Assignment

 Bahrain Main article: Pakistan-Bahrain relations

Islamabad and Manama enjoy close co-operations between the two in many fields of brotherhood. Joint initiatives between Bahraini and Pakistani governments have started to further bilateral trades that reached to $250 million in 2007.

 Iran Main article: Iran-Pakistan relations

 Iraq Main article: Iraq-Pakistan relations

Iraq and Pakistan have had close, friendly, and cooperative relations since the latter's independence in 1947. Issues such as Iraqi support for Pakistan in its 1971 war with India (which Iraq also has excellent relations with), and Pakistani support for Iraq against Iran in the Iran-Iraq War have forged relations between the two.

 Israel No diplomatic relations

Main article: Israel–Pakistan relations

 Jordan Main article: Jordan–Pakistan relations

There are very close relations between Jordan and Pakistan. Princess Sarvath wife of Prince Hassan is originally a Pakistani. At the international level Pakistan and Jordan have similar views such as the Israel/Palestine issue.

 Kuwait Main article: Kuwait–Pakistan relations

After the end of the first Gulf War in 1991 Pakistani army engineers were involved in a programme of mine clearance in the country.[1] Kuwait was also the first country to send aid to isolated mountain villages in Kashmir after the quake of 2005,[2] also offering the largest amount of aid in the aftermath of the quake ($100m).[3]

 Lebanon Main article: Lebanon–Pakistan relations

Lebanon and Pakistan have good relations. Pakistan has also been a steadfast supporter of Lebanon particularly when it was invaded by its southern neighbor. Additionally, Pakistan has extended moral, diplomatic and material support to Lebanon and refuses to recognize Israel officially, as a legitimate country in solidarity with the Palestinian, Lebanese and other Middle Eastern countries.

 Oman Main article: Oman–Pakistan relations

The relationship between Muscat and Islamabad is warm, because it is the nearest Arab country to Pakistan and the fact that some 30% of Omani's are of Balochi origin from Pakistan's Balochistan province having settled Oman over a hundred years ago. In 1958 Gwadar was

part of Oman but was transferred to Pakistan in that year.

 Palestine

Main article: Pakistan-Palestine relations

Pakistan fully supports the proposal of the creation of an independent Palestinian state. Due to Pakistan's pro-Palestinian stance, bilateral relations between Pakistan and Israel have continuously wavered over the last few years. Pakistan has also declined to recognise the state of Israel until the "liberation of Palestine" will take place.[4]

 Saudi Arabia

Main article: Pakistan-Saudi Arabia relations

Saudi Arabia has also provided extensive religious and educational aid to Pakistan. Saudi Arabia remains a major destination for immigration amongst Pakistanis, the number of whom living in Saudi Arabia stands between 900,000 and 1 million.[5][6] Saudi Arabia is the largest source of petroleum for Pakistan.[7] It also supplies extensive financial aid to Pakistan and remittance from Pakistani migrants to Saudi Arabia is also a major source of foreign currency.[8]

 Syria Main article: Pakistan–Syria relations

Both countries were on the silk route through which civilizational exchanges took place for centuries, Islamic missionaries that introduced Islam after 711 AD were from Syria. During the Yom Kippur War of 1973 (usually referred to as the Ramadan war in Pakistan) several Pakistani pilots assisted the Syrian air force.[9] In 2005 Syria and Pakistan agreed on mutual cooperation in the fields of science and technology.[10]

 United Arab Emirates

Main article: Pakistan-United Arab Emirates relations

Pakistan was the first country to accord formal recognition to UAE on its achieving independence. Bilateral relations and mutually beneficial cooperation have progressed steadily ever since. These relations date back to the UAE's formation in 1971, and have since evolved into wide-ranging co-operation in various fields. UAE has been a major donor of economic assistance to Pakistan.

[edit] Asia

CountryFormal

Relations Began

Notes

 Afghanistan Main article: Afghanistan-Pakistan relations

 Azerbaijan Main article: Azerbaijan-Pakistan relations

Pakistan recognized independence of Azerbaijan 1991 (the second country after Turkey) and the two countries established full diplomatic relations in 1992. Pakistan was one of the first countries to open its Embassy in Baku.

 Bangladesh 18/Jan/1976 Main article: Bangladesh–Pakistan relations

Relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh are influenced by the fact that Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan until 1971, when it achieved independence after the Bangladesh Liberation War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. As part of Shimla Agreement, India sought to make sure that Pakistan would take steps to recognize Bangladesh. Pakistan established full diplomatic relations with Bangladesh on January 18, 1976 and relations improved in the following decades.

 Bhutan Pakistan is one of the few countreis with which Bhutan maintains diplomatic relationship. Both countries are member of SAARC. Trade and bilateral relationship between the two countries can be largely regarded as being insignificant, and the diplomatic relationship as being largely symbolic.

 Brunei Main article: Pakistan-Brunei relations

Pakistan has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan and Brunei has a High Commission in Islamabad.

 Burma Main articles: Burma-Pakistan relations and Burmese people in Pakistan

Pakistan has an embassy in Yangon,[11] and Burma has an embassy in Islamabad.[12]

 Cambodia Main article: Cambodia–Pakistan relations

Pakistan has an embassy in Phnom Penh although Cambodia does not have an embassy in Pakistan.

 China 1951[13] Main article: Sino-Pakistan relations

 India Main article: Indo-Pakistani relations

 Indonesia 1949[14] Main article: Pakistan-Indonesia relations

Indonesia has its Embassy in Islamabad [15] and a Consulate in Karachi and Pakistan has its Embassy in Jakarta [16] and a consulate in Medan.[17] Bilateral relations between the two countries is $800 million but they hope to increase this to $2

billion.[18] Both nations are members of the Developing 8 and Next 11 countries.

 Japan Main article: Japan–Pakistan relations

Tokyo and Islamabad have long enjoyed cordial relations throughout chronology. Japan's economic assistance has played a very important role in the development of Pakistan's economic and social infrastructure. The major projects, which have been funded by the Government of Japan, include the Indus Highway Project, a number of power projects in various provinces of Pakistan, Rural Roads Construction Project and the Children Hospital PIMS lslamabad Project. Presently the Kohat Tunnel Project and the Ghazi Brotha Dam Project are being completed with the help of the Japanese assistance.

 Kazakhstan Main article: Kazakhstan-Pakistan relations

Relations between the two countries began when Pakistan recognized Kazakhstan on December 20, 1991. On February 24, 1992, diplomatic and consular relations were established during an official visit by Kazakhstani president Nursultan Nazarbayev to Pakistan.[19] Kazakhstan is an emerging market for Pakistani goods.[20]

 Kyrgyzstan Main article: Kyrgyzstan-Pakistan relations

Pakistan extended diplomatic recognition to the Kyrgyz Republic on December 20, 1991. A Protocol for the establishment of diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan was signed on May 10, 1992.

 Malaysia Main article: Malaysia-Pakistan relations

Pakistan has its High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has its High Commission in Islamabad. Pakistan has brotherly relations with Malaysia. Both are members of Organization of Islamic Conference and Commonwealth of Nations. There is a trade and cultural pact between the two countries, under which the import and export of various goods is done on fairly large scale. Both the countries enjoy close relations and links of mutual friendship and the cooperation has further strengthened.

 Maldives Main article: Maldives–Pakistan relations

The Maldives and Pakistan are culturally very close in sharing a Sunni majority. Islamabad supports the Maldivian

position in the territorial dispute over the southern Indian colony of Minicoy Island in the Lakshadweep, whose population is Muslim by faith.

 Mongolia Pakistan and Mongolia maintain cordinal diplomatic relationship.[21]

 Nepal 1960[22] Main article: Nepal-Pakistan relations

Despite an extensive 1982 trade agreement, the volume of bilateral trade remains comparatively small at USD 4.8 million.[23] Pakistan's total exports to Nepal are worth USD 1.631 million while Nepal's exports to Pakistan tally USD 3.166 million.[23] Both countries have recently[when?] stepped up efforts to promote bilateral trade, especially in textiles, oilseeds, extraction of oil and tourism; Pakistan also offered a USD 5 million line of credit to Nepal.[23][24][25] Nepal and Pakistan are signatories to the South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) and members of the South Asian Economic Union.

 North Korea Main article: North Korea-Pakistan relations

 Philippines Sept/1949 Main article: Pakistan-Philippines relations

 South Korea Main article: Pakistan-South Korea relations

 Singapore 17/Aug/1966[26] Main article: Pakistan-Singapore relations

 Sri Lanka Main article: Pakistan-Sri Lanka relations

Sri Lanka's ties with Pakistan are warming gradually. Pakistan has been recently[when?] supplying military equipment to the Sri Lankan armed forces. Relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka are generally warm. In the past, Pakistan has been supplying military equipment to the Sri Lankan military in the prevailing civil war against the Tamil Tigers. There is a Pakistani embassy located in Sri Lanka and a Sri Lankan embassy situated in Pakistan.

 Taiwan No diplomatic relations

Pakistan does not maintain any diplomatic relations with Taiwan, and supports Taiwan reunification with China.[27]

 Tajikistan Main article: Pakistan-Tajikistan relations

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, established diplomatic relationship with the Republic of Tajikistan in 1992, but cooperation between these two countries started from 1991. Geographically Tajikistan is the nearest Central Asian State to Pakistan - fourteen kilometeres between two countries. Many Tajiks have immigrated to Pakistan, notably in the city

of Ishkoman where they have integrated into the local population.

 Thailand 10/Oct/1951[28] Main article: Pakistan-Thailand relations

 Turkmenistan 10/May/1992 Main article: Pakistan–Turkmenistan relations

Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize Turkmenistan as an independent country in December 1991. Exchange of high-level visits during the last 10 years give credence to the fact that Pakistan and Turkmenistan have laid foundation of mutually beneficial relations, friendship and understanding. The two countries have signed 21 Agreements and Memoranda of understanding in the fields of oil and gas, transport, energy, trade, science and culture.

 Uzbekistan Main article: Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations

Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Uzbekistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR, the relations between the two countries were initially strained by the situation in Afghanistan which both countries border as they supported different factions Afghan factions.[29]

However relations improved after the fall of the Taliban, both countries seeking to improve relations for the sake of trade, Pakistan wishing to gain access to Central Asian markets and landlocked Uzbekistan to access ports on the Indian Ocean.

 Vietnam 1972 Main article: Pakistan–Vietnam relations

[edit] North Africa

CountryFormal

Relations Began

Notes

 Algeria Main article: Algeria-Pakistan relations

There exists friendly foreign relations between Algeria and Pakistan. Pakistan supported the cause of Algeria's independence from France.

 Egypt Main article: Egypt–Pakistan relations

Pakistan and Egypt (Misr), both being Muslim countries, share cordial relations. Both are also members of the OIC (Oraganization of Islamic Conference), as well as "the next

eleven" and "D8". After the foundation of Pakistan, it has established diplomatic and trade relations with Egypt.

 Libya Main article: Libya-Pakistan relations

The relations between the two nations have always been deep and abiding, ever since the start. The two countries also share common religious and cultural links, especially the fact that both the countries are Islamic states.

 Morocco Main article: Morocco-Pakistan relations

Pakistan has an embassy in Rabat while Morocco also has its embassy in Islamabad. Both the countries have co-operated significantly since the past and continue to widely expand their relations, in the past Pakistan has said that it does not recognise Western Sahara and that its status is disputed and remains to be decided by UN Resolutions, but at the same time it gave the Moroccan point of view that it is an internal matter.

 Sudan Main article: Pakistan-Sudan relations

Due to both states sharing the same religion, being former British colonies, and refusing to recognize Israel as a legitimate nation, Pakistan and Sudan have shared generally close and warm relations for decades. Sudan declared its' support for Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani Wars, and also due to the fact that Pakistan stood by the Sudanese people over its integrity and soveriengty, especially on its boundary disputes with both Egypt and Kenya.

 Tunisia Main article: Pakistan-Tunisia relations

Pakistan supported Tunisia on the issue of its complete control on Bizerte and declared it an integral part of Tunisia. Former Tunisian president Habib Bourguiba had always supported Pakistan's point of view.

 Western Sahara

No diplomatic relations

Pakistan does not have any diplomatic relations with the disputed Western Sahara government. Pakistan military personnels are also participating in the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara.[30]

[edit] Sub-Saharan Africa

Country Formal Relations

Notes

Began

 Botswana Botswana has diplomatic relations with Pakistan which is covered by the Botswana Embassy in Beijing, China [31] and an Embassy located in Islamabad within the Republic of Yemen.[32] Pakistan's Embassy in Botswana is located in Sana'a, Yemen [32]

Trade between the 2 nations in 2001/02 accounted for $20 million[32] Mehru Khan of Pakistan and Botswana was crowned Miss NRI Global 2005 winner at an international pageant.[33][34]

 Congo Pakistan embassy in Zimbawe is also accredited to Congo. Pakistan maintains an Honourary Consulate in Kinsasha.[35] Pakistan also has up to 3500 troops in Congo under United Nations Operation in Congo [36]

 Eritrea Eritrea maintains an embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.[37]

 Ethiopia Main article: Ethiopia–Pakistan relations

 Kenya Main article: Kenya-Pakistan relations

Relations between Pakistan and Kenya were first historically established in the 60's, when Pakistan expressed its support for Kenya in getting independence from British rule. Ever since from that time, relations between the two nations have been warm, with both countries having had discussed previously in the Pakistan-Kenya Joint Ministerial Commission session which was hosted in Nairobi in 2004, about boosting bilateral trade and economic relations.[38]

 Lesotho Pakistan and Lesotho maintain honorary consulate in each other's country.[39]

 Madagascar Pakistan maintain honorary consulate in Madagascar.[40]

 Malawi Pakistan maintains an Honorary Cosulate in Malawi. Pakistan embassy in Zimbawe is also accredited to Malawi.[41]

 Mauritius Main article: Mauritius–Pakistan relations

Pakistan has an embassy at Port Louis and Mauritius has an embassy at Islamabad. The two countries are progressing the finalisation of a Free Trade Agreement.[42][43]

 Mozambique Pakistan maintain cordinal relations with Mozambique.[44] In 1976, on the eve of independence of Mozambique, technical support of Pakistani pilots, engineers and maintenance persons were despatched to Mozambique for making their helicopters airworthy and training of their pilots/ technicians.[45]

 Niger Pakistan has an embassy in Niamey,[46] although Niger does not maintain a permanent embassy in Islamabad.[47]

 Nigeria Main article: Nigeria–Pakistan relations

Pakistan has a High Commission in Abuja and Nigeria has an embassy in Islamabad, as well as a Consulate-General in Karachi. The two states have maintained a close relationship, a relationship which is described by the Nigerian Defence Minister as "friendly" and like a "family tie"[48]

 Sao Tome and Principe

Pakistan has had friendly political relations with the island country of São Tomé and Príncipe. Traditionally, the Pakistan Ambassador in Portugal is accredited to the islands. Mr. Fradique de Menezes, the President of São Tomé and Príncipe specifically requested for Pakistan's assistance in promoting income generating skills in agriculture and textiles as well as in poverty alleviation programmes. Mr. Fradique de Menezes, expressed his profound desire to enhance political, economic and cultural cooperation with Pakistan. [49]

 Senegal Main article: Pakistan-Senegal relations

 Somalia Main article: Pakistan-Somalia relations

 South Africa Pakistan maintains a high commission in Cape Town, and South Africa maintains a high commission in Islamabad.[50][51] South Africa is also home to more than 2,500 Pakistanis.

 Tanzania Pakistan maintains a High Commission in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.[52]

 Uganda Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Kampala. Pakistan also provide scholarships to Ugandan students under its technical assistance programme.[53]

 Zambia Zambia maintains an Genral Honorary Consulate in Islamabad, whereas Pakistan's embassy in Zimbawe is also accredited to Zambia.[54] In Feb 2008 a 11-member Pakistan Trade Delegation visited Lusaka for exploring bilateral trade cooperation.

 Zimbabwe Main article: Pakistan–Zimbabwe relations

Pakistan is represented in Zimbabwe by embassy in Harare. The Pakistani government has pledged to always "stand by Zimbabwe in its challenging times and continue to render assistance in every way possible in an effort to cement the already cordial relations between the two countries."[55] The friendship between Pakistan and Zimbabwe dates back to the times of the war of liberation of the country, during which Pakistan was known to have provided an immense amount of extended moral and material support to many Zimbabwean

freedom fighters, by providing armed machinery and helping rebuild the Gweru airbase which was destroyed during the liberation struggle.[55][56]

[edit] Europe

CountryFormal

Relations Began

Notes

 Albania Pakistan diplomatic relations with Albania are very cordinal given that Albania is a Muslim majortiy country, and the only European country with OIC membership. Albania has consistently supported Pakistan for the Kashmir cause.[57] In Dec 2006, Albanian Deputy Foreign Minister Mr. Anton Gurakqui visited Pakistan to hold bilateral consultation with Pakistani political leadership. Pakistan also offers training facilities to young Albanian bureaucrats in the field of banking, finance, management and diplomacy.[58]

 Andorra Pakistan embassy in Spain is accredited to Andorra.[59]

 Austria 1956 Main article: Austria–Pakistan relations

Relations between the two countries are generally friendly. The diplomatic ties between Pakistan and Austria were established in 1956 when Pakistan formally recognized Austria.[60]

 Belarus Belarus Minsk Tractor Works has played a key role in supplying tractor to Pakistan[61] and establiishing the tractor assembly plant in Pakistan.[62] Belarus and Pakistan have also signed agreements on trade-economic cooperation and investments protection.[63] Pakistan ambassador to Russia is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to Belarus.

 Belgium Main article: Belgium–Pakistan relations

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina–Pakistan relations

Both nations share close relations on the grounds of religion and politics. Pakistan was a staunch supporter of Bosnia during the civil war. Pakistan sent in UN Peacekeeping forces to the former Yugoslavia during the Yugoslav wars. Pakistan and Bosnia have a free trade agreement.

 Bulgaria Main article: Bulgaria–Pakistan relations

 Croatia Pakistan maintains an Honorary Consulate in Zagreb.[64] In May 2007, Pakistan Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Makhdum Khusro Bakhtyar made an official visit to Belarus

and meet with high ranking government officials of Belarus.[65]

 Czech Republic

Main article: Pakistan-Czech Republic relations

 Denmark Main article: Denmark-Pakistan relations

 Estonia 20/Sept/1993[66] Main article: Estonia-Pakistan relations

 Finland Main article: Finland-Pakistan relations

 France Main article: France–Pakistan relations

Pakistan and France have high levels of diplomatic meetings and are in good terms with one another. However, these good relations haven't been around very long. Trade between Pakistan and France is increasing and France has donated large funds to help Pakistan with its economic problems.

 Germany Main article: Germany–Pakistan relations

Germany and Pakistan enjoy closely cordial relations. Germany has taken large measures to aid the South Asian country in its economic and governmental hardship. Commercial trade between Berlin and Islamabad has also been very essential in recent years seeing as Germany is Pakistan's fourth largest trade partner. Also, Germany is home to 35,081 Pakistani immigrants. Overall, the two nations have almost always had a friendly bond.

 Georgia 12/May/1994 Pakistan ambassador to Azerbaijan is accredited to be the non-residential ambassador to Georgia.[67]

 Greece Main article: Greece–Pakistan relations

In modern times, Pakistan's first embassy in Athens was opened in 1975. Greece established an embassy in Islamabad in 1987. There are around 32,500 Pakistani people living and working in Greece. However Islamabad has stated it will not accept Greek soveriengty over Cyprus and it should withdraw its bulk of armed forces from the southern part of the island to restore the independence of the Cypriots, which it continues to have diplomatic relations with Nicosia.

 Holy See Main article: Holy See – Pakistan relations

 Hungary 26/Nov/1965 Main article: Hungary-Pakistan relations

Since 1970, Hungary has an embassy in Islamabad and an honorary consulate in Karachi.[68] Pakistan has an embassy in Budapest [69]

 Iceland Pakistan maintain cordinal diplomatic relations with Iceland.

[70]

 Ireland Main article: Ireland-Pakistan relations

Ireland is represented in Pakistan through its embassy in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) and an honorary consualte in Karachi. Pakistan has an embassy in Dublin. Pakistanis continue to support the idea of unification of Northern Ireland to the rest of Éire which remained part of the United Kingdom after the Republic of Ireland left the Commonwealth of Nations.

 Italy Main article: Italy–Pakistan relations

 Kosovo No diplomatic relations (Jan 2011)

Main article: International_recognition_of_Kosovo#UN_member_states_2

 Latvia Latvia maintains an Honorary Consul in Karachi.[71] Whereas Pakistan ambassador to Sweden is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to Latvia.[72] There is also a growing number of Pakistanis (mostly university students) living in Riga.[73]

 Liechtenstein Pakistan ambassador to Switzerland is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to Liechtenstein. Pakistan diplomatic relations with Liechtenstein is important, despite the small size of Liechtenstein, as Liechtenstein is member of European Free Trade Association, with which Pakistan is seeking Free Trade Agreement.[74]

 Lithuania Pakistan maintains friendly diplomatic relations with Lithuania.[75]

 Luxembourg Pakistan maintains cordinal diplomatic relations with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.[76] Pakistan also maintains an Honorary Consulate in Luxembourg.[77]

 Malta Main article: Pakistan-Malta relations

 Moldova Pakistan ambassador to Romania is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to Moldova.[78]

 Monaco Pakistan maintains cordinal diplomatic relations with Monaco.[79]

 Montenegro Jun/2006 Pakistan formally recognised the Republic of Montenegro as a sovereign and independent state, following the request of its government in Jun 2006.[80] Both countries maintain cordinal diplomatic relationship.

 Netherlands Main article: Netherlands-Pakistan relations

 Norway Main article: Norway-Pakistan relations

Norway and Pakistan have strengthen ties. Pakistanis form the largest immigrant community in Norway.[81] Norway has embassy in Islamabad and an honorary consulate in Lahore, whereas Pakistan has an embassy in Oslo.

 Portugal Main article: Pakistan-Portugal relations

 Romania Main article: Pakistan–Romania relations

Pakistan has an embassy in Bucharest and an honorary consulate in Iaşi.[82] Romania has an embassy in Islamabad and an honorary consulate in Lahore.[83]

 Russia 1948[84] Main article: Pakistan–Russia relations

Relations between these two countries have been strained in the past, because of Pakistan's close ties to America and its support for the Afghan rebels during the invasion by the USSR.

 San Marino 12/Apr/2006 Pakistan established diplomatic relations with San Marino on 12 April 2006. Pakistan ambassador to Italy is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to San Marino.[85]

 Serbia Main article: Pakistan–Serbia relations

Since July 2001, Pakistan has an embassy in Belgrade.[86] Serbia has now closed its embassy in Pakistan after 2001 due to financial or reciprocal reasons because Pakistan's role in the desire for Sanjak's merger with their brethren of Bosnia and Herzegovina and is now represented in Pakistan through its embassy in Beijing (China).[87] However there is a bone of contention between the two, because of the latter's close relations with, India.[88]

 Slovakia Pakistan ambassador to Austria is accredited be the non-residential ambassador to Slovakia. Relations between Pakistan and the Slovak Republic are cordial and friendly. The two countries have agreements on cultural cooperation and visa abolition (for diplomatic/official passport holders). Some well known Slovak companies like Matador and Mediprogress are active in Pakistan through their agents.[89]

 Spain Main article: Pakistan-Spain relations

 Switzerland Main article: Pakistan-Switzerland relations

 Sweden Main article: Pakistan-Sweden relations

 Turkey Main article: Pakistani–Turkish relations

Pakistani–Turkish relations have been traditionally strong. Both nations maintain extensive cultural, commercial,

strategic and military cooperation. Both Turkey and Pakistan are Muslim-majority states and share extensive cultural and geopolitical links.

 Ukraine 1992 Main article: Pakistan-Ukraine relations

Pakistan recognized Ukraine's independence in 1991. Pakistan has an embassy in Kiev.[90] Ukraine has an embassy in Islamabad.[91] Ukraine and Pakistan have been cooperating with each other in educational sector as well as cultural exchanges. Pakistan and Ukraine are also heavily cooperating with each other in aerospace engineering, aerospace technologies, bio-medical sciences and science and technology.

 United Kingdom

Main article: Pakistan-United Kingdom relations

Pakistan has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations since independence in 1947. It was not a member of the British Commonwealth from 1972 until 1989, because of the Commonwealth's recognition of Bangladesh. It was readmitted to full membership of the Commonwealth in October 1989. It was suspended with the overthrow of the democratically elected government in 1999. Its full membership has been reinstated with the backing of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand for Pakistan's support in the War on Terrorism. Pakistan maintains diplomatic relations with all Commonwealth countries even though it does not have its own High Commission in each capital.

[edit] Americas

CountryFormal

Relations Began

Notes

 Argentina Main article: Argentina–Pakistan relations

A memorandum of Understanding with the National Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of Argentina and the Pakistan Academy of Sciences was signed. In pursuit of its policy of establishing scientific cooperation with Argentina, the Pakistan has been actively engaged in signing Memorandum of understanding (MoUs) with various organizations.

 Brazil Main article: Brazil–Pakistan relations

The relation between Brazil and Pakistan is friendly and there is a lot of cooperation between in the two countries in military field.

 Canada Main article: Canada–Pakistan relations

Pakistan is represented through its embassy in Ottawa and consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada is represented through its embassy in Islamabad and consulate in Karachi. The value of the bilateral trade relationship between Pakistan and Canada was close to C$694 million in 2007.[92] There is also extensive people to people links between Canada and Pakistan with an estimated 300,000 Pakistanis living in Canada.[93]

 Chile Main article: Pakistan-Chile relations

 Cuba Main article: Cuba-Pakistan relations

The relations between the two countries strengthened after Cuba provided humanitarian assistance to the victims of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Both the nations continue to strengthen the bilateral relations especially in the fields of higher education, agriculture, industry and science and technology and have also held talks for military cooperation.

 Guyana Guyana along with Suriname is one of the only 2 member state of OIC in the Americas. Pakistan maintains an Honorary Consulate in Guyana.[94] The Muslims of Guyana provided moral support for the creation of the state of Pakistan. Many of the Muslim from British Guyana even took Pakistani citizenship after the creation of Pakistan in 1947 and migrated to Pakistan.[95]

 Jamaica Pakistan ambassador to USA is accredited as non-residential Pakistan's High Commissioner to Jamaica.[96]

 Mexico Main article: Mexico-Pakistan relations

Pakistan maintains an embassy in Mexico City,[97] and Mexico maintains and embassy in Islamabad.[98] Both countries are also working on Mechanism of Bilateral Consultations on Issues of Mutual Interest for Mexico and Pakistan.[99]

 Paraguay 23/Oct/1967 Main article: Pakistan–Paraguay relations

Relations were established on 23 October 1967.[100] Pakistan maintains an embassy in Brazil which is accredited to Paraguay and a consulate in Asuncion.[101] Paraguay maintains an embassy in Egypt accredited to Pakistan.[102] Government

ministers met in 2005 to explore potential trade opportunities.[103] Bilateral trade in 2010 totaled US $2.4 million per year and growing yearly.[104] Pakistan exports carpets, surgical instruments to Paraguay, where as Paraguay exports pharmaceuticals [105]

 Suriname Pakistan and Suriname both maintain friendly and cooperative relations.[106] Many of Suriname Hindoestanen Muslim speak Urdu, and maintain cultural link in Pakistan. Surinamese Islamic Association maintains its umberalla headquarters in Islamabad, Pakistan[107]

 Trinidad and Tobago

Pakistan maintain a consulate general in North Trinidad.[108] Trinidad is also home to a sizeable number of South Asian Muslim who draw links with Pakistan. During the 2010 Pakistan flooding, Trinidad Congress of the People party donated US$33,000 worth of aid to Pakistan flood victims.[109]

United States of America

20/Oct/1947 Main article: Pakistan-United States relations

[edit] Oceania

CountryFormal

Relations Began

Notes

 Australia Main article: Australia–Pakistan relations

Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf visited Australia in 2005[110] and the former Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, also having extended a visit to Pakistan in 2005 as well, following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had immensely targeted the northern areas of Pakistan. He also announced 500 new scholarships for students in Pakistan to study in Australia.[111]

 Fiji While Pakistan and Fiji maintain formal diplomatic relationship, they do not have diplomatic mission in each other's country. Pakistan designates her high commissioner to Australia as a non-residential high commissioner to Fiji.[112] Many of Fiji's large Indian Muslim population maintain family links with Pakistan[113]

 New Zealand Main article: New Zealand–Pakistan relations

Pakistan has a High Commission located in Wellington whilst New Zealand has a Consulate-General in Karachi. New Zealand was party to the Commonwealth Heads of

Government decision to readmit Pakistan to the Councils of the Commonwealth after the restoration of civilian rule in May 2008.

 Tonga While Pakistan and Tonga maintain diplomatic relationship, they do not have diplomatic mission in each other's country. Pakistan export to Tonga in 2007 was T$11,655.[114] Pakistan also has bilateral visa-abolition scheme with Tonga, for all passport types of both the countries.[115]

[edit] International organisations

OrganisationMembership

Notes

 Arab League Non-member Main article: Pakistan–Arab relations

Pakistan has signed an MoU with the Arab League, and has shown interest to be granted oberver status.[116] Pakistan has also lobbied for greater representation of the Arab League in the United Nation Security Council.[117]

ASEAN Non-member See fesea report on Pakistan and ASEAN: Constraints and Opportunities

 European Union

Non-member Main article: Pakistan – European Union relations

IMF Pakistan is a full member of IMF, and has received several monetary assistance from IMF. IMF also maintains a Resident Representative Office in Pakistan[118]

 NATO Non-member Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally against the war against terrorism.

 OIC 1969 Main article: Pakistan-OIC relations

SAARC 1985 Pakistan is one of the founding members of SAARC.

SCO Observer status

Pakistan has shown strong interest to be a full member of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation[119]

 United Nations

30/Sept/1947

Pakistan is no doubt a strategically located country at the mouth of the most frequented trade and oil route of Persian Gulf and opening to the Indian Ocean, surrounded by some of the front line and most talked about countries like China in the north, India in the east, Iran and Afghanistan in west and north-west. The sea and land component thus add to the importance of Pakistan not only in the region, but in international relations and trade as well. recently, Pakistan's role in the war against terror has brought it in the forefronts of world politics. Since its independence, however, its relations with its neighbours, specially India on the core issue of Jammu and Kashmir has brought Pakistan and India to war a number of times, while relations with Afghanistan always remain sore, because of Russian and Indian influence on Afghan

foreign policy. Iran, though a Muslim country, also has lukewarm relations with Pakistan. This leaves China to be the only trusted ally of Pakistan in the region since its independence.

The Foreign Policy of Pakistan strives for the promotion of peace and security at the regional and global levels. It also aims at accelerating the country's socio-economic progress. In keeping with its international obligations and in conformity with the United Nations Charter, Pakistan consistently seeks friendship and cooperation in its foreign relations on the basis of sovereign equality, mutual respect and benefit, non-interference and peaceful settlement of disputes.

Pakistan 's foreign policy is guided by its history, geographical location and the aspiration of its people. It is also responsive to regional and international imperatives. Given the persistent challenges, Pakistan has opted for a proactive foreign policy. While there are elements of continuity in the foreign policy, as they should be, there is also a change of emphasis and nuance. The essence of Pakistan's Foreign Policy are:-

Develop friendly relations with all countries particularly the Muslim world, major powers and immediate neighbours;

Safeguard vital security and geo-strategic interests of Pakistan ; Resolve the core issue of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with the resolutions of the UN

Security Council and wishes of the Kashmiri people; Promote the image of Pakistan as a strong, dynamic, progressive, moderate and democratic

Islamic country; Augment economic and commercial interests abroad; and Protect the interests of Pakistan 's expatriate community abroad.

Ask anyone in the streets of Pakistan as to which country is Pakistan's best ally, and the unanimous answer would be in the favour of China. Pakistan was one of the first groups of countries that recognized China on May 21, 1951. Since then, China and Pakistan have witnessed smooth development of friendly and neighbourly relations as well as mutually beneficial cooperation.  Although, initially the relations were not very warm due Pakistan's alienation towards West, it was during the Bandung Conference in 1955 that the prime ministers of both

countries (Premier Zhou Enlai and Prime Minister M. Ali) decided to further strengthen their relations. In October 1956, at the invitation of the Chinese Government, Pakistani Prime Minister Suherwardi paid an official visit to China, reciprocated by China the same year when Premier Zhou Enlai visited Pakistan in December. This successful exchange of visits within one year greatly promoted the development of friendly relations and cooperation between the two countries and strengthened the friendship between the two peoples.  In 1961, by voting for the bill concerning the restoration of China's legitimate rights in the UN put to the vote the UN General Assembly, the Pakistani Government took a step forward in the course of improving the Sino-Pakistani relations. In 1962, the two countries, through friendly talks, reached an agreement in principle on the position and alignment of Sino-Pakistani boundary. In March 1963, the two countries signed a boundary agreement on China's Xinjiang and the adjacent areas whose defence was under the actual control of Pakistan. In February 1964, Premier Zhou Enlai visited Pakistan. The hallmark visit of President Ayub Khan to China in December 1964 opened a new era of friendship and long term

partnership between the two countries. President Ayub was so warmly received by the Chinese that people still remember that warmth even today. In March 1966, President Liu Shaoqi visited Pakistan. These two visits paved way for an everlasting friendship between these two great countries, which remains as strong and time tested even today. China fully supported Pakistan against India on Kashmir issue and backed Pakistan morally, militarily and economically whenever Pakistan called for help. Pakistan also played an important part in breaking the thaw in Sino-US relations in 1971 when President Nixon went to China through Pakistan. Since 1990s, great changes have taken place in the international situation.

Instead of being affected by the changing situation, the time-tested friendship and cooperation between China and Pakistan has further developed. China provided all manner of diplomatic and political support, including accepting Pakistan’s position of plebiscite over Kashmir. In April 1971 Zhou Enlai expressed steadfast commitment to Pakistan’s territorial integrity and expressed the view that the situation in East Pakistan was an internal matter for Pakistan. 2001 marked the 50th anniversary of the establishment of Sino-Pakistani diplomatic relations and colourful celebrations were held in the two countries.

Since the early 1950, China and Pakistan have established trade relations. In January 1963, they signed their first trade agreement. In October 1982, China-Pakistan Joint Committee of Economy, Trade and Technology was set up. With the joint efforts from both sides, Sino-Pakistani economic and trade cooperation has seen good progress. Especially since the 1990s, their bilateral trade volume has witnessed relatively fast growth. In 2002 alone, Sino-Pakistani trade volume reached US$ 1.8 billion, a new record in terms of their trade relations. China is the major contributor of defence equipment to Pakistan. The recent joint venture of JF-17 Thunder multi-role jet aircraft has further cemented the ties between the two countries. Recently, the Chinese President paid a four days official visit to Pakistan (23-26 November 2006), in which China and Pakistan signed 18 MOUs/agreements, including a five-year pact of economic cooperation, agreement for free trade, provision of AWAC aircraft, sponsoring establishment of a complex which will manufacture defence related electronics. The Chinese president was accorded very warm welcome both at Islamabad and Lahore airports - which reflects strong friendly ties between the two great countries and the love that Pakistani people have for their Chinese brthern.

Pakistan's relations with Turkey are of special significance since support of the Muslims of Indian sub continent to their Turk brethren in its war against the Allies during and after the WW-I and later due Pakistan's support to

Turkey on the issue of Cyprus. Even today, upon hearing the name of Pakistan, the faces of Turks glitter with deep love and affection. And this is equally reciprocated in Pakistan as well. A fine example of this traditional love and bondage is the demonstration of thousands of Turk students in Ankara on 11 September 1965 when Pakistan was in war with India, chanting slogans against India and reiterating their desire to go and fight with their Pakistan brothers. Pakistan, Turkey and Iran have been the members of RCD (Regional Cooperation for Development) since 1964 till overthrow of Shah of Iran's regime in Iran. Now the same organization, renamed as ECO in 1984 has more members of the regions, and Turkey continues to support Pakistan in ECO on all matters of economic cooperation and development.

Pakistan's relations with the kingdom of Saudi Arabia are very special for two reasons: one

for the presence of the two holiest Muslims places at Makkah and Medina, and secondly Saudi Arabia's unequivocal support, both diplomatic and economic, to Pakistan since its independence. The ties were at their zenith during the late Shah Faisal's regime, who viewed Pakistan as his second home. People in Pakistan still revere the late Shah and his photographs can still be seen on the backs of artfully decorated trucks and buses. Even today, The Saudi-Pak relations are very warm and cordial, and are time tested.

Iran was the first country that

recognized Pakistan on 22 August 1947. Pakistan's relations with Iran have since been friendly, if not very

Relations with Other Muslim Countries: Pakistan attaches a special value to its relations with Islamic countries and is committed unreservedly to all Muslim causes and the strengthening of cooperation among Islamic countries. This has been an unshakeable pillar of our foreign policy. Pakistan has earned the esteem of the Islamic world for its consistent and effective advocacy of Muslim causes, specially at the United Nations. The Islamic world stretches from the Far East Morocco in the West and provides Pakistan with special bonds that stretch

friendly - mainly due to differences of Islamic beliefs. However, Iran has always supported Pakistan in troubled times and was in forefronts to provide all possible assistance to Pakistan with its disputes with India, specially in the 1965 Indo-Pak war. Since the institution of Islamists government in Iran, the relations between the two countries remain just cordial and lukewarm. Pakistan on its part is always on the lookout to support Iran on all international foras, specially these days on its nuclear issue. The proposed gas pipeline between Iran - Pakistan and India may further improve the relations between Iran and Pakistan.

half way across the globe and across cultures. The support of the "Ummah" has contributed to our success in having our resolutions adopted at the UN, and in elections to various UN bodies.Pakistan enjoys very warm and cordial relations with all Muslim countries, specially Indonesia, Malaysia, Jordan and Morocco. Indonesia was among those countries who not only recognized Pakistan soon after the partition, but its president Sukarno also paid an official visit to Pakistan as early as 1950. Indonesia also supported and helped Pakistan during 1965 Indo-Pak war against India. Jordan has all along been a strong ally of Pakistan. Prince Hasan bin Talal, brother of late King Hussain married from Pakistan, which further cemented the relations between the two countries. Of late, Pakistan has also developed strong economic ties with Malaysia and under ex prime minister Mr. Mahatir Muhammad, the relations between the two countries grew more strong and lasting.  The Middle East region is a major trading partner accounting for annual exports of around US$ 1.4 billion, and is host to 1.5 million expatriate workers from Pakistan who send substantial home remittances.

Pakistan's relations with India are well known to the entire world and are even source of concern and conflict in the region, specially since the two countries have gone nuclear recently. Since the independence from the British in August 1947, the relations have two countries have been anything than satisfactory - the reason is the Kashmir dispute and the Indians' heartburn over the creation of Pakistan that divided the united Hindustan. Pakistan and India have gone to war as early as 1948, twice in 1965, 1971, the Kargil and the eye ball to eyeball contact in

2002. India has always tried to downplay Pakistan in the region since it cannot swallow a much smaller country to challenge its dominance over all other countries of South East Asia. Even the matters of SAARC are badly mauled as India does not want any bilateral issues such as Kashmir to be discussed in the SAARC. Moreover, India has always tried to woo Pakistan through building up its military might and increasing its defence budget almost every year and acquiring the latest weapons that have always been used against Pakistan. Although, there is a thaw in the relations of the two country recently, and the two countries are progressing forward, though at a snail speed, many doubt the sincerity of India to work with Pakistan to find a solution to Kashmir dispute. But no such solutions seems in sight, since India considers Kashmir as part of its federation and has not budged an inch from its stated stance ever since 1947 and Simla Agreement after 1971 Indo-Paki war. Although president of Pakistan has recently suggested to India to mutually pull back forces from Kashmir and give administration of Kashmir under a joint control, India has not moved forward. India has also started building of dams on rivers that were to exclusively used by Pakistan as per the 1969 Indus Basin Water Treaty. India has also been found involved in conspiring against Pakistan and worsening the Pakistan and Afghanistan relations, since such a situation would tie down over 100,000 troops of Pakistan Army on Pak-Afghan border, much to the strategic advantage to India.

Varying Shades of Pakistan - India Relations

Despite improving bilateral trade and transportation relations by commencing bus service between India and Pakistan and between the two Kashmirs (IHK and Azad Kashmir), many consider that unless India shows flexibility in its stance on Kashmir and water sharing of rivers, the normalization of relations between Pakistan and India would remain a far cry.

Show of sentiments at the Flags Lowering Ceremony - Wagha Border near Lahore (Film Courtesy BBC )

The Mumbai Mayhem: On 26th November, a few individuals attacked the Taj and  Oberoi Hotels and a few other places with dynamite and few other places in Mumbai - though the incident was rather gory and sad, it was very unfortunate that Manmohan Singh spared no time and within hours of the attack without going into any detailed investigation  raised his finger at Pakistan. And that too when only the other day the two countries' interior secretaries decided in their Islamabad meeting not to blame each other for terrorist acts without substantive evidence. He should have waited for his panel's report. But he did not, replicating his Congress party's mainstream rival BJP, which his own party president Sonia Gandhi had recently berated in a party meeting for accusing Pakistan of every terrorist act in India impetuously. The regret is that Singh's accusation will leave the real culprits go laughing all the way. The very early reaction from Indian has many to ponder as to what was the urgency in blaming Pakistan for people who drank beer hours before the attack, when the Indian claimed them to be Muslims and suicide attackers - no Muslim dying for the cause of Islam have beer hours before death. And no one pondered why despite threats as claimed by the Indian government. the security of the hotels was relaxed days before attacks? These are questions that will be answered in due course - but for now all on going talks between the two countries have been suspended and the path to normalcy halted.

Relations with Afghanistan, like relations with India, have always been troublesome. It would be worthwhile to mention that despite being a Muslim country, Afghanistan was the only country which did not recognize Pakistan after its independence. Kabul, in fact, had already started demanding the North West Frontier Region of would be Pakistan to be given to Afghanistan soon after the 3 June 1947 partition declaration. The relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan went down to

their lowest ebb when on 29 March 1955, the Pakistani flag in Kabul was burnt down and Pakistani diplomatic offices in Kabul and Jalalabad were ransacked. Days later, on 1 May, the Pakistani flag was again burnt and Pakistan threatened to sever its relations with Afghanistan. However, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey and Egypt made Afghanistan to apologize for burning the Pakistani flag, which Pakistan accepted and on 13 September 1955 the Pakistan flag once again fluttered on Pakistan Embassy in Kabul. However there were many occasions thereafter, that showed Afghan animosity against Pakistan. During the hay days of communist Soviet Union, the Afghan governments had very bitter attitude towards Pakistan. Even the Pakistani visitors were harassed and tracked inside Afghanistan. The Soviet invasion

of Afghanistan in 1980 brought Pakistan one to one against the Soviet Union when Pakistan supported the Mujahideen, backed by CIA and the US government, against the Soviet army. However, soon after the defeat and exodus of the Soviets, US backed off, leaving the affairs of Afghanistan in a lurch. This gave rise to the Taliban backed government in Afghanistan - who were the same Mujahideen who earlier fought the Soviets on behest of the USA. The war against terror brought the downfall of the Taliban and brought the Northern Alliance, which was once backed by the Soviets, to power. Since the institution of the new government in Afghanistan, the relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan have been bitterly strained and Afghans, backed by their trusted ally India, leave no stone unturned to accuse Pakistan for meddling into their affairs. The president and prime minister of Pakistan have very recently accused Afghanistan for creating law and order situation in Pakistan border areas, specially the Waziristan. One wonders when the relations between the two countries would take a new turn for good - not otherwise.

The US-Pak relations are tell tale of many ups and downs - from friends to accusations and then strategic partners. Upon its independence, Pakistan on the cost of annoying the Soviet Union sided with the US and even joined organizations like the SEATO and CENTO that were meant to safeguard the US interests. Pakistan got a massive aid in return just after the Korean War to bolster its defence requirements. However, the relations between the two countries were bitterly strained when India attacked Pakistan in 1965 and USA stopped all its military aid to Pakistan, despite the fact that Pakistan was its ally being member of CENTO / SEATO. Pakistan as a protest delineated itself from these organizations. Pakistan later in early 70s played an important role to bridge the relations between the USA and China. The Pak-US relations witnessed a new dimension during Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and Pakistan assisted the Mujahideen on

American behest to fight against the Soviets. In return, USA gave a big military package to Pakistan, including 40 F-16 aircraft. However, the USA backed off its support to Afghan Mujahideen soon after the defeat of Soviets in 1988 and left Pakistan all alone. The USA even came close to accusing Pakistan as a terrorist state since it was supporting the Taliban in Afghanistan. USA also stooped all economic aid to Pakistan when Pakistan rightfully retaliated to series of nuclear tests by India and conducted its own nuclear tests successfully despite stern warnings from the USA. However, after 9/11, the relations between USA and Pakistan are witnessing a new upward trend once again since Pakistan has joined the USA in its war against terror. The recent visit of US president Bush on 3-4 March 2006 further strengthens the ties of the two countries. But seeing the previous history, many in Pakistan feel insecure and to be left again by the USA after its interests are achieved. Although Pakistan has been a trusted partner in US's War against Terror, it has suffered more than any collation partner both in terms of martial and human losses, specially in numerous suicides attacks. The on going operations in the FATA and areas adjoining Afghanistan have been viewed by most Pakistanis with much skepticism as they do not find any connection with the US interests and as those of our own. Pakistan in fact has been made a hostage both by the militants and the US and is suffering day by day. An estimate shows that Pakistan has suffered almost Rs. 700 billion since joining the US. With the exodus of President Musharraf, installation of the new democratic government in Pakistan, many Pakistanis believe that new president in USA Mr Obama would make a change - if wishes were horses .....

Pictorial View of Pak US Relations - Photographs Courtesy Robert J. McMahon

Pak - US Relations - The Early Days

Left to Right: Truman receives Liaquat Ali Khan - Guard of Honour at Washington Airport May 1950

Left to Right: Kennedy introduces Ayub to Jacky - September 1962, Dinner at White House with ex US president Eisenhower, Ayub with Kennedy at White House

A special Envelope of US Mail printed on occasion of President Ayub's Visit to the US - Autographed by the President

1971 was the fateful Year for Pakistan - While Pakistani President Yaya (left) played an important role in bridging the gap in strained US-China relations and routing President Nixon (right) from Pakistan to Peking, the US later forgot its ally during the dark days of December 1971.

The Recent Past

Left to Right: President Bush in Pakistan - March 2006 with the then President Musharraf and Prime Minister Aziz, Bush learning cricket in Pakistan

Relations with USSR / Russia: The relations with former USSR / Soviet Russia had been very strained since Pakistan's alienation towards the West, specially the USA soon after independence. India took advantage of this and had since very strategic relations with USSR and now Russia. While the Russians always stood by their Indian

friends, USA has always backed out of support to Pakistan on a number of occasions. Pakistan's support to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan further strained the relations between the two countries. However, after the demise of the Soviet Russia and ushering in the era of glasnost, there is a new dimension to the

Russian outlook towards Pakistan - though a very cautious one. The present government is making all out efforts to befriend wit the Russians, but it seems that it will take much longer than assumed before the relations between Pakistan and Russia can be considered as cordial and friendly.

For the last 50 years, Japan-Pakistan Relations have made a steady progress, as exemplified by exchange of many high-level visits like the visit to Japan by President General Parvez Musharraf in March 2002, and the visit to Pakistan of Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori in August 2000. Pakistan - Japan relations kicked off when in April 1957, Pakistan's Prime Minister Mr. H.S. Suhrawardy visited Japan, which was soon

reciprocated in May 1957 by the Japanese Prime Minister, Mr. Shinsuke Kishi, who also signed the first Cultural Exchange Agreement between the two countries.

In December 1960 President General Ayub Khan visited Japan (above left) to further cement the long and friendly relations between the two countries. General Pervez Musharraf, former President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan paid an official working visit to Japan (above right) from March 12 to 15, 2002. The two countries signed the  Agreement for Promotion and Protection of Investment on 29 April 2005. Japan today highly appreciates the important roles played by Pakistan both regionally and globally in the rapidly changing international frameworks. It is Japan's earnest hope to broaden the horizon of cooperative relations with Pakistan through more dialogues so as to chart a new course for the coming years. Pakistan also earnestly reciprocates the Japanese sentiments and continues to value its friendship and trade with Japan in very high esteem.

Pakistan enjoys very cordial relations with most of the EU member countries, specially the UK, Germany, France and Italy. Meaningful trade relations have been established with a number of European countries. Substantial foreign investments in Pakistan come from European countries, which are also a source of important development assistance programme in Pakistan.While the change of government in Pakistan in October 1999 created some

difficulties with the European countries, with the passage of time there was greater appreciation of the governments’ policies and wide-ranging reform agenda. Since 11 September particularly, there has been a marked improvement in the attitude and outlook of Europe towards Pakistan. Pakistan relations with the European Union have particularly been on an upswing with an important agreement on trade concessions coming into effect and the signing of a new Cooperation Agreement.

Relations with the Central Asian Republics: Pakistan enjoys close and cordial relations with the Central Asian Republics, which are rested in shared history, culture and traditions. A number of agreements have been signed with these states, covering various spheres of cooperation. The recent ones include an Extradition Treaty with Uzbekistan in addition to a Consular Agreement and an Agreement on Cooperation in Custom Administration. Two agreements with Kyrgyzstan regarding Consular Assistance and Mutual Assistance on Civil, Criminal and Family Affairs are in the offing. Defence and military cooperation agreement with Azerbaijan is in the pipeline. Agreement on avoidance of Double Taxation with Tajikistan is also being considered. A Quadrilateral Agreement including China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan was signed in 1995. It still awaits implementation on account of a dispute by Kazakhstan on the number of road permits and transit fee. Efforts are underway to resolve the issue. In the meantime, a Trilateral Agreement has also been formalized under the Quadrilateral Agreement provisionally between Pakistan, China and Kyrgyzstan to start trade and other related economic activity between the three countries.

Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC): Pakistan actively participated in the activities of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC). The OIC continued to extend valuable support to Pakistan on the issues of vital importance including Kashmir and the fight against international terrorism. The President attended the Ninth Islamic Summit in Doha, Qatar, in. November 2000, which expressed OIC’s support to the struggle of the Kashmiri people for their right to self-determination. The 29th session of the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers held in Khartoum in June 2002 reiterated this support and called for reduction of tensions between India and Pakistan and appreciated Pakistan’s position to resolve its disputes with India through dialogue. In the post 11 September scenario, the Organization supported the efforts against international terrorism and emphasized the need for a comprehensive definition of terrorism and called for addressing its root causes.

SAARC: Pakistan is formally committed to the principles and objectives of SAARC. It favours consolidation of the progress made through better coordination for result-oriented activities and avoidance of venturing into too many areas. Pakistan believes that a peaceful and secure environment in the region is of vital importance for the promotion of economic development. It is imperative that the member states commit themselves to removing the underlying causes of tension in the region and to foster trust, friendship and good neighbourly relations. Addressing the Eleventh SAARC Summit, the President observed, among other things, that even after 16 years of growth, SAARC had not been able to mature to its full potential. He stressed the need for joint action for early realization of the objectives enshrined in the SAARC Charter and assured Pakistan’s full cooperation and participation for this purpose. The President emphasized the need to bring to bear wisdom, sagacity, tolerance and sense of justice to resolve problems facing the region.

Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO): ECO is an inter-governmental regional organization established in 1985 by Iran, Pakistan and Turkey for the purpose of sustainable socio-economic development of the Member States. ECO is the successor organization of

Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD). In 1964, Pakistan signed the RCD Pact with Turkey and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the USA – and as neighbors of the Soviet Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has a close relationship with Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian revolution. In 1985 a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the ECO, an organization that now also includes Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

ECO has played an important role in the strengthening and promotion of multi-dimensional cooperation and sustained socioeconomic growth among the member states. Besides strengthening the centuries old ties that exist between the people of these countries ECO is intended to build infrastructural links, and promote business exchanges and economic development. In terms of infrastructure the ECO is focusing on the development of a modern transport and communications system, a network of gas and oil pipeline and interconnection of power grids within the region. Pakistan's interest in ECO reflects its belief in regional cooperative arrangements, which foster regional development and economic progress and prosperity through collective endeavours. We aspire to make ECO an effective instrument of regional cooperation serving the needs of 340 million people in the ten member states spread over an area of over 7 million square kilometres - an area immensely rich in natural resources including oil and gas. The mutual relations of member-states exude harmony and cordiality. Read More ....

ASEAN: Although the economic melt down in South East Asia and difficulties faced by Pakistan in the aftermath of the nuclearization of South Asia, did have a negative impact, we continue to make consistent efforts to strengthen our political and economic links with the ASEAN countries. Our "Look East" policy remains an important aspect of our foreign policy. Pakistan enjoys sectoral dialogue partnership with ASEAN in several key areas and is looking forward to becoming a full dialogue partner. The ASEAN-Pakistan joint Sectoral Cooperation Committee was established in the recent past to institutionalize interaction with ASEAN.

UN, NAM and other International Forums: Pakistan actively participated in all-important events held under the UN and NAM auspices. The President attended the South Summit in Havana in April 2000, the UN Millennium Summit in New York in September 2000 and the 57th Session of the UN General Assembly. At these forums the President highlighted the plight of the Kashmiri people and exposed Indian repressive policies in the IHK and called upon the international community to play its role in helping resolve the long festering issue of Jammu and Kashmir. The President met with a number of heads of state during these visits.

"Dynamics of Pakistan's Foreign Policy in the new World Order" - Mr. Shaukat Aziz, Prime Minister of the Republic of Pakistan - Conference Address at the IRRI-KIIB Chaired by Karel de Gucht, Minister of Foreign Affairs Belgium. Brussels, January 26, 05.