Apush smackdown (presentation ch 29) 1

Chapter 29:Civil Rights and the

Ordeal of Liberalism! By Louie Klemm, Shaina Jadormio, and Ian

Kytlica

Presidential Campaign of 1960

• Richard Nixon (Republican) vs. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Democrat)

• Kennedy won!

John Kennedy

• "New Frontier" o promised domestic

reforms

• Kennedy remains ambitiouso wins approval of tariff

reductions o creating legislative

agenda for a tax cut

Kennedy's Assassination

o Kennedy was murdered on the streets of Dallas Texas (Nov. 22, 1963)

• Lee Harvey Oswald was later killed by a vigilante and his story was never heard by the public court system

• Kennedy's successor • 1963-1966: Impressive legislative

recordo Kennedy's death resulted in an

emotional tide allowing many Americans to support the New Frontier

• Great Societyo won approval by Congress

Lyndon Johnson

The Presidential Election of 1964

• Lyndon's first year as Presidento focused on the 1964

election

• Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona (Republican) vs. Johnson Lyndon (Democrat)

• LBJ won!

• Medicare o federal aid to the elderly for medical expenses

• Medicaid o extended welfare recipients of Medicare to all

ages • Office of Economic Opportunity

o new educational, housing, healthcare, and employment programs

• Community actiono members of the community participating in the

programs designed to help them.

Assaults on Poverty

• Housing Act of 1961 o gave federal grants to cities

• Department of Housing and Urban Development o new cabinet agency

• Model Cities Programo federal subsidies for urban redevelopment

pilot programs.

Cities, Schools and Immigration

Cities, Schools, and Immigration cont.

• Kennedy faced two obstacles with education.

• Secondary Education Act of 1965o extended aid to private and Catholic schools

based on the condition of the students • Immigration Act of 1965

o 170,000 immigrants each yearo eliminated national origins that gave

preference

• Loss of revenues • Competition with military costs

and federal spending • Disillusionment grew• Americans were convinced that

the program was failure • There were also benefits

Legacies of the Great Society

• African American college students from Greensboro staged sit-in.

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee o kept the spirit of

resistance alive• Freedom Rides

o forced desegregation of buses

Expanding the Protests

• SNCC and Southern Christian Leadership Conference

• James Meredith o African American student enrolled in an all white

school • Martin Luther King Jr.

o nonviolent demonstrations • Police Commissioner Eugene Bull

o made brutal efforts to stop march in Birmingham• Governor George Wallace won the 1962 election

o hoped to prevent court enrollment of African

Americans

Expanding the Protests cont.

• Important television Address

• Legislative proposals prohibiting:o segregation in public

accommodationso barring discrimination

in employment o increase government

power to file suits on segregated schools

A National Commitment

• Lincoln Memorial civil rights demonstration

• Martin Luther King: "I have a dream."• Kennedy's Assassination

o June 1963, Kennedy proposed the civil rights legislation

o postponed the civil rights legislation o Early 1964, Senate passed the civil right

bill

A National Commitment Cont.

• "Freedom Summer" o produced violent responses from

Southern whites

• Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party o alternative to the regular state party

• King organized demonstration in Selma, Alabama (treated same as in Birmingham)

• Civil Rights Act of 1965 o provided federal protection

The Battle for Voting Rights

• Gov't view on racism changed from de jure to de facto

• De Jure means "accepted by law" • De facto means "accepted by community"

• Racism was no longer contained in the South

• Watts Riots in Los Angeles (started with a white police officer hitting a black man with his club)

• LBJ developed concept of "Affirmative Action" (pressuring employers and institutions to give up anti-minority practices and take up positive minority measures instead)

The Changing Movement

• Harlem disturbances • Race riots

o police reaction• Additional outbreaks• Commission on Civil

Disorders o eliminated bad

conditions of the ghetto

Urban Violence

"Black Power" was a social philosophy

• Increased Racial Pride

Many Civil Rights Org. • Tended to be divided

Non-Radicals• NAACP• Southern Christian Leadership

Conference (SCLC)• Urban League

Moderate/Strong Radicals• Black Panthers• Student Nonviolent Coordinating

Committee• Congress of Racial Equality

Black Power

• Nation of Islam• Malcolm Little -> Malcolm X

o once a pimp and drug addict• Speaker

o influential to younger Americans

• Autobiography of Malcolm X o spread his reputation after his

death

Malcolm X

Kennedy Administration Foreign Policies

Wanted to repair relationship with South America through "An Alliance for Progress"

Kennedy inaugurated the Agency for International Development for foreign aid

BAY OF PIGS

Diversifying Foreign Policy

Nikita Khrushchev

• Created Berlin wall to stop people from running away to West Berlin

• Cuban Missile Crisis

John F. Kennedy

• Bay of Pigs• Quarantine Cuba

during Cuban Missile Crisis

Confrontations with the Soviet Union

LBJ DETERMINED TO STOP SOUTH AMERICAN COMMUNISTS

• Communism is bad because it is the ultimate redistribution of wealth, usually making everyone below the poverty level and dependent on the gov't

• Suspected Pro-Communist regime stopped in the Dominican Republic after a Coup by 30,000 American troops

• Show's LBJ's strength and intimidation

Johnson and the World

The King and Kennedy Assassinations

The King and Kennedy Assassinationso April 4, MLK Jr. Shot o July 6, Robert Kennedy (Presidential Candidate and JFK's

brother) Shot o ("Kennedy Legacy") Gov't Should help the powerless

The Conservative Response

Election of 1968 George Wallace (American Independent)-3rd Party candidate against segregationRichard Nixon (Republican)- Won and supported peace in VietnamHubert H. Humphrey (Democrat)- Tried to win with a last minute surge in unity the democratic party (Split with 3rd Party)