ARTH 335 Week 3 Review Presentation

ZURBARAN: STYLISTIC TRAITSZURBARAN: STYLISTIC TRAITS

The Holy House of The Holy House of Nazareth (c.1630)Nazareth (c.1630)

--Mood of profound quietude --Mood of profound quietude and stillnessand stillness--Simplicity in presentation --Simplicity in presentation --Limited (and often subdued)--Limited (and often subdued) colors over wide areascolors over wide areas--Sculptural, often powerful, --Sculptural, often powerful, quality of relief (Pacheco:quality of relief (Pacheco: “ “relief is the most importantrelief is the most important aspect of color”)aspect of color”)--Humble and mundane; --Humble and mundane; emphasis on tangible, emphasis on tangible, domestic, understandable domestic, understandable terms; religion tied to daily terms; religion tied to daily life life --Realism --Realism --Archaism--Archaism

ZURBARANZURBARAN

--Born 1598 in the village --Born 1598 in the village of Fuente de Cantos. of Fuente de Cantos. Went to Seville to train Went to Seville to train for three years with a for three years with a journeyman artist named journeyman artist named Pedro Diaz de Villanueva.Pedro Diaz de Villanueva.--His early works show --His early works show that this training was that this training was probably deficient.probably deficient.--Set up his first shop in --Set up his first shop in the town of Llerena, the town of Llerena, about 60 miles outside of about 60 miles outside of Seville, where he could Seville, where he could paint in a less competitive paint in a less competitive market.market.

ZURBARAN: EARLY WORKSZURBARAN: EARLY WORKS

In 1629, a city council meeting in In 1629, a city council meeting in Seville is called to discuss Seville is called to discuss Zurbaran. His paintings for the Zurbaran. His paintings for the monastic orders in the city are monastic orders in the city are cited and especially Christ on the cited and especially Christ on the Cross in San Pablo. One of the Cross in San Pablo. One of the council members states that council members states that ““painting is not among the lesser painting is not among the lesser ornaments of a republic, but rather ornaments of a republic, but rather one of the greater . . . (and) the cityone of the greater . . . (and) the cityshould attempt to persuade should attempt to persuade Francisco Zurbaran to move here to Francisco Zurbaran to move here to live.”live.”

The motion inviting Zurbaran to The motion inviting Zurbaran to live in Seville was passed.live in Seville was passed.

Peter Nolasco Peter Nolasco saw seven saw seven stars fall from stars fall from Heaven and Heaven and when they dug when they dug at that spot, at that spot, found a found a miraculous miraculous image of the image of the Virgin under a Virgin under a large bell.large bell.

ZURBARAN: MONASTIC ORDERS—MercedariansZURBARAN: MONASTIC ORDERS—Mercedarians

ZURBARAN: MONASTIC ORDERS—DominicansZURBARAN: MONASTIC ORDERS—Dominicans

The Apparition of the Virgin The Apparition of the Virgin to the Monks of Soriano (1626-27) to the Monks of Soriano (1626-27)

In 1530, the Virgin appeared In 1530, the Virgin appeared to a Dominican brother in an to a Dominican brother in an Italian monastery and Italian monastery and showed him St. Dominic’s showed him St. Dominic’s true likeness to guide true likeness to guide further representations of further representations of him. She told him that him. She told him that Dominic should be shown Dominic should be shown with lilies in one hand and with lilies in one hand and a book in the other.a book in the other.

ZURBARAN: MONASTIC ORDERS—CarthusiansZURBARAN: MONASTIC ORDERS—Carthusians

St. Bruno and the St. Bruno and the Miracle of Miracle of

the Uneaten the Uneaten Meat (c.1626) Meat (c.1626)

Restriction against eating meat: St. Restriction against eating meat: St. Hugh had been providing food for Hugh had been providing food for the nascent order. On the nascent order. On Quinquagesima Sunday (the Sunday Quinquagesima Sunday (the Sunday seven weeks before Easter) he sent seven weeks before Easter) he sent them a ration of meat. The brothers them a ration of meat. The brothers debated whether or not the order debated whether or not the order should eat meat, and they all fell should eat meat, and they all fell asleep at the table; 45 days later, on asleep at the table; 45 days later, on Ash Wednesday, they were all still Ash Wednesday, they were all still asleep. Hugh heard a report that asleep. Hugh heard a report that they were sitting at table with meat they were sitting at table with meat in front of them—as it was Holy in front of them—as it was Holy Week, this should be forbidden. Week, this should be forbidden. Hugh came to find out what was Hugh came to find out what was going on and the brothers woke up; going on and the brothers woke up; they took the incident as a sign fromthey took the incident as a sign fromGod that they should not eat meat.God that they should not eat meat.

ZURBARAN: MONASTIC ORDERS—CarthusiansZURBARAN: MONASTIC ORDERS—Carthusians

St. Bruno and the Miracle of the Uneaten Meat (c.1626) St. Bruno and the Miracle of the Uneaten Meat (c.1626)

St. Hugh St. Hugh entering entering

Groggy: waking Groggy: waking up up

Christ on Mother’s lap:Christ on Mother’s lap: asleep, like the monks had beenasleep, like the monks had been

--In a mountainous, rural area --In a mountainous, rural area between Toledo and Caceres between Toledo and Caceres --Its foundation and site are related to --Its foundation and site are related to a miracle: in 1320, a herdsman a miracle: in 1320, a herdsman discovered a calf dead near where discovered a calf dead near where his cattle were grazing. He decided his cattle were grazing. He decided to skin the animal; he made a cross-to skin the animal; he made a cross- shaped incision on its chest, but the shaped incision on its chest, but the animal sprang back to life. animal sprang back to life. Simultaneously the Virgin Mary Simultaneously the Virgin Mary appeared and told him to report the appeared and told him to report the miracle to the priests in Caceres miracle to the priests in Caceres and have them dig in the spot she and have them dig in the spot she appeared. They discovered there a appeared. They discovered there a perfectly preserved image of her perfectly preserved image of her (The Virgin of Guadalupe).(The Virgin of Guadalupe).

ZURBARAN: MONASTIC ORDERS—Guadalupe (Hieronymites)ZURBARAN: MONASTIC ORDERS—Guadalupe (Hieronymites)

--A small church was initially built at--A small church was initially built at the site.the site.--King Alonzo XI of Castile visited the--King Alonzo XI of Castile visited the site and became a devotee of thesite and became a devotee of the Virgin of Guadalupe. He donated Virgin of Guadalupe. He donated money for a new church, which was money for a new church, which was built in 1337. In 1340 he entrusted built in 1337. In 1340 he entrusted his fortunes to the Virgin of his fortunes to the Virgin of Guadalupe when he fought against Guadalupe when he fought against the Moors at Salado. When he was the Moors at Salado. When he was victorious, he vowed to enrich her victorious, he vowed to enrich her shrine. He also secured for himself shrine. He also secured for himself and his descendents patronage of and his descendents patronage of the church. It thus became tied to the church. It thus became tied to the monarchy, which promoted thethe monarchy, which promoted the Virgin and the monastery as nationalVirgin and the monastery as national symbols.symbols.


--During the 14--During the 14thth and 15 and 15thth centuries centuries Guadalupe was the most important Guadalupe was the most important religious site in Spain, a prominent religious site in Spain, a prominent pilgrimage destination and the pilgrimage destination and the spiritual center of the Reconquista.spiritual center of the Reconquista. Kings and generals would come to Kings and generals would come to pray; King Enrique IV had his tomb pray; King Enrique IV had his tomb installed on the main altar. installed on the main altar. Ferdinand and Isabella especially Ferdinand and Isabella especially were major supporters of the were major supporters of the monastery, and Isabella was made monastery, and Isabella was made an honorary brother. Both an honorary brother. Both Columbus and Cortez came to give Columbus and Cortez came to give their thanks for their successes in their thanks for their successes in the New World. The priors of the New World. The priors of Guadalupe were important as Guadalupe were important as both political and religious advisors.both political and religious advisors.


--During the 16--During the 16thth century the century the importance of Guadalupe declined. importance of Guadalupe declined. Charles V, in possession of a world-Charles V, in possession of a world- wide empire, only found time to wide empire, only found time to visit once. When he retired it was visit once. When he retired it was not to Guadalupe, but to a rival not to Guadalupe, but to a rival monastery at Yuste. The monastery at Yuste. The construction of El Escorial under construction of El Escorial under Philip II further reduced the Philip II further reduced the prestige of Guadalupe.prestige of Guadalupe.


--To combat its declining fortunes, --To combat its declining fortunes, the monastery began a revitalization the monastery began a revitalization program in the late 16program in the late 16thth century. century.--First, from 1590-97, a new reliquary --First, from 1590-97, a new reliquary chapel was constructed.chapel was constructed.--In 1597 renovations were started on --In 1597 renovations were started on the high altar. A new altarpiece with the high altar. A new altarpiece with paintings and sculptures was paintings and sculptures was commissioned from El Greco, and commissioned from El Greco, and Philip II donated 20,000 ducats. For Philip II donated 20,000 ducats. For unknown reasons work was soon unknown reasons work was soon stopped. A series of problems stopped. A series of problems prevented the altarpiece from being prevented the altarpiece from being completed for 20 years; its final completed for 20 years; its final form was the work of painters form was the work of painters Vicente Carducho and Eugenio Vicente Carducho and Eugenio Cajes, and sculptor Giraldo de Merlo.Cajes, and sculptor Giraldo de Merlo.


--From 1621-23, a brother who was --From 1621-23, a brother who was also a trained painter, Fray Juan de also a trained painter, Fray Juan de Santa Maria, decorated the cloister Santa Maria, decorated the cloister with 32 scenes from the history of with 32 scenes from the history of the monastery and miracles the monastery and miracles attributed to the Virgin of Guadalupe.attributed to the Virgin of Guadalupe.--In 1638, under the direction of Prior--In 1638, under the direction of Prior Diego de Montalvo, a contract was Diego de Montalvo, a contract was signed with a Carmelite monk who signed with a Carmelite monk who was also an architect to plan and was also an architect to plan and construct a new sacristy; Zurbaran construct a new sacristy; Zurbaran was contracted to decorate the newwas contracted to decorate the new sacristy with eight paintings of sacristy with eight paintings of scenes from the lives of Guadalupe’s scenes from the lives of Guadalupe’s monks. He commenced upon themmonks. He commenced upon them immediately and they were all immediately and they were all delivered within a year.delivered within a year.



The commission:The commission:8 paintings monks, all from8 paintings monks, all fromGuadalupe; all of them had Guadalupe; all of them had lived during the monastery’slived during the monastery’sglory days in the late 14glory days in the late 14thth--1515thth centuries. centuries.


--History of the monastery--History of the monastery--Ties between the --Ties between the monastery and kingsmonastery and kings--Influence of the --Influence of the monastery in both monastery in both religion and politics religion and politics --The monastery as a --The monastery as a sacred space of sacred space of miraculous occurrencesmiraculous occurrences

THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION (INMACULADA)THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION (INMACULADA)

The Immaculate The Immaculate Conception of Marshall Conception of Marshall Soult by Murillo (1678) Soult by Murillo (1678)

The Doctrine of the ImmaculateThe Doctrine of the ImmaculateConception: idea that Mary wasConception: idea that Mary wasconceived free of Original Sin—conceived free of Original Sin—““immaculate” (clean) immaculate” (clean) ““conception” (conceived in theconception” (conceived in thewomb), or conceived free fromwomb), or conceived free fromby Original Sin. Untainted byby Original Sin. Untainted byOriginal Sin, she was pure, and Original Sin, she was pure, and thus an appropriate vessel in thus an appropriate vessel in which God could be born in the which God could be born in the flesh.flesh.

Immaculists: believe in the Immaculists: believe in the doctrine doctrine

Maculists: do not believe in the Maculists: do not believe in the doctrine doctrine


--The idea begins in the Eastern--The idea begins in the Eastern (Greek) church c.150 AD, but (Greek) church c.150 AD, but is not initially popular with is not initially popular with Church scholars.Church scholars.--St. Augustine did not approve, --St. Augustine did not approve, believing that our parents believing that our parents transfer Original Sin to us all, transfer Original Sin to us all, and Mary should not be exempt. and Mary should not be exempt. --Important scholars during the --Important scholars during the Middle Ages also did not Middle Ages also did not approve. St. Bernard, for approve. St. Bernard, for instance, favored an alternate instance, favored an alternate doctrine called doctrine called SanctificationSanctification according to which Mary was according to which Mary was conceived with Original Sin likeconceived with Original Sin like all other people, but purified all other people, but purified (sanctified) in Anne’s womb.(sanctified) in Anne’s womb.



--The Dominicans, under the --The Dominicans, under the influence of St. Thomas influence of St. Thomas Aquinas who thought the ideaAquinas who thought the idea was illogical, became a major was illogical, became a major voice against the Immaculate voice against the Immaculate Conception.Conception.--The Franciscans, however, --The Franciscans, however, favored it, and the idea favored it, and the idea especially took hold in Spain by especially took hold in Spain by the 13the 13thth century. It was there century. It was there called Lullism after Ramon Lull, called Lullism after Ramon Lull, a theologian who defended the a theologian who defended the idea; Dominicans who debated idea; Dominicans who debated the Lullist position were the Lullist position were expelled from the country. expelled from the country. The Immaculate The Immaculate

Conception of Marshall Conception of Marshall Soult by Murillo (1678) Soult by Murillo (1678)


--Even though the Church itself --Even though the Church itself had not officially accepted the had not officially accepted the doctrine, and gave no indication doctrine, and gave no indication that it would do so, the that it would do so, the Immaculate Conception Immaculate Conception received royal and clerical received royal and clerical support in Spain. support in Spain. --Confraternities to support and --Confraternities to support and celebrate the idea were startedcelebrate the idea were started and feast days were instituted;and feast days were instituted; various Spanish orders took on various Spanish orders took on the challenge of defending the the challenge of defending the Virgin’s purity and immaculateVirgin’s purity and immaculate status. status. The Immaculate The Immaculate

Conception of Marshall Conception of Marshall Soult by Murillo (1678) Soult by Murillo (1678)

THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION (INMACULADA)—AttributesTHE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION (INMACULADA)—Attributes

Enclosed garden: Enclosed garden: A new Eve, a new A new Eve, a new

Eden Eden


Sun and moon: Sun and moon: from the Song of from the Song of Solomon, which Solomon, which

mentions “she mentions “she who looketh forth who looketh forth

as the morning, as the morning, fair as the moon fair as the moon

clear as the sun;” clear as the sun;” the passage was the passage was

taken as a taken as a prefiguration of prefiguration of

the Virgin the Virgin


Sealed fountain:Sealed fountain: pure waterspure waters


Rose without Rose without thorns thorns


Star of the Sea:Star of the Sea: from Revelation from Revelation and old liturgical and old liturgical hymnshymns


Tower (of David): Tower (of David): strength, faith strength, faith


Spotless mirror:Spotless mirror: an image of God’s an image of God’s goodnessgoodness


Joan de Joanes,Joan de Joanes,1616thth century century

Attributes incorporated Attributes incorporated into background, as if into background, as if parts of landscape or parts of landscape or natural phenomena natural phenomena


Early 17Early 17thth century: by Pantoja de la Cruz century: by Pantoja de la Cruz

Enclosed garden Enclosed garden

Lilies Lilies Mirror Mirror

FountainFountain

Moon Moon Sun Sun


Early 17Early 17thth century: by Pacheco century: by Pacheco

Crescent moon Crescent moon

Stellarium Stellarium (12 star crown) (12 star crown)


Early 17Early 17thth century: by El Greco century: by El Greco

Tower Tower

Fountain Fountain Flowers Flowers

Velazquez (c.1618)Velazquez (c.1618)


Fountain Fountain

Velazquez (c.1618)Velazquez (c.1618)


Crescent moon Crescent moon

Stellarium Stellarium

THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION (INMACULADA)—DebateTHE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION (INMACULADA)—Debate


--The debate over Mary’s --The debate over Mary’s immaculate status intensified immaculate status intensified during the latter 16during the latter 16thth century. century.--The Council of Trent, wanting --The Council of Trent, wanting to avoid a rift in the Catholic to avoid a rift in the Catholic community and present a community and present a unified front against theunified front against the Protestants, tried to skirt the Protestants, tried to skirt the issue and stated that everyone issue and stated that everyone could have their own opinioncould have their own opinion on the matter, and told both on the matter, and told both sides to stop accusing the sides to stop accusing the other of being heretics—this other of being heretics—this pleased neither side.pleased neither side.--In 1570, Pope Paul IV --In 1570, Pope Paul IV prohibited public discussion prohibited public discussion of the matter. of the matter.



Early 17Early 17thth century: century:--1614: in Cordoba a priest --1614: in Cordoba a priest violates the Papal orders by violates the Papal orders by giving a sermon championing giving a sermon championing the Immaculate Conception. He the Immaculate Conception. He is denounced but absolved by is denounced but absolved by his bishop.his bishop.--1615: uproar in Seville after a --1615: uproar in Seville after a Dominican book is found to Dominican book is found to have discoursed against the have discoursed against the Immaculate Conception. A Immaculate Conception. A Dominican sermon on Dominican sermon on Sanctification was met with Sanctification was met with riots, protests, assemblies, riots, protests, assemblies, and feasts promoting and feasts promoting Immaculism. Indulgences Immaculism. Indulgences given to those who participate.given to those who participate.


Immaculate ConceptionImmaculate Conceptionwith Miguel Cidwith Miguel Cid

by Pacheco by Pacheco

--1617: Pope Paul V accedes to --1617: Pope Paul V accedes to the request of Philip III and the request of Philip III and prohibits anyone from prohibits anyone from defending or even publicly defending or even publicly discussing Sanctification; discussing Sanctification; huge celebrations ensue, huge celebrations ensue, especially in Seville. There are especially in Seville. There are fireworks, parades, bullfights, fireworks, parades, bullfights, and jousts. The Franciscans and jousts. The Franciscans lead a candlelight procession lead a candlelight procession around a Dominican around a Dominican monastery and taunt the monastery and taunt the monks within. In Granada,monks within. In Granada, crowds of celebrating crowds of celebrating Immaculists express their Immaculists express their joy by beating up Dominican joy by beating up Dominican monks.monks.


Seville Honoring the Seville Honoring the Immaculate VirginImmaculate Virgin

by Juan de las Roelasby Juan de las Roelas

--Eventually the Immaculist side --Eventually the Immaculist side realized that they have not really realized that they have not really won anything at all, and they won anything at all, and they suspected the Pope’s edict was suspected the Pope’s edict was simply designed to placate them simply designed to placate them rather than support the doctrine.rather than support the doctrine. Efforts to promote Immaculism Efforts to promote Immaculism were renewed during the 1620s.were renewed during the 1620s.--As king, Philip IV especially --As king, Philip IV especially championed Immaculism and championed Immaculism and attempted to sway the Pope.attempted to sway the Pope.--So dedicated to the cause were --So dedicated to the cause were the artists of Seville that the artists of Seville that students in the local paintingstudents in the local painting academy had to swear an oath of academy had to swear an oath of allegiance to the doctrine.allegiance to the doctrine.


Immaculate ConceptionImmaculate Conceptionby Zurbaranby Zurbaran

(1630s)(1630s)

--1644: at the end of his pontificate, --1644: at the end of his pontificate, just before his death, Urban VIII just before his death, Urban VIII issues a strange and surprising issues a strange and surprising edict: Catholics are no longer edict: Catholics are no longer allowed to use the adjective allowed to use the adjective “ “immaculate” to modify immaculate” to modify “ “conception.” Even though they conception.” Even though they can still technically refer to the can still technically refer to the “ “conception of Mary Immaculate,”conception of Mary Immaculate,” the Immaculists take this as a the Immaculists take this as a severe setback, if not outright severe setback, if not outright insult. When news reaches Spain insult. When news reaches Spain there are furious protests, there are furious protests, especially in Seville where especially in Seville where vandals defy the decree by vandals defy the decree by posting the words “Immaculate posting the words “Immaculate Conception” throughout the city.Conception” throughout the city.


Immaculate ConceptionImmaculate Conceptionby Alonso Cano by Alonso Cano

(1648)(1648)

--1655: after an intensive campaign--1655: after an intensive campaign by especially the Franciscans, by especially the Franciscans, the new Pope, Alexander VII, the new Pope, Alexander VII, concedes that “immaculate” and concedes that “immaculate” and “ “conception” can again be used conception” can again be used together. together. --1661: Alexander VII issues a bull --1661: Alexander VII issues a bull strongly endorsing Immaculism.strongly endorsing Immaculism. He mentions the antiquity and He mentions the antiquity and popularity of the belief, renews popularity of the belief, renews pro-Immaculist decretals, and pro-Immaculist decretals, and gives blessings to the cult and gives blessings to the cult and the Feast of the Immaculate the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. The news is receive Conception. The news is receive with great joy in Spain, and with great joy in Spain, and especially in Seville celebrations especially in Seville celebrations are organized. are organized.

RIBERA: EARLY WORKS RIBERA: EARLY WORKS

Sense of Taste (1613-16)Sense of Taste (1613-16)

--Born in Jativa, Spain (near --Born in Jativa, Spain (near Valencia) in 1591, to a Valencia) in 1591, to a family of shoemakersfamily of shoemakers--Probably trained in --Probably trained in Valencia Valencia --No records of his activities --No records of his activities until 1611, when he until 1611, when he received payment for a received payment for a now lost painting in Parma, now lost painting in Parma, ItalyItaly--By 1613 in Rome, and a --By 1613 in Rome, and a member of the Academy of member of the Academy of St. Luke thereSt. Luke there--Apparently lived a --Apparently lived a “ “disorderly life,” and left disorderly life,” and left Rome after a few years to Rome after a few years to escape creditorsescape creditors

RIBERA: NAPLES RIBERA: NAPLES

St. Jerome and St. Jerome and the Angel (1626)the Angel (1626)

--By 1616 had moved to --By 1616 had moved to Naples; will live and work Naples; will live and work there until he dies in 1652 there until he dies in 1652 --Becomes leading painter in --Becomes leading painter in Naples, often working for Naples, often working for the Spanish viceroys there the Spanish viceroys there --Known as “La Spagnoletto” --Known as “La Spagnoletto” because of his Spanish because of his Spanish heritage, and signs his heritage, and signs his paintings as “Jusepe de paintings as “Jusepe de Ribera, Spaniard”Ribera, Spaniard”

““I judge that Spain is a pious I judge that Spain is a pious mother to foreigners and a mother to foreigners and a very cruel stepmother to her very cruel stepmother to her own native sons.”—Ribera own native sons.”—Ribera

RIBERA: NAPLES—Mid-career and later works RIBERA: NAPLES—Mid-career and later works

Vision of St. Bruno (1643)Vision of St. Bruno (1643)

In 1643 or 44, started suffering In 1643 or 44, started suffering from unknown illness which from unknown illness which plauged him for several yearsplauged him for several years and left him unable to paint for and left him unable to paint for long periods. From 1644-46 he long periods. From 1644-46 he painted almost nothing at all. He painted almost nothing at all. He began painting again in 1647, began painting again in 1647, periodic bouts of illness would periodic bouts of illness would cause interruptions in his work cause interruptions in his work for the rest of his life.for the rest of his life.

FREAKS AND CRIPPLES: RIBERA FREAKS AND CRIPPLES: RIBERA

Magdalena VenturaMagdalena Venturawith her Husband with her Husband and Son (1631)and Son (1631)

Famous Italian Famous Italian bearded womanbearded woman

For the Duke of For the Duke of AlcalaAlcala

FREAKS AND CRIPPLES: RIBERA FREAKS AND CRIPPLES: RIBERA

Caption: THE GREAT WONDER OF Caption: THE GREAT WONDER OF NATURE—Magdalena Ventura, from NATURE—Magdalena Ventura, from the town of Accomoli in Central Italy,the town of Accomoli in Central Italy, or in the vulgar tongue Abruzzi, in or in the vulgar tongue Abruzzi, in the Kingdom of Naples, aged 52 the Kingdom of Naples, aged 52 years, the unusual thing about her years, the unusual thing about her being that when she was 37 she being that when she was 37 she began to become hairy and grew a began to become hairy and grew a beard so long and thick that it seemsbeard so long and thick that it seems more like that of any gentleman than more like that of any gentleman than a woman who had borne 3 sons by a woman who had borne 3 sons by her husband, Felici de Amici, whomher husband, Felici de Amici, whom you see here. Jusepe de Ribera . . .you see here. Jusepe de Ribera . . . painted this scene marvelously frompainted this scene marvelously from life on the orders of Ferdinand III,life on the orders of Ferdinand III, Third Duke of Alcala, Viceroy of Third Duke of Alcala, Viceroy of Naples, on the 16Naples, on the 16thth of February, 1631. of February, 1631.

FREAKS AND CRIPPLES: DWARVES FREAKS AND CRIPPLES: DWARVES

Dwarves and cripples Dwarves and cripples by Velazquez by Velazquez

FREAKS AND CRIPPLES: DWARVES FREAKS AND CRIPPLES: DWARVES

By Juan van der Hamen y Leon and By Juan van der Hamen y Leon and Juan de Carreno y MirandaJuan de Carreno y Miranda

A A marvelmarvel: fascinating, unique: fascinating, unique

Caption: “Great Wonder of Nature”Caption: “Great Wonder of Nature”

““In the rooms of the viceroy was In the rooms of the viceroy was an extremely famous painter who an extremely famous painter who was making a portrait of an was making a portrait of an Abruzzi woman, married and the Abruzzi woman, married and the mother of many children, who has mother of many children, who has a completely masculine face, with a completely masculine face, with a beautiful black beard more than a beautiful black beard more than a palmo long and a very hairy a palmo long and a very hairy chest. His excellency wanted me chest. His excellency wanted me to see her, thinking it was a to see her, thinking it was a marvelous thing, and truly it is.”marvelous thing, and truly it is.”——A letter from the Venetian A letter from the Venetian ambassador in Naplesambassador in Naples

FREAKS AND CRIPPLES: POPULAR FASCINATIONFREAKS AND CRIPPLES: POPULAR FASCINATION

Thomas Schweiker,Thomas Schweiker,an armless man,an armless man,writing with his feet writing with his feet (1609)(1609)

“ “God is remarkable in hisGod is remarkable in his works” (i.e., celebrates the works” (i.e., celebrates the infinite variety of God’s infinite variety of God’s creations)creations)

FREAKS AND CRIPPLES: POSITIVE INTERPRETATION FREAKS AND CRIPPLES: POSITIVE INTERPRETATION

Bearded Woman fromBearded Woman fromEmblemas Morales (1610)Emblemas Morales (1610)

““Neither one nor the Neither one nor the other . . . I am lowly likeother . . . I am lowly like

a horrid and rare monster,a horrid and rare monster,view me as wicked and anview me as wicked and an

evil omen.”evil omen.”

FREAKS: NEGATIVE, MORALIZING ASSOCIATIONSFREAKS: NEGATIVE, MORALIZING ASSOCIATIONS

Dwarves and cripples Dwarves and cripples by Velazquez by Velazquez

Catalogued in the royalCatalogued in the royalcollections under collections under ““buffoons”buffoons”

Buffoon: “A useless Buffoon: “A useless thing, lacking in thing, lacking in judgment and wisdom”judgment and wisdom”

Originally hung in the Originally hung in the Torre de la Parada, the Torre de la Parada, the royal hunting lodgeroyal hunting lodge



Mockery:Mockery:““The dwarf has much that isThe dwarf has much that ismonstrous. Therefore it is monstrous. Therefore it is natural to wish to make of it natural to wish to make of it a plaything of mockery like a plaything of mockery like other monsters. These other monsters. These monsters, like all the others monsters, like all the others that are bred for curiosity, that are bred for curiosity, are for your pleasure: they are for your pleasure: they are in point of fact a are in point of fact a nauseating thing and nauseating thing and abominable to any man ofabominable to any man ofintelligence.”intelligence.”——Sebastian CovarrubiasSebastian Covarrubias

ARTH 335 Week 3 Review Presentation

Spiritual

zurbaran tolive

persuadefrancisco zurbaran

monastic orderscarthusians

monastic ordersdominicans

monastic ordersmercedarians

virgin ofguadalupe

virgin appearedto

virgin maryappeared