinese Guo Biao standard
● 50 cycles of 30%DoD (5-35% SoC), 100 cycles at 75-100% SoC● 50 cycles at 0.2 C/10 current, full discharge at C/10 and capacity, chage at C/10 and hold cell voltage at 2.35V for 3 h ● Smoothed solar bell curve
● 2V, 500Ah VRLA ● 2V 300 Ah
●30% DoD and 25% DoD●40% DoD (60-100% SoC)
● 1050 cycles● 1100 cycles (3 years)
Not stated Not stated ● Vanadium redox● Li-ion● NaS● NiCd● polysulfide-bromide● zinc-bromine● NiMH● lead-acid
33% to 100% DoD range Cycles:● 8000-2800● 7000-3000● 5000-2300● 1500-300● 9000-10000● 3000-1500● 1200-600● 1000-320
Pb-acid – 180 to 8000 cycles depending on method
• Numerous methods in literature to evaluate batteries for PV connection
How to evaluate batteries for performance
Method Solar profile Battery parameters DoD Estimated or predicted lifetimeHOMER Smoothed solar bell curve (no intermittency) 2V, 3000Ah, 86% round trip efficiency,
70% max DoDSetpoint of 80% SoC (20% DoD) Approx. 8000 cycles
C/5 and C/10 discharges Solar generator for a bell curve with intermittency
54Ah flooded and 50Ah tubular plates lead acid batteries
12V VRLA, AGM or flooded type. C/35 charge/discharge rates
20% DoD 182 to 1001 cycles (up to 2.74 years)
● IEC 61427● Chinese Guo Biao standard
● 50 cycles of 30%DoD (5-35% SoC), 100 cycles at 75-100% SoC● 50 cycles at 0.2 C/10 current, full discharge at C/10 and capacity, chage at C/10 and hold cell voltage at 2.35V for 3 h ● Smoothed solar bell curve
● 2V, 500Ah VRLA ● 2V 300 Ah
●30% DoD and 25% DoD●40% DoD (60-100% SoC)
● 1050 cycles● 1100 cycles (3 years)
Not stated Not stated ● Vanadium redox● Li-ion● NaS● NiCd● polysulfide-bromide● zinc-bromine● NiMH● lead-acid
33% to 100% DoD range Cycles:● 8000-2800● 7000-3000● 5000-2300● 1500-300● 9000-10000● 3000-1500● 1200-600● 1000-320
Li-ion – 2000 to 8000 cycles depending on method
• Different methods for testing producing differing results
• Creates confusion for:– Consumers– Retailers/industry– Finance etc.
• Only true method to evaluate battery for lifetime is:
– Plug in system and run for lifetime!• Need alternative method to estimate
performance in an industrially acceptable timeframe
How to evaluate batteries for performance
Standardised testing solution
• The problem: current method of performance measurement are not standard and creates confusion
• The solution:• Standardised performance evaluation method and conditions for all battery
systems– Application specific– Battery technology agnostic– Applicable to all levels from cell through to system– Validated through example laboratory evaluations
Testing profile development• Identify different applications in residential to light
commercial space• Use real life data (where available) to develop a
simulated “application cycle”• Identify performance metrics applicable to these
cycles, for example:• Cycle life (charge/discharge based)• Energy throughput• Power • Depth of Discharge range• Temperature range• Etc.
• Propose performance metrics for each drive cycle/application
• Evaluate battery and ensure metrics are suitable for use
Unique Australia
Median min (top) and max (bottom) temperatures 1981-2010
(a) Cycle number of lead acid and NiMH batteries in vehicle applications at temperature (b) Effect of
unregulated temperature on a lead acid battery cycle
Environmental profile development
• Analysis of 109 weather stations across Australia
• Historical analysis from 1910 to 2017 conducted
• Weather station location covers major population density areas in Australia
• Sufficient data to provide high level of confidence
Environmental profile development
• High resolution data was utilised• Highest temperature recorded and
lowest temperature recorded for each day
• Time period of 1 Jan 1910 to 31 Dec 2017
• Data analysis conducted as a function of season to ensure accuracy
Environmental profile development
• Data analysis ensures Australia’s differing climate zones are accounted for.
Environmental profile development
Average temperature / °C
State/Territory Autumn Winter Spring Summer Lowest Highest
NSW and ACT 5.4 to 27.5 -1.1 to 19.9 3.1 to 28.5 9.3 to 35.1 -1.1 35.1
NT 12.2 to 34.1 4.1 to 30.4 13.4 to 37.3 20.5 to 37.0 4.1 37.3
QLD 12.5 to 32.7 4.5 to 30.9 11.6 to 35.4 18.0 to 38.0 4.5 38.0
SA 9.2 to 29.9 4.6 to 21.6 6.9 to 31.7 13.0 to 38.0 4.6 31.7
TAS 3.7 to 18.1 0.4 to 13.7 2.8 to 17.4 6.3 to 23.1 0.4 23.1
VIC 6.7 to 23.6 1.7 to 15.8 5.3 to 24.2 11.7 to 31.8 1.7 31.8
WA 8.3 to 34.6 3.7 to 31.6 5.9 to 37.0 11.4 to 40.6 3.7 40.6
• Data analysis performed by season and also geographic location
Climate Zone Average Autumn Temperature
Average Winter Temperature
Average Spring Temperature
Average Summer Temperature
1 (region A) 26.4 21.9 27.3 28.92 (region B) 21.2 15.5 20.6 24.73 (region B) 23.4 16.2 24.5 29.34 (region C) 18.5 11.0 17.9 25.25 (region C) 18.2 12.8 16.5 21.56 (region C) 16.1 10.8 14.7 20.07 and 8 (region D) 13.4 8.1 12.2 17.3
Environmental profile development
• From the analysis, temperature testing profiles have been developed. These will be optimised during the next stage of work.
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Environmental profile development
• Where possible, the number of tests required have been simplified
• Tests have been designed to extract maximum information from a single test
• A number of different performance metrics have been identified:– Maximum Power (kW)– Sustained Power (kW)– Energy (kWh)– Capacity (Ah)– Voltage limits (V)– Maximum current (A)– Discharge rate range allowed (C-rate)– Efficiency (%)– Cycle number– Response time (s)
• Test profiles or definitions have been developed to ascertain each metric.
• Where possible existing practices have been utilised
Electrical load profile development
• A range of potential use-cases identified for grid connected BESS• Feedback from Stakeholder reference group and industry showed
two use cases preferred• Two new profiles have been developed:
• 1. Residential solar energy shift profile– BESS is charged by solar PV and discharged during morning and evening
periods
• 2. Residential solar energy shift profile incorporating a virtual power plant operating mode– BESS operates under a VPP profile when not in use for solar energy shifting
• Potential 3rd profile maybe considered during next phase of work depending on stakeholder and industry feedback
Electrical load profile development
• Electricity consumption and generation of real life PV installations analysed (Ausgrid data and industry partners donated data)
• Several hundred installations across Australia
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Winter Average Spring Average Summer Average Autumn Average Yearly Generation Average
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Winter Average Spring Average Summer Average Autumn Average Yearly Consumption Average
Electrical load profile development
• Average use scenario determined for all installations• PV size effects accounted for
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1.68kW Yearly Nett Average 5.00kW Yearly Nett Average
Electrical load profile development• Profiles created for DC BESS and also AC BESS units• Profile is scalable to different BESS size• Profile can be used as 24hour test for realistic information or shorted for
accelerated testing
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Ener
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rgy m
ax x
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acity
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x 1
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Step number
Symbols = AC BESS profileLine = DC BESS profile
Electrical load profile development
• Virtual power plant operating mode defined
• AEMO data analysed for market conditions
• BESS is required to discharge into grid during high demand and prices
• BESS is also required to fulfil end-users needs
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e / $
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Victoria average New South Wales average Queensland average South Australia average Tasmania average
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Dem
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VIC average demand
Electrical load profile development• A virtual power plant operating mode has been defined with solar energy shift• BESS discharges when not actively used by end-user• Grid charging utilised to ensure BESS is sufficiently charged for both
applications
Reporting framework being constructed
Declaredcharacteristics
Manufacturer declared values
Max
imum
rang
e
Extr
eme
tem
pera
ture
rang
eRe
gion
A
Regi
onB
Regi
onC
Regi
onD
Acce
lera
ted
test
ing
Aut Win Spr Sum Aut Win Spr Sum Aut Win Spr Sum Aut Win Spr Sum ―Maximum Power(kW)
Cycle number ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― valueResponse time (s) ms to
ms― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―
Summary
• Real-life data has been analysed for• Australian climate• Australian electricity usage• Australian electricity market
• Using the analysis a range of evaluation profiles have been developed for• Performance metrics • Temperature effects (including humidity)• Solar energy shifting• Solar energy shifting with VPP
• These ‘first cut’ profiles will be optimised through battery testing and stakeholder feedback prior to finalisation of profiles for inclusion in draft Standard
Acknowledgments
• We would like to thank ARENA and the Victorian Government for funding this work