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Measuring Active and Healthy Ageing Learning from the Active Ageing Index for the EU By Asghar Zaidi University of Southampton London School of Economics Active Ageing Summit, Ankara, 3 rd March 2016
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Asghar Zaidi

Jan 08, 2017

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Page 1: Asghar Zaidi

Measuring Active and Healthy Ageing

Learning from the Active Ageing Index for the EU

By Asghar Zaidi

University of SouthamptonLondon School of Economics

Active Ageing Summit, Ankara, 3rd March 2016

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Outline1. Elaborating positive approaches to ageing

1.1 Challenges, solutions and outcomes1.2 Active and healthy ageing as a policy approach

2. Example of the EU’s Active Ageing Index “AAI”

2.1 Introducing the UNECE/ EC Active Ageing Index project2.2 Key findings of the latest AAI Analytical Report

3. Conclusions3.1 Strengths and limitations of the EU’s AAI3.2 Concluding remarks

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The Context is well known Population ageing is happening all across the world

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Graphs prepared for the 2015 Insight Report of the Global Age Watch Index, HelpAge International (2015)

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Positive approaches to ageing

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1.1 The Context: Challenges, Solutions and Outcomes

Source: Zaidi, A. (2015) ) “Population ageing and financial and social sustainability challenges of pension income systems in Europe: A cross-national perspective” in: Bovenberg et al (eds.) The Future of Multi-pillar Pensions, Cambridge University Press.

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1. If population ageing is to become a positive experience, then the increase in life expectancy must be accompanied by active and healthy years added to life.

2. The underlying idea is that active, healthy and engaged people contribute to their own health, wellbeing and autonomy as well as to the welfare of the society in which they live.

3. This approach rejects the notion that older people are passive and dependent; instead it recognise equality of opportunity and potential of older people.

4. Active and healthy ageing includes paid work as well as unpaid activities, and also independent living and self-reliance. These aspects are influenced not onlyby policies and programmes of the governments and also by our own behaviour (e.g. healthy living).

1.2 Active and healthy ageing as a policy approach

Source: Drawn from the analysis included in Zaidi et al. (2016)

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Emphasis on active ageing at the European levelI. Designation of 2012 as the European Year for Active Ageing and

Solidarity between Generations http://ec.europa.eu/archives/ey2012/

II. European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP-AHA) – also setting out the target to increase the average healthy lifespan of Europeans by 2 years by 2020 http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/index_en.cfm?section=active-healthy-ageing

III. Vienna Ministerial Declaration for the 2nd 5-year review of MIPAA): ‘Ensuring a society for all ages: Promoting quality of life and active ageing’ (September 2012) www.unece.org/pau/ageing/ministerial_conference_2012.html

Source: Drawn from the analysis included in Zaidi et al. (2013)

*MIPAA: Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing http://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/Madrid_plan.pdf

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The WHO’s concept of Active Ageing

• WHO defined active ageing as “the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age” (WHO, 2002, p. 12)

• “Active” was defined as participation in social, economic, cultural, spiritual and civic affairs, not just physically active or to participate in the labour force”

• The WHO’s active ageing concept formed the basis of many national and international strategies (e.g. MIPAA, Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing)

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Example of the EU’s Active Ageing Index “AAI”

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“When you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a

meagre and unsatisfactory kind”

Building knowledge using numbers

Lord Kelvin in 1883Mathematician, physicist and

engineer, 1824-1907

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Objectives of the AAI project 2012-15Launched during the European Year 2012

I. To produce high-quality, independent, multi-perspective evidence on active & healthy ageing;

II. To highlight the contributions of older people in different dimensions of their lives; and identify the potential of older people that goes untapped;

III. To offer policy makers comparative evidence while encouraging them to use it in developing strategies for promoting active and healthy ageing.

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The AAI framework 22 indicators, 4 domains, for men/women

Source: For a discussion on the choice of indicators includes, see Zaidi et al. (2013 & 2016)

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Prime pan-European datasets used

Indicators drawn from the micro datasets of EU Labour Force Survey, 2008, 2010 and 2012

European Quality of Life Survey, 2007/8 and 2012/13

EU Survey of Income and Living Conditions, 2008,2010,2012

European Social Survey, mainly wave, mainly R4, R5 and R6

Also macro indicators, ‘RLE at 55’ and ‘HLE at 55’, from:Joint Action: European Health & Life Expectancy Information system, 2008, 2010 and 2012

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AAI for Turkey (under construction)

• Collaborations with Ministry of Family and Social Policy and the Turkish Statistical Institute

• 19 indicators calculated using the same data points as for the EU28 (year 2012);

• 2 indicators are also available but for an earlier year (for 2008)

• 1 indicator, healthy life expectancy, currently drawn from the Global AgeWatch Index

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Key findings for 28 EU countries

Drawn fromThe AAI Analytical Report

Published in April 2015

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The latest AAI report released during the

AAI International Seminar, 16-17 April,

2015

Data years covered:200820102012

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Active Ageing Index

Acknowledgements

The work presented here was undertaken within the framework of the joint management project of the UNECE and the European Commission’s DG EMPL. The research work for the Active Ageing Index is currently undertaken at University of Southampton, with the help of advice received from the AAI Expert Group.

The material presented and its interpretation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the funders.

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Key message 1: Affluent EU States in the Northern and Western Europe have had greater overall success

Also, stability observed in the relative position of EU countries over the period 2008-2012

Source: UNECE/ European Commission (2015), pp. 18

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Key message 2: A fuller realisation of active ageing remains an aspiration (even in the most developed welfare states of the EU)

70% 66% 48% 90% 84% Source: UNECE/ European Commission (2015), pp. 21

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An anatomy of AAI results for Poland

50% 41% 32% 74% 62%

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Key message 3: AAI scores for men are higher than women, especially where employment and incomes are involved

Source: UNECE/ European Commission (2015), pp. 31

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Key message 4: Active ageing has been increasing in the EU, despite economic crisis and austerity measures

On average, an increase of nearly 2 points in the EU, while an increase of nearly 3 points or more in nine EU countries (during 2008-2012).

Source: UNECE/ European Commission (2015), pp. 33

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Key message 5:

A push towards active ageing does not imply a worsening of older people’s quality of life, and it brings real benefits to the economy.

No cause-and-effect direction implied!

Source: UNECE/ European Commission (2015), pp. 26-27

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Conclusions

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1. The AAI framework identifies specific priorities for each country regarding where the potential of older people is not realised, and by how much?

2. The AAI framework (with further research) points to successful / innovative policy instruments to promote active and healthy ageing.

3. The AAI evidence is only as good as the underlying data and its comparability – ‘If better is possible good is not enough’;

4. Comparative research must also capture diversity of contexts across countries; and different visions and goals with respect to active and healthy ageing.

Strengths of the AAI

Limitations

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…. the active ageing approach outlined focus on human capital of older people, by promoting positive paradigms of ageing (rather then viewing older people as dependents)

Concluding remarks!

…. Generating critical knowledge for ageing and development; in the environment of post-2015 sustainable development agenda

The AAI evidence shows that a fuller realisation of AA remains an aspiration, even in the most developed welfare states of the

Europe

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Thank you

email: [email protected]

The AAI work reported here is undertaken within the framework of the joint management AAI project of the UNECE and the European Commission’s DG EMPL. The research work for the AAI is undertaken at University of Southampton with the help of advice received from the AAI Expert Group. The material does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the funders.

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Key AAI referencesZaidi, A, K. Gasior, E. Zolyomi, A. Schmidt, R. Rodrigues and B. Marin (2016)

“Measuring active and healthy ageing in Europe”, Forthcoming in Journal of European Social Policy.

UNECE/ European Commission (2015) “Active Ageing Index 2014: Analytical Report”, Report prepared by Asghar Zaidi and David Stanton, under contract with UNECE and the European Commission’s Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (Brussels).

Zaidi, Asghar (2015) “Creating and Using the Evidence Base: The Case of the Active Ageing Index.” Contemporary Social Science 10(2): 148–59

Zaidi, A., Gasior, K., Hofmarcher, M.M., Lelkes, O., Marin, B., Rodrigues, R., Schmidt, A., Vanhuysse, P. and Zolyomi, E., (2013) Active Ageing Index. Concept, Methodology, and Final Results. Research Memorandum/ Methodology Report, European Centre Vienna, March 2013. Available at: www.euro.centre.org/data/ aai/1253897823_70974.pdf