PED4470 ASSESSING SPECIAL POPULATIONS - AGING Kinesiology and Sports Studies Department Ovande Furtado, M.S. “ If you wait to do everything until you're If you wait to do everything until you're sure it's right, you'll probably never do sure it's right, you'll probably never do much of anything.” (Win Borden) much of anything.” (Win Borden)
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PED4470ASSESSING SPECIAL POPULATIONS - AGING
Kinesiology and Sports Studies Department
Ovande Furtado, M.S.
“If you wait to do everything until you're sure If you wait to do everything until you're sure it's right, you'll probably never do much of it's right, you'll probably never do much of anything.” (Win Borden)anything.” (Win Borden)
Chapter 11 Outline Aging and Fitness Effect of Aging on
Fitness Aerobic Fitness Body Composition Strength Evaluation of Adult
Fitness Evaluation of
Functional Fitness
Aging and Fitness U.S. population is aging
Median age (1990) = 32.9 years Median age (2000) = 35.3 years
1990-2000 saw increase in older adults (65+ years) from 32 million to 35 million
Baby boomers will start retiring from 2011
Need to promote physical activity in order to improve quality of life Need to promote physical activity in order to improve quality of life and independence of older adultsand independence of older adults
Aerobic Fitness Declines with age during adulthood Decline in maximal heart rate is major
contributing factor Other factors: decline in physical activity,
reduction in muscle mass, increase in fat mass Cross-sectional data: decline is 0.4-.05
ml/kg/year Longitudinal data: decline is 0.04 to 1.43
ml/kg/year
Body Composition Body weight and body fatness increase
during adulthood BMI levels off around 45 years in men, and
55 years in women Percent fat levels off during 50s Increase in percent fat:
combination of fat mass increase fat-free mass decrease (especially muscle
mass)
Strength Maximal strength Maximal strength attained between 20 and
30 years of age Gradual decline thereafter (WHY?) Decline in activity appears to be major
factor Manual workers appear to maintain
strength during middle and later adult years Sedentary older adults can gain strength
from training (Tai Chi)
Evaluating Adult Fitness YMCA test battery (all adults) Army Physical Fitness Test (military
personnel) AAHPERD Test (older adults) Senior Fitness Test (older adults) Groningen Test (older adults)
Y’s Way to Physical Fitness Fitness test battery Comprehensive fitness training program Normative database from over 20,000 adults Aerobic fitness
3-minute step test submaximal cycle ergometer test (multistage)
Body composition sum of 3 skinfolds (converted to percent fat) sum of 4 skinfolds (converted to percent fat)
Y’s Way to Physical Fitness Muscular strength
submaximal bench press test to fatigue Muscular endurance
1-minute timed sit-up Flexibility
trunk flexion test
U.S. Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) Maintenance of fitness a requirement of
military personnel APFT consists of three tests Criterion-referenced standards, provided for
age and gender groups Alternative tests are available for medically
excused personnel Personnel over 40 years require
cardiovascular screening prior to testing
Army Physical Fitness Test Push-up test
self-determined cadence maximum in 2 minutes
Sit-up test self-determined cadence maximum in 2 minutes
2-Mile Run test walking permitted, but discouraged
Army Physical Fitness Test Alternate tests:
800-yard swim test 6.2-mile cycle ergometer test, 2 kilopond
resistance 6.2-mile bicycle test 2.5-mile walk test
Body composition not part of APFT, but must meet percent fat
standards, or go on weight-loss program
Functional Fitness Important for older adults Capacity to meet demands of everyday
functional activities Activities of daily living (ADLs)
Dressing, bathing, cooking, mobility Important to independent living,