APUSH: Jacksonian Democracy Weber 217. Activator Chapter 10 reading test. Good luck you have 20 minutes.

APUSH: Jacksonian Democracy

Weber217

Activator

• Chapter 10 reading test.• Good luck you have 20 minutes

Agenda

• Activator, agenda, and objective (30 minutes)

• DBQ on Jacksonian Democracy Group reading (30 minutes)

• DBQ Jigsaw (30 minutes) • DBQ Writing (30 minutes)• Exit ticket (5 minutes)

DBQ: Jacksonian Democracy

• To what extent was the Age of Jackson, 1824-1836, an age of triumphant nationalism, an economic evolution (Market Revolution), an age of social perfectionism, cultural romanticism, and at the same time, an era of divisive sectionalism.

Jacksonian Democracy DBQ

GROUP 1• A. Electoral map of

1828• B. Spoils system• C. Life of Jackson• D. Letter from Henry

Clay.• E. Newspaper from

1832. • F. Veto of the Bank

Bill

GROUP 2• G. SC Nullification• H. Jackson quote• I. The Age of Jackson• J. Jacksonian Era• K. Jacksonian Era• L. Map of trail of

tears• M. Picture of

inaugeration• N. Jacksonian Era

Jacksonian Democracy

GROUP 3• O. Worcester vs.

Georgia• P. Market

Revolution• Q. First Inaugural• R. Farewell address• S. Nullification

proclamation• T. Henry Clay

speech

GROUP 4• U. Contemporaries• V. Inauguration• W. Bridge court

decision• X. Webster• Y. Rotation of office• Z. Cherokee letter • Facts and timeline

I. Triumph of democracy• Elimination of property qualifications

for voting– Enfranchisement of wage-earning

men– Popular pressures behind– Uneven pace of, state by state–Dorr War

I. Triumph of democracy (cont’d)

B.Elements of democracy– Mass participation in politics– Liveliness of the public sphere– Democracy as “habit of the heart” (Alexis de

Tocqueville)– Democracy as hallmark of American freedom– Democratic ideal as radical departure in

Western thoughtC.Boundaries of the political nation

– Inclusion of laboring white men, immigrants– Exclusion of women, non-whites– Shift in criteria from economic status to

natural capacity

I.Triumph of democracy (cont’d)

D.Information revolution–Manifestations• Mass circulation of “penny press”• Variety of popular publications• “Alternative” newspapers

– Contributing factors• New printing technologies• Low postal rates• Rise of political party organizations

–New style of journalism

I.Triumph of democracy (cont’d)

E.Women and public sphere– Areas of involvement– Areas of exclusion

F.Racial democracy– Growing equation of democracy and

whiteness– Rise of racist stereotypes– Contraction of black rights

II.Nationalism and its discontents

• The American System– Underlying vision

• Enhancement of nation’s financial, transportation, and

manufacturing sectorsb.Active role of federal government

– Leading architects• Henry Clay• John C. Calhoun

– Precursors• Congressional approval of National Road• Gallatin plan for federal road and canal

construction

II.Nationalism and its discontents (cont’d)

• The American System4.1815 blueprint• National bank• Tariff on imported manufactured goods• “Internal improvements” (road and

canals)

5.Outcome• Enactment of tariff• Chartering of Second Bank of the

United States (“Bank”)• Veto of internal improvements

II.Nationalism and its discontents (cont’d)

B.Functions and mission of BankC.Panic of 1819

• Causesa.Post-war speculative fever

i. Markets for American cotton and grainii.Land boom in Westiii.Easy credit from local banks and Bank

b.Ebbing demand for American exports, land• Material repercussions

a.Mass bankruptcyb.Rising unemployment

• Political repercussionsa.Growing popular distrust of banksb.State measures to protect debtors, challenge

Bankc.McCulloch v. Maryland

II.Nationalism and its discontents (cont’d)

D.Missouri controversy– Narrative

• Missouri quest for statehood• Tallmadge proposal limiting slavery• Stalemate• First Missouri Compromise

– Dual admission of Missouri and Maine– Prohibition of slavery above 36°30'

• Second Missouri Compromise– Significance

• Sectional conflict amid “Era of Good Feelings”

• Harbinger of future crises over slavery

III.Nation, section, and party

• Monroe Doctrine– Background

• Latin American rebellions against Spanish colonial rule

• Establishment of independent Latin American nations

– Principles• No further European colonization in Americas• Noninterference by European powers in Latin

American republics• Noninvolvement of United States in European wars

– Motivations

III.Nation, section, and party (cont’d)

B.Election of 1824– Candidates and their constituencies

• Andrew Jackson• John Quincy Adams• William H. Crawford• Henry Clay

2. Outcome• Attainment by Jackson of first place in

popular vote• Attainment by Adams of electoral vote

majority (in House)• Charges of “corrupt bargain” between

Adams and Clay

III.Nation, section, and party (cont’d)

C.Presidency of Adams– Background on Adams– Vision for nation

• Domestic– American System– Activist national state

• Foreign– Dynamic commerce around world– U.S. hegemony in Western Hemisphere

– Achievements• Acceleration of internal• Increase in tariff

III.Nation, section, and party (cont’d)

D.Gathering Jacksonian challenge– Themes

• Individual liberty• States’ rights• Limited government

– Mobilization of Democratic party• Martin Van Buren’s approach to party politics• Quest for revived Jeffersonian coalition

E.Election of 1828– Old politics (Adams) vs. new politics

(Jackson)– Scurrilous campaigning– Jackson’s victory– Affirmation of a new American politics

IV.Age of Jackson

• Contradictions of Andrew Jackson• New mode of politics– Political contests as public spectacle,

mass entertainment– Politicians as popular heroes– The party machine

• Source of jobs for constituents• Mobilizer of voter turnout• “Spoils system”

– National party conventions– Party newspapers

IV.Age of Jackson (cont’d)

C.The Democratic party– Agenda and philosophy

• Concern over gulf between social classes• Aversion to federal promotion of economic

development, “special interests”• Vision of broad access to self-regulating

market• Belief in limits on federal power• Counterposing of “producing classes” and

“non-producers”• Individual morality as private concern

IV.Age of Jackson (cont’d)

C.The Democratic party2.Bases of support• Farmers remote from markets• Urban workers• Aspiring entrepreneurs• Catholic and immigrants• South and West

IV.Age of Jackson (cont’d)

D.The Whig party– Agenda and philosophy

• Receptiveness to hierarchy of social classes

• Federal promotion of economic development; “American System”

• Individual morality as public concern– Bases of support

• Established businessmen and bankers• Market-oriented farmers• Large planters• Evangelical Protestants• Northeast

IV.Age of Jackson (cont’d)

E.Nullification crisis– Growing concern of southern planters

over national authority– 1828 “tariff of abominations”– Emergence of “nullification” threat

• South Carolina planter elite• Vice President Calhoun

– “States’ rights” vs. “liberty and union”

– Climax and resolution• 1832 tariff• Repudiation by South Carolina• Enactment of Force Bill by Congress• Engineering of compromise by Clay

IV.Age of Jackson (cont’d)

F.Indian removal– Ongoing displacement

• 1832 defeat of Black Hawk in Old Northwest (Illinois)

• 1820s expulsion of Indians from Missouri

– 1830 Indian Removal Act• Provision for removal of “Five Civilized Tribes”

fromsouthern statesb.Support from Jacksonc.Implications

– Repudiation of Jeffersonian idea of assimilation– Rebuff of Indian efforts to assimilate

IV. Age of Jackson (cont’d)

F.Indian removal2.1830 Indian Removal Act

d.Cherokee appeals to Congress, courtse.Mixed response from Supreme Court

– Johnson v. M’Intosh– Cherokee Nation v. Georgia– Worcester v. Georgia

f.Jackson defiance of Supreme Courtg.Trail of Tears

IV.Age of Jackson (cont’d)

F.Indian removal3.Responses of remaining southern tribes

• Widespread acquiescence, voluntary departure

• Resistance by Seminoles– Leadership of Osceola– Assistance from fugitive slaves– Second Seminole War

4.William Apess’s A Son of the Forest5.Receding of Indian presence east of the

Mississippi

IV.Age of Jackson (cont’d)

G.Bank War– Background

• Bank as controversial symbol of market revolution

• Nicholas Biddle and the Bank• View of Bank as union of political authority

and economic privilege– Jackson vs. Bank

• 1832 bill extending Bank charter• Veto by Jackson

– Significance• Populist themes of veto message• Affirmation of presidential power

IV.Age of Jackson (cont’d)

G.Bank War4.Aftermath

• Sweeping reelection of Jackson• Gradual death of Bank• Shift of government funds to local banks

– Victory of “soft-money” over “hard-money”Jacksonians

ii.“Pet banks”

• Expansion of paper currency• Speculative boom• Decline in real wages

V.Post-Jackson era

• Panic of 1837 and subsequent depression– Causes

• Specie Circular• Bank of England demand for repayment in

gold or silver• Economic downturn in Britain

– Material repercussions• Business failures• Farmers’ loss of land• Urban unemployment• Collapse of labor movement• Defaults on state debts

V.Post-Jackson eraB.Economic policy under Van Buren administration

– Ascendancy of hard-money Democrats– Shift of government funds from pet banks to

IndependentTreasury

3.Split within Democratic partyC.Election of 1840

– Fragmenting of Democratic coalition– Maturation of Whig party

• Adoption of Democratic party methods of organization

• Nomination of William Henry Harrison• “Log Cabin” campaign

– Harrison’s defeat of Van Buren– Death of Harrison

V.Post-Jackson era

D.Presidency of John Tyler– Veto of Whig’s American System

program–Whig repudiation of Tyler–Weakness of Tyler without party

backing