Arificail Intelligence and robotics

Artificial Intelligence (AI)Computers with the ability to mimic or

duplicate the functions of the human brain

Artificial intelligence systemsThe people, procedures, hardware,

software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence

Intelligent behavior

Learn from experienceApply knowledge acquired from experienceHandle complex situationsSolve problems when important information is

missingDetermine what is importantReact quickly and correctly to a new situationUnderstand visual imagesBe creative and imaginativeUse heuristics ()

Major Branches of AIPerceptive system

A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feels objects

Vision system Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and

pictures

Robotics Mechanical and computer devices that perform

tedious tasks with high precision

Expert system Stores knowledge and makes inferences

Learning system Computer changes how it functions or reacts to

situations based on feedback

Natural language processing Computers understand and react to statements and

commands made in a “natural” language, such as English

Neural network Computer system that can act like or simulate the

functioning of the human brain

Artificialintelligence

Robotics

Visionsystems

Learningsystems

Natural languageprocessing

Neural networks

Expert systems

Artificial Intelligence The branch of computer science concerned with making

computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes games playing: programming computers to play games such as

chess and checkers expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-

life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)

natural language : programming computers to understand natural human languages

Artificial Intelligence neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting

to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains

robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli

Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is,are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances haveoccurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May, 1997, an

IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion

Artificial Intelligence In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the future of artificial intelligence and of computers in general. To date, however, they have not lived up to expectations. Many expert systems help human experts in such fields as medicine and engineering, but they are very expensive to produce and are helpful only in special situations.

Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, which are proving successful in a number of disciplines such asvoice recognition and natural-language processing.

1958 Lisp – a functional programming language with a

simple syntax.

1972 PROLOG - a logic programming language whoseprimary control structure is depth-first search

1988 CLOS (Common Lisp Object Standard)

game playingspeech recognitionunderstanding natural languageHeavy Industries and SpaceFinanceAviationWeather ForecastSwarm Intelligence

AI is very important.. it's how the computer basically thinks. It's used in games and how the computer solves problems. AI is based on algorithms, events, time, procedures/steps, conditions. AI is a huge part on how a computer works.

AI can have two purposes. One is to use the power of computers to augment human thinking, just as we use motors to augment human or horse power. Robotics and expert systems are major branches of that. The other is to use a computer's artificial intelligence to understand how humans think. In a humanoid way.

http://www.eecs.mit.edu/100th/images/Brooks-Cog-Kismet.html

1998 – now Cog

Humanoid intelligence requires humanoid interactions with the world.

Fresh Kitty Modular, inexpensive,

autonomous mobile robot 4 wheel toy car design Max. speed of 1 foot/sec On-board microcomputer

supervises and supports the exchange of information

Rotating turret holds 4 sonars Turret also holds an infrared

sensor to detect infrared rays 32 light sensors detect objects

in front of the robot Bumpers all around the robot

used to follow walls Radio modem to communicate

with remote agents

SPOT Autonomous mobile robot 2 independent wheel design Max. speed of 1 foot/sec On-board microcontroller

supervises and supports the exchange of information

Turret that holds infrared emitters that can be detected at a distance of up to 20 feet

Bumpers all around the robot used to follow walls

Radio modem to communicate with remote agents

How do SPOT and Fresh Kitty work together?

SPOT also holds a small brush on its backSPOT finds a wall and uses its bumper

system and sensors to follow edges and collect dust with its brush

Through radio frequency and infrared communication SPOT can bring the dust back to Fresh Kitty who has a vacuum cleaner waiting to suck it up

Robots must cooperate in…Strategy acquisitionReal-time reasoningMulti-agent collaborationCompetition against

another team of robots

RoboCup is an international research effort to promote autonomous robots.

Robot

Each robot has…Pentium 233MHzLinux OSVideo camera and

frame grabberSensor SystemKicker

RoboCup

Control is based on a set of behaviorsEach behavior has a set of preconditions

that either…Must be satisfiedAre desired

A behavior is selected when all of the “musts” become true

A behavior is selected from several behaviors based on how many desired conditions are true

Difference Between Human and Robots ???Humans Robots

Humans are Organic Robots are made of metal

Human can think and have a soul.

Robots just do commands and obey to what Humans say.

Humans can eat Robots just get oiled up, and charged like a battery.

A human can love, cry, get angry, and throw temper tantrums

A robot can't love, cry, get angry, and throw temper tantrums

Why build a human-like robot??

Our bodies are critical to the representations that we use for internal thought and language

If a robot is looks like a human then it will be natural for humans to interact with it in a human-like way

To develop similar task constraints