Articles of Confederation to Revolution of 1800 Unit 3

Articles of Confederation to

Revolution of 1800Unit 3

Kenneth C. Davis

Growth of a Nation

Articles of Confederation 1777

13 Colonies joint action for foreign affairs

No power to regulate commerce (tariffs and navigation)

Could not tax

One branch

No president

Landmarks in Land Laws

Land Ordinance of 1785- land should be sold to pay off debt

Northwest Ordinance 1787- surveyed, created territories, statehood

What was Shay’s Rebellion?

Side A: working-class, frontier farmers, inner-city laborers, servants, freed African-Americans, small merchants

Side B: “haves”, land owning, slave holding gentry, and international merchants

Leading up to the Rebellion

Economic depression (separate currencies)

Continental bonuses (barred from holding office/voting)

Farms were seized

Angry mobs

Militia refused to defend the debt courts

Daniel Shays + 700

Sam Adams-Riot Act

Shay's Army disintegrated

So, who cares...what does it all mean?Minor event

Did not spread armed insurrection across the states

Their was no ability for the government to control the rebellion

Foreign attack (Spain and England, Natives)

Nor could the states handle overseas trade or financial issues of the country

What was the Constitutional Convention?

Annapolis Convention

1787 Philadelphia

Four months, 55 delegates

George Washington

Two views: “the greatest, the best, and the most enlightened of our citizens”

“An assembly of demigods...the well-bred, well-fed, well-read, and the well-wed”

Delegates

“The Great Compromise”

Virginia Plan- large state

New Jersey- small state

___________________________________

Branches of Government

Bicameral legislative

Upper/lower

Senate/ House of Representatives

2 per state/population

Three-fifths compromise

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

Basic powers and checks

What are checks and balances?

What three-letter word is not in the Constitution?

Christians

Protestants***

Methodist, Presbyterians, Quakers

Catholics

Episcopal (Anglican)

Congregational (Puritan and Separatists)

Atheist

Enlightenment (age of reason and science)

What does e pluribus unum mean?

Benjamin Franklin

John Adams

Thomas Jefferson

1776

1873

Who were the Federalists and what were the Federalist Papers?

• Strong central government (Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, George Washington, Ben Franklin)

• Weak central government (strong states’ rights) Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, George Clinton, Richard Henry Lee

Federalist Papers

• Individual liberties

• Liberty v. equality

• Bill of Rights

What was the Bill of Rights?

•Defined?•Found?•What is and amendment?•Living document?•James Madison 1791

Amendment 1 Freedoms, Petitions, AssemblyAmendment 2 Right to bear arms

Amendment 3 Quartering of soldiers Amendment 4 Search and arrest Amendment 5 Rights in criminal cases

Amendment 6 Right to a fair trial Amendment 7 Rights in civil cases

Amendment 8 Bail, fines, punishment Amendment 9 Rights retained by the

People Amendment 10 States' rights

9/18/11

Amendment 11 Lawsuits against statesAmendment 12 Presidential electionsAmendment 13 Abolition of slaveryAmendment 14 Civil rightsAmendment 15 Black suffrageAmendment 16 Income taxesAmendment 17 Senatorial electionsAmendment 18 Prohibition of liquorAmendment 19 Women's suffrageAmendment 20 Terms of officeAmendment 21 Repeal of ProhibitionAmendment 22 Term Limits for the PresidencyAmendment 23 Washington, D.C., suffrageAmendment 24 Abolition of poll taxesAmendment 25 Presidential successionAmendment 26 18-year-old suffrageAmendment 27 Congressional pay raises

Who elected George Washington the first president?

Electoral College

Elected unanimously

538 citizens – the "electors"

270

535 (435/100)

9/18/11

The First Administration Under the Constitution

• President Washington/ Vice President John Adams

• Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson

• Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton

• Secretary of War Henry Knox

• Chief Justice John Jay

• Difficulties over the political and economic foundations

• First political parties established (Federalists/Democratic-Republicans)

• Achievements: Bill of Rights and Hamilton’s financial system (assuming state debts, imposing customs and excise taxes, and establishing the First Bank of the United States, Judiciary Act)

The 1790 Census

3, 929, 625 population

700,000 slaves

60,000

1/2 south

Virginia 820,000

Cities: NYC 33,000 and Philly 42,000

Why didn’t Jefferson like Hamilton?

“No other statesman has personified national power and the rule of the favored few so well as Hamilton, and no other has glorified self-government and the freedom of the individual to such a degree as Jefferson”

Dumas Malone

Jefferson- despised monarchy (weak government and democracy of farmers and workers)

Hamilton- government control by the merchant and banking class

Alexander Hamilton

Financial disaster (foreign and domestic)

France and the Netherland

Excise taxes (whiskey) and tariffs

Two Key Plans

1. Report on Public Credit

-Federal Government assume the debt of the states (national debt)

-Securities

2. National Bank (federal funds, collect and dispense tax money, print money)

80% private investors

Asset

5 years highest credit rating

Interpretation of the Constitution: Strict v. Loose

Jefferson-National bank unconstitutional

1791, 20 year charter in Philadelphia

Whiskey Rebellion

• Hamilton and Washington felt the protest was a test for the Federal government (can it maintain itself)

• 12000 men to Pennsylvania

• Resistors had no army, simply went back to farms

• Back to Philadelphia with no true victory

• Significance?

Political Parties

Jefferson (south)

Hamilton (North)

Two-party system emerged

Democratic-Republicans and the Federalist

The French Revolution

• Created a political division over foreign policy

• Washington’s neutrality proclamation angered Democratic-Republicans, who wanted to aid revolutionary France.

• Washington’s policy ( Neutrality Proclamation Act) was tested by the British, who violated American neutrality

• Hamilton-British

• Jefferson-France

Jay’s Treaty

• Washington sent John Jay to Britain to settle a commerce treaty, loose ends after revolution

• Treaty was lopsided with benefits to England

• Hamilton left cabinet returned to law

• Washington decided not to run for a 3rd term

Washington’s Farewell Address

Was George Washington killed by his doctors?

9/18/11

John Adams

• 1st true presidential race

Federalists-

Adams, Hamilton

• Democratic Republicans-

Jefferson, Aaron Burr

President John Adams / Vice President Jefferson

Issue?

John Adams: Issues

• First major challenge: foreign policy

• By 1796- American support for French low because of the “Reign of Terror’

• American trade was vulnerable to the naval power of France’s adversary, the British

• British were seizing American ships, presuming they were aiding the French

XYZ Affair: “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

• The French, as a response to Jay’s Treaty, also began seizing American ships WHY?

• Adams sent Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry to meet and negotiate with the French Directory

• The 3 French negotiators stated that things would run smoothly with an immediate payment of $240,000

• Adams sent a summary of the event to congress, and replaced the names of the French officials with X, Y, Z

• Congress authorized-seizure of French ships

direct tax to bulk up the U.S. Navy

• Undeclared naval war-quasi war

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Naturalization Act- increase the amount of time it took to become a citizen. (to keep power away from people born in other countries)

• Sedition Act-potential traitors: imprisonment or fines for writing or speaking with intent to defame the president or congress

• Jefferson and Madison secretly drafted resolutions to these acts and they were approved by the state legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky (Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions), used the powers of the Tenth Amendment

• Pressure to repeal 1799

“revolution of 1800”: Thomas Jefferson

Why a Revolution????