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1 Wireless Infrastructure for Security and Surveillance Ksenia Coffman, Firetide ASIS CCTV Workshop, Las Vegas, NV 10/26-29
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ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

May 15, 2015

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Wireless transmission options for security & surveillance: point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, mesh - pros and cons of each; mistakes to avoid; steps to successful wireless deployment; case studies; questions to ask your wireless technology provider.
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Page 1: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

1

Wireless Infrastructure for

Security and Surveillance

Ksenia Coffman, Firetide

ASIS CCTV Workshop, Las Vegas, NV 10/26-29

Page 2: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Agenda

� Why wireless?

� Wireless options

� Considerations for wireless video systems

� Case studies

� Municipal public safety; Campus security; Critical

2

� Municipal public safety; Campus security; Critical

infrastructure/industrial operations; Transportation

security; Mobile video

� Planning a successful wireless system

� Q & A

Page 3: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Why Wireless?

� Cost savings

� Deploy virtually anywhere

� Mobility and flexibility

3

� Mobility and flexibility

� Extend or back-up wired

infrastructure

Page 4: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Industrial TransportationPublic Safety

Who Needs Wireless Security & Surveillance?

Education

4

Industrial TransportationPublic Safety

Hospitality HealthcareRetail Government Utilities

Education

Page 5: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Wireless Challenges

� Availability of channels & spectrum

� RF interference

� Dynamic RF & physical environment

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� Dynamic RF & physical environment

� “Trust but verify” attitude required

Page 6: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Wireless Options

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Page 7: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Wireless Frequency Bands

Licensed? Line of site Advantage Disadvantage

900 MHz Unlicensed Not required Improved street-level

penetration

Lower throughput

for video compared

to other bands

2.4 GHz Unlicensed Required Better penetration

compared to 5 GHz

Interference from

consumer devices

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compared to 5 GHz consumer devices

4.9 GH Licensed Required Reserved for public

safety; less

interference

Requires frequency

coordination with

other agencies

5 GHz Unlicensed Required Better range and less

interference

compared to 2.4 GHz

Lower penetration

than 2.4 GHz

Page 8: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Point to Point

� Pros

8

� Dedicated connection

� Highest bandwidth for backhaul

� Cons

� Does not scale; no flexibility

� Single point of failure

Page 9: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Point to Multi-Point

� Pros

9

� Pros

� Simplicity of design

� Cost effective when tall assets are available

� Cons

� Limited scalability: bandwidth divided by # of subscribers

� LOS required to each subscriber unit

� Base station creates a single point of failure

Page 10: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Multi-Point to Multi-Point (Mesh)

� Pros

10

� Pros

� Reach & scalability with multi-hop connections

� Flexibility – can be deployed a PtP, PtMP or mesh

� Cons

� Variable performance from different vendors

� More complex design vs PtP or PtMP

Page 11: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

� Point to point

� Up to 1 Gig+

� Point to multi-point

� 20-30 Mbps total capacity typical (divided by # of subscribers)

� Wireless mesh

What About Throughput?

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� Wireless mesh

� Can deliver up to 250-300 Mbps in PtP mode or 100-150 Mbps

sustained over multiple hops

� Varies greatly by vendor: from 10-15 Mbps to 100-150 Mbps

sustained

Numbers listed are usable throughput, not theoretical data rate

Page 12: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Deployment Scenario: Mesh & PtP

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Page 13: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Deployment Scenario: PtMP

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Page 14: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

�District 4

�District 5

�Linear mode takes advantage of dual-radio capabilities

Deployment Scenario: Linear Mesh

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�District1

�District 2

�District 3

�District 4

Page 15: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Not All ‘Wireless Mesh’

Created Equal

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Created Equal

Page 16: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Imagine a Traditional Wired Switch

Most efficient mesh utilizes L2 distributed wireless switch architecture

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(Wired Ethernet infrastructure)

Page 17: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Now, Give Each Port Wireless Capability

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(Wired Ethernet infrastructure)

Page 18: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Separate the Ports…

(Wired Ethernet infrastructure)

Bingo, a Virtual Ethernet Switch!

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Page 19: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Considerations for

Wireless Video

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Wireless Video

Page 20: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

� High throughput

� Low latency < 1.5 ms per hop

� Low packet jitter (variation in latency)

� Support for multicast traffic

� End-to-end QoS & traffic prioritization

Key Requirements for Video

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� End-to-end QoS & traffic prioritization

Page 21: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

� Not suitable for professional-grade video surveillance

� Typically shared with other traffic: unpredictable bandwidth

� Limited QoS or traffic prioritization

� Multicast traffic brings effective bandwidth to 6 Mbps

� 2.4 GHz band deployments are especially risky

� Result: packet loss, jitter and high latency = unusable video

Caution About AP-based Systems

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� Result: packet loss, jitter and high latency = unusable video

� Wi-Fi enabled cameras only suitable for indoor, small-scale

surveillance

� Caution: Many of the above limitations apply to “Mesh APs” as well

Page 22: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

But Wi-Fi Access Can Be Useful

� Live video in Wi-Fi ‘hot spots’

� Laptops, PDAs

� Local and remote viewing

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Wi-Fi enabled

patrol car

Radio, AP & Camera

Page 23: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

� Fixed WiMAX – unlicensed spectrum (2.4/4.9/5 GHz)

� You own the infrastructure

� Point to multi-point topology

� Typically 4.9 GHz & 5.8 GHz spectrum; could be separate HW

� Throughput limitations compared to high-end mesh

� Mobile WiMAX/4G – licensed spectrum

A Word on WiMAX & 4G

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� Mobile WiMAX/4G – licensed spectrum

� License held by operators (Sprint, Clearwire, etc)

� Service model similar to cellular data; available in a few major cities

� 3-4 Mbps downstream; 1 Mbps upstream

� Okay for 1 or 2 covert cameras but not for critical deployments:

outages, downtime for service, etc.

Page 24: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Mistakes You Can Make

Mistakes You Can Make

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Page 25: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

� Not verifying claims/performance

� Not talking to users with like-size systems

� Specifying solution based on a 3-camera trial

� Not being clear on requirements

� Accepting the lowest bid without making

RFP Process

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� Accepting the lowest bid without making

apples-to-apples comparison

Page 26: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

� Skipping a formal, professional site survey

� Not securing access to camera sites & power ahead of time

� Not taking seasonal variations into account

� 4.9 GHz users – not verifying spectrum availability

� Using non-manufacturer-approved accessories (i.e. antennas)

Design & Deployment

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� Not planning for future growth

Page 27: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

� Not securing a maintenance agreement with the integrator

� Not purchasing spares

and

� Who will clean the cameras?

Operation

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Page 28: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Case Studies

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Page 29: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Public Safety and Security

�Hospital

�Ambulance

�Fire Station

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�PoliceStation

�Police Car

�Public Park

�City Hall

Page 30: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Los Angeles County Sheriff

� Narcotics, prostitution,

gang retaliations

� 30 cameras trained on

priority locations: key

intersections, parks,

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intersections, parks,

schools, hospitals

� Linear mesh topology

due to lack of fiber

points of presence

Page 31: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Wireless-enabled Campus

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Page 32: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Cal State Long Beach PD

� 37 cameras

� How used

� Overt surveillance

� Integrated with

dispatch

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dispatch

� Wireless offload for

ALPR cameras

� Funding

� PD budget

Page 33: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Critical Infrastructure & Industrial Ops

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Page 34: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Construction – Dubai Tower

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� Radio over IP

� Video surveillance

Page 35: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Open Pit Mining

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� Diagnostics & weight data

� Video surveillance – operator safety

& location

Page 36: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Transportation Security

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Page 37: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Steveston Harbor, BC, Canada

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� Overt surveillance

� Fixed and PTZ, megapixel cameras

Page 38: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Wireless ‘Look-in’: MBTA, Boston

• 500 busses, 8 cameras each

• Mobile-to-mobile surveillance

• Passenger and operator safety; liability protection

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Page 39: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Mobile Video

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�Internet�Gateway

�Internet

�Security Monitors

Page 40: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Outfitting Patrol with Mobile Video

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Page 41: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Wireless Gear

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Page 42: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Radio Equipment

Indoor Radios

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Outdoor Radios Custom or Integrated Enclosures

Page 43: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

� Omni-directional - doughnut-shaped radiation pattern

� Sector – Broadcast signal in one general direction

Antenna Types

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� Patch/Panel – Moderately-directional “spotlight’ pattern

� Yagi – Directional antenna used for point to point

� Parabolic – high-gain, highly directional

Page 44: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Use Directional Antennas for Video

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Sector antenna for head end Patch antenna for street level

Page 45: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Planning a Successful Wireless System

Business objectives

System requirements

Future growth

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Site survey

RF/Network design

Deployment

Page 46: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Requirements

� Application – what do you want to do?

� Real-time video vs R&R (“recording & retrieval”) operation

� Any data or voice requirements?

� Is there a need for roaming or mobility?

� Bandwidth – how many video streams? What frame rate?

� Logistics

� Permits, approvals

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� Permits, approvals

� Access to mounting locations: rooftops, light poles, towers

� Future changes: construction? expansion?

� Facility – consider differences:

� Ports, construction sites – moving objects, unpredictable LOS

� Shopping centers – people absorb RF

� Special events – ad-hoc, remote and on-site command centers

Page 47: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Site Survey

� The #1 ingredient to a successful system

� Results

� Detailed layout prepared

� Required network throughput determined

� Potential interference identified

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� Power sources identified

� Available frequencies identified

� BOM and deployment plan created

Page 48: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Design

� Determine bandwidth requirements

• Per stream & aggregate

� Get a map, plan, aerial photograph

� Plot camera and other equipment

location

� Develop a proposed layout

� Analyze bandwidth per radio link

� Adjust proposed layout as required

� Use directional antennas

� Add intermediate nodes

� Increase bandwidth

� Route around obstacles

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• Node types

• Antennas and directions

• Head-end/wired infrastructure

connections

� Route around obstacles

� Make sure you have enough

head-end bandwidth

Page 49: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Deployment

� Use experienced installers who are certified on the equipment

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Page 50: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Bad Radio Placement – Wall Mount

� Multipath due to wall reflections

� Metal objects near antenna

� Wrong antenna for position

• Sector would be better choice

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Page 51: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Bad Antenna Placement – Toll Booth

� Antenna obstructed by AC unit

� LOS is compromised

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Page 52: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Good Intersection Camera Design

� Sector to head node

� Omni mounted on bracket

• approx. 2 feet away from pole

• 4 feet below sector antenna

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Page 53: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Good Pole Mount Design

� Patch instead of omni

� RF cables less than 10 feet

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Page 54: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Future Growth

� Make sure the network can scale

� Engage other departments / entities to fund or support the system

� Evaluate new applications

� Cameras technology: ALPR, infrared, HD, megapixel

� Other services: Wi-Fi access, VoIP

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Other services: Wi-Fi access, VoIP

� Mobility: real-time mobile video

Page 55: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Questions to Ask Your Wireless Vendor

� What is usable throughput per link/total capacity? (not ‘data rate’)

� How do you handle multicast traffic?

� What is the latency per hop/per 5 hops?

� Max number of hops before backhaul is needed?

� What QoS mechanisms do you support?

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What QoS mechanisms do you support?

� What security mechanisms have you implemented?

� What is the largest install do you have in terms of # of cameras?

� Can I contact your customers?

Page 56: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Wireless Saves Time, Money

Buffalo, NYRockford, IL Denver / DNC ‘08

LA County Sheriff’s Dept.

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Buffalo, NY

Dallas, TX

Downtown Chicago

Rockford, IL

NASA Dryden

Denver / DNC ‘08

Yuma Intl Airport

Page 57: ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance

Thank You!

For a copy of the presentation, please contact:

Ksenia Coffman, Firetide

[email protected]

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See more case studies at:

www.firetide.com/video2

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