Top Banner
APT-17 2017 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook
323

APT-17 2017 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook...1 tsp = 0.17 fl oz 1 tbs = 3 tsp 1 fl oz = 2 tbs = 6 tsp 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 16 tbs 1 pt = 2 cups = 16 fl oz 1 qt = 2 pt = 32 fl

Jan 24, 2021

Download

Documents

dariahiddleston
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
  • APT-17

      

    2017SouthCarolinaPestManagementHandbook

  •  

     

    Table of Measurements and Conversions 

    Standard Measure  Metric Conversion Length:  1 ft = 12 in 1 yd = 3 ft 1 mi = 5,280 ft 1 mph = 88 ft/1 min 

    Length:  1 in = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 304.8 mm = 30.48 cm 1 yd = 914.4 mm = 91.44 cm = 0.914 m 1 mi = 1,609 m = 1.61 km 1 mm = 0.03937 in 1cm = 0.394 in = 0.0328 ft 1 m = 39.37 in = 3,281 ft 1 km = 3,281 ft = 0.621 mi 

    Area:  1 sq in = 0.007 sq ft 1 sq ft = 144 sq in  1 sq yd = 1,296 sq in = 9 sq ft 1 ac = 43,560 sq ft = 4,840 sq yd 

    Area:  1 sq in = 6.45 sq cm 1 sq ft = 929 sq cm 1 sq yd = 8,361 sq cm = 0.8361 sq m 1 ac = 4,050 sq m = 0.405 h 1 sq m = 1,550 sq in = 10.76 sq ft 1 h = 107,600 sq ft = 2.47 ac 

    Volume:  1 tsp = 0.17 fl oz 1 tbs = 3 tsp 1 fl oz = 2 tbs = 6 tsp 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 16 tbs 1 pt = 2 cups = 16 fl oz 1 qt = 2 pt = 32 fl oz 1 gal = 4 qt = 8 pt = 128 fl oz = 231 cu in Note: To convert liquid ounces to gallons, multiply by 0.0078125(.008) 

    Volume:  1 fl oz = 29.5 ml = 0.0295 L 1 pt = 437 ml = 0.437 L 1 qt = 945 ml = 0.945 L 1 gal = 3,785 ml = 3.785 L 1 ml = 0.033 fl oz 1 L = 33.8 fl oz = 2.112 pt = 1.057 qt = 0.264 gal 

    Weight:  1 oz = 0.0625 lb 1 lb = 16 oz 1 ton = 2,000 lb 1 gal of water = 8.34 lb 

    Weight:  1 oz = 28.35 g 1 lb = 454 g = 0.4536 kg 1 ton = 907 kg  1 gal of water = 3.786 kg 1 g = 0.035 oz 1 kg = 35.27 oz = 2.205 Lb 

    Concentration:  1 part per million (ppm)= 0.00001 percent = 0.013 oz in 100 gal of water 1 percent = 10,000 ppm 0.1 percent = 1,000 ppm 0.01 percent = 100 ppm 0.001 percent = 10 ppm 

    Concentration:  1 part per million (ppm)= 1 milligram/liter = 1 milligram/kilogram 1 percent = 10 grams/liter 0.1 percent = 1,000 milligrams/liter 0.01 percent = 100 milligrams/liter 0.001 percent = 10 milligrams/liter 

    Temperature: To convert degrees Celsius (°C) to degrees Fahrenheit (°F): multiply by 1.8 and add 32. Example: 30 degrees °C = 86 degrees °F. (30x1.8+32) To convert degrees Fahrenheit (°F) to degrees Celsius (°C): subtract 32 multiply by 0.56. Example: 50 degrees °F = 10 degrees °C (50‐32x0.56). 

    Abbreviations: ac = Acre; cm = Centimeter; fl oz = Fluid ounce; ft = Foot or Feet; g = Gram; gal = Gallon; h = Hectare (1h = 10,000 square meters); in = Inch; kg = Kilogram; km = Kilometer; L = Liter; lb = Pound; mi = Mile; oz = Ounce; pt = Pint; m = Meter; mg = Milligram; min = Minute; ml = Milliliter; mm = Millimeter; qt = Quart; sq = Square; tbs = Tablespoon; tsp = Teaspoon; yd = Yard. 

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017

     

    2017SouthCarolina

    PestManagementHandbookThe  Pest  Management  Handbook  is  a  set  of  recommendations  developed  by  Clemson  University Extension pest management specialists and university  researchers  for South Carolina growers. These recommendations were derived from various sources of information available to these contributors at times prior to publishing this handbook and represent their current views on managing field crop pests based on pesticide  labels, their own research or experience, and/or a number of other sources.   The chemical recommendations provided here are based on pesticide active ingredients. Pesticide products mentioned here are  for applicator convenience and are examples only;  their mention  is not product endorsement. Pesticide products not mentioned here may also be efficacious and their absence from these recommendations does not necessarily mean that they are not also effective pest management tools.  These  recommendations  are not meant  to be  an exhaustive  recommendation,  and associated comments,  given  here  are  in  all  cases  are  superseded  by  the  pesticide  product  labels.  It  is  your responsibility as a pesticide user to read and follow the instructions on the product label in deciding your pesticide purchases and in their use, including mix/loading of the product, application, clean‐up, and the disposal of unwanted product, rinsates, and clean empty product containers. 

    The 2017 Pest Management Handbook is also available as an electronic copy on the Clemson University Extension web site under Row Crops section. The web site address is:   

    http://www.clemson.edu/extension/rowcrops/

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017

     

    2017TECHINCALCONTRIBUTORSMikeMarshall

    ExtensionWeedSpecialist,2017PMHEditorEdistoResearchandEducationCenter

    64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]

    JeremyGreeneExtensionEntomologist

    EdistoResearchandEducationCenter64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]

    BobBellingerExtensionEntomologistClemsonUniversity107LongHall

    Clemson,SC29634(864)656‐5042

    [email protected]

    FrancisReay‐JonesExtensionEntomologist

    PeeDeeResearchandEducationCenter2200PocketRoadFlorence,SC29506(843)662‐[email protected]

    JohnMuellerExtensionPlantPathologist

    EdistoResearchandEducationCenter64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]

    DanAncoExtensionPeanutSpecialist

    EdistoResearchandEducationCenter64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]

    PaulPeterson

    ResearchPlantPathologistPeeDeeResearchandEducationCenter

    2200PocketRoadFlorence,SC29506(843)307‐2966

    [email protected]

    JenniferTsurudaExtensionApiculturistClemsonUniversity109FBarreHall

    Clemson,SC29634(864)656‐2218

    [email protected]

    CoryHeatonStateWildlifeSpecialist

    SandhillResearchandEducationCenter900ClemsonRoadColumbia,SC29229(803)699‐3190

    [email protected]

    JayCrouchAreaAgronomyAgent

    NewberryCountyExtensionOffice1860WilsonRoadNewberry,SC29108(803)276‐[email protected]

    BrianBeer

    AreaLivestockAgentLancasterCountyExtensionOffice

    107SouthFrenchStreetLancaster,SC29721(803)283‐[email protected]

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017

     

    TABLEOFCONTENTSIntroduction

    SprayerCalibration....................................................................................................................................................................1SprayerDriftManagement.....................................................................................................................................................4SprayerCleaning.........................................................................................................................................................................4HerbicideAdjuvants..................................................................................................................................................................6PesticideSafety............................................................................................................................................................................6PesticideResistanceManagement......................................................................................................................................7PesticideApplicationRecordkeeping................................................................................................................................9HoneybeeStewardship..........................................................................................................................................................10RelativeToxicityofPesticidestoHoneybees...............................................................................................................12ModeofActionforHerbicides............................................................................................................................................15CropReplantandRotationGuideFollowingHerbicideApplication..................................................................17

    CornWeedControlinCorn.............................................................................................................................................................22CornInsectControl..................................................................................................................................................................55

    CottonWeedControlinCotton..........................................................................................................................................................77CottonInsectManagement................................................................................................................................................105CottonDiseaseControl........................................................................................................................................................119CottonNematodeControl..................................................................................................................................................123

    ForagesGrassForageWeedControl...............................................................................................................................................126PastureandHayInsectManagement............................................................................................................................144

    GrainSorghumWeedControlinGrainSorghum.....................................................................................................................................150GrainSorghumInsectControl..........................................................................................................................................160

    PeanutWeedControlinPeanut......................................................................................................................................................168PeanutInsectControl..........................................................................................................................................................185PeanutDiseaseManagement............................................................................................................................................190PeanutNematodeControl..................................................................................................................................................202

    SmallGrainsWeedControlinSmallGrains..........................................................................................................................................203SmallGrainInsectControl.................................................................................................................................................212SmallGrainDiseaseControl..............................................................................................................................................218

    SoybeanWeedControlinSoybean...................................................................................................................................................221SoybeanInsectControl.......................................................................................................................................................255SoybeanDiseaseControl....................................................................................................................................................265SoybeanNematodeControl...............................................................................................................................................271

    SunflowerWeedControlinSunflower...............................................................................................................................................273

    TobaccoWeedControlinTobacco...................................................................................................................................................279TobaccoInsectControl........................................................................................................................................................283TobaccoDiseaseManagement.........................................................................................................................................293TobaccoNematodeManagement...................................................................................................................................302

    AquaticWeedControl...............................................................................................................................................................303Farm‐StoredGrainInsectManagement.........................................................................................................................309

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    1  

    INTRODUCTION

    SPRAYERCALIBRATIONMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

    Accurateapplicationofpesticides is essentialto adequately control target pests, avoidexcessive crop injury, andminimize chemicalcosts andharm to the environment. This hasbecome evenmore critical in recent years assomepesticideuse ratesgo frompoundsperacre to fractions of one ounce per acre.Unfortunately, sprayer calibration is oftenneglectedoravoided.Therearemanywaystocalibrate a sprayer, somemore difficult thanothers. If you have a reliable method withwhich you are comfortable, stickwith it. Thefollowing is a guide to a straightforwardmethod.Sprayercalibrationshouldbedonewithcleanwater,notwith the chemicalmix in the spraysystem. Before you calibrate your sprayer,thoroughlycleanit.Also,besuretocheckfornozzleoutputuniformity,asdefectsorunevenwear will cause some nozzles to put outsignificantlymorethanothersofthesametype.To do this, catch andmeasure the output ofeach nozzle for a specific length of time (30seconds, 1 minute, etc.) and determine theaverage output per nozzle (total combinedoutputofallnozzlesdividedbythenumberofnozzles).Discardand replaceanynozzle thatvariesmorethan5percentfromtheaverage.1/128acremethod:This isperhapsthemost frequentlyusedandquickest method of calibration. It involvesmeasuring a specific driving distance ratherthananarea.Followthesestepstocalibratebythe1/128acremethod.1. Measure a specific distance in a field

    according to table 1. Select a driving

    distancewhichmatchesthenozzlespacingon your boom (for broadcast sprays) orrow spacing you use (for bandapplications). The distance should bemeasuredinafieldtypicalofthoseyouwillbespraying,ratherthanasmoothsurface.

    2. Selectagearandenginespeedcombinationwhichwillallowyoutocomfortablydriveacross your fields and develop adequatespraypressurefortheparticularnozzlesonyour rig. Drive the measured distance atyour preselected gear and engine speedcombinationandrecordthetimerequiredtodrivethedistanceinseconds.Toimproveprecision, you may want to time two ormoreseparaterunsandtaketheaverageoftworuns.

    Table1.DistancecalibrationtableforsprayersNozzleorRowspacing(inches

    )

    Distancetotimeforcalibration(feet)

    NozzleorRowspacing(inches

    )

    Distancetotimeforcalibration(feet)

    40 102 26 15738 107 24 17036 113 22 18534 120 20 20432 127 18 22730 136 16 25528 146 14 291

    3. Park the sprayer and, using ameasuring

    cuporbucket,catchthesprayoutputfromasinglenozzleforthelengthoftimeittookyoutodrivethemeasureddistanceinstepone.Besurethatthesprayerisrunningatthesameenginespeedandspraypressure.Note:Forbandingrigswhereyouusedrowspacingtodeterminethedistanceinstep1and where more than one nozzle is

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    2  

    directedtotherow,catchtheoutputforallnozzlesdirectedtoasinglerow.

    4. The total amount of water, measured inounces,collectedpernozzleorrowinstep3equalsgallonsperacre(GPA).

    Determininghowmuchherbicideproducttoaddtothespraytank:Nowthatyouhavesuccessfullycalibratedyoursprayer, the next step is to determine howmuch chemical you need to add to the tank.1. Dividethetankcapacitybygallonsperacre

    toget thenumberofacresa full tankcanspray:

    [Tankcapacity(gallons)÷GPA]=Number

    ofacrescoveredbyonefulltank

    2. Multiply the recommended pesticide ratefromthelabel(pt/A,oz/A,lb/A,etc.)bythenumber of acres covered by a full tank(fromstep1.)

    3. Note:Allpesticide rates in thishandbook

    are given as broadcast rates. For bandapplications,youmustadjusttherateusingthe following formula:

    [BandWidth×BroadcastRate]÷RowWidth=BandRateExamplesofcalibration&howmuchtoputinthetank.BroadcastApplication:Youplantospraygenericglyphosateherbicide,plusanonionicsurfactantforburn‐downpriortoplantingcotton.Yoursprayerhasauniformnozzle spacing of 18 inches. You havethoroughlycleanedyoursprayerandreplaced

    all non‐uniform nozzles (and yes there weresome!)1. FromTable1,notethatthedistanceto

    driveis227feet.Measurethisdistanceinthefieldtobesprayed.

    2. Setyourthrottleanddrivethe227feetfor several runs. Let’s say that it tookyouanaverageof39secondstodrivethisdistance.

    3. Now, at the sameengine speedand atyourdesired spraypressure, andwithyour sprayer standing still, catch theoutput in ounces for 39 seconds fromanyonenozzle,theaveragetimeittookyourrigtotravelthe227feet.Youcatch20 ounces during the 39 second timeperiod.Therefore,yoursprayeroutputis20GPA.

    4. After reading the generic glyphosatelabel and the weed controlrecommendations for cotton, youdecide to spray glyphosate at 1 qt/A,plusanonionicsurfactantat1qt/100gallonsofspraymix.Let’sassumeyouhave a 500‐gallon spray tank.How many acres will one tank loadcover?

    [500galtank÷20GPA]=25acrescovered

    byonetankloadSo,1qt/A×25acres=25quarts(~6.25gallons)ofglyphosatepertankload

    Whataboutthesurfactant:

    500gal×(1qt/100gal)=5qts.surfactantperspraytankload.

    BandApplication:You plan to apply Staple herbicide plusnonionic surfactant ina19 inchband on38inch rows. Your banding rig is set up withthreenozzlesdirectedtothebandoneachrow.

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    3  

    Yoursprayerhasbeenthoroughlycleaned,andthe nozzles are uniform in output, afterreplacingthoseoutofrange.1. Usingthechartagain,thedistancetotravel

    fora38inchrowis107feet.Youmeasureyour course drive it several times. Let’sassumeittookanaverageof18seconds.

    2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and your desired pressure, collecttheoutputofeachofthethreenozzlesfor18seconds.Ifthecombinedtotaloutputofthe three nozzle band cluster is, forexample,25ounces,thesprayerisapplying25gallonsperacre.

    3. Now, let’s say your sprayer has a 200gallontank.ThebroadcastrateforStapleis2.2floz/A,andnonionicsurfactant istobeaddedat1qt/100gal.ofspraymix.

    [200galtank÷25GPA]=8acrescoveredpertank

    4. Now,reducetheratefora19inchband:[19inchband÷38inchbroadcast]×2.2oz/AStapleproduct=1.1oz/AStaple

    Therefore:8acres×1.1floz/A=8.8floz

    Stapleneededpertank

    Surfactantneededpertankis,200gallontank×(1qtsurfactant/100gallonspray).=2

    qts.nonionicsurfactantpertankNote: the surfactant rate in this example iscalculatedbasedonamountpervolumeofspraymix, rather than amount per acre, it iscalculated the same as for broadcastapplications.Post‐DirectedandHoodApplications:Youplantouseahoodedsprayertomakepost‐directed and hooded applications in your38inch row cotton. Given, the gallon per acre

    (GPA)underthehoodneedstomatchascloseas possible to the GPA of your post‐directedband. The hooded rig is set up to use twonozzlespost‐directingona13inchbandandhasthreenozzlesunderthehoodsprayinga25inchband.Scenario1:Onepumpapplyingonetankmix.

    1. Thedistancetotravelfora38inchrowis107 feet (Table 1). You measure yourcourseanddriveit.Let’sassumeittookanaverageof18seconds.

    2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and at the desired pressure, andcollect the output of the three nozzlesunder the hood for 18 seconds. Combinethe output of the three nozzles andmeasure.The combined total, forexample20 ounces, equals the application rate inGPA.Inthiscaseyourhoodsareapplyingat20GPA.

    3. Next, with your sprayer running at thesameenginespeedandpressure,collecttheoutputofthetwopost‐directingnozzles.Combine the output from these twonozzlesandmeasure.Thecombinedtotal,for example 13 ounces, equals theapplicationrateinGPA.Inthiscasethepostdirectingnozzlesareapplyingat13GPA.

    4. Remember, youwant the application ratetobethesameforboththepost‐directedandhooded application. To accomplish this,decide which application rate fits yourparticular needs. In this example we willassumethat13GPApost‐directedisideal.To get your hooded application to be 13GPA, insteadof20GPA,reducethesizeofthespraytipsunderthehoodandre‐runthecalibration procedure. Continue thisprocessuntilyourhoodedapplicationrateand post‐directed application rate aresimilar.

    Scenario 2. Two (2) pumps applyingseparatetankmixes.

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    4  

    1. FromTable1, thedistanceto travel fora38 inch row is 107 feet. Your course ismeasuredandyoudriveit.Let’sassumeittook 18 seconds.

    2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and desired pressure, collect theoutputofthethreenozzlesunderthehoodfor18seconds.Combinetheoutputofthethreenozzlesandmeasure.Thecombinedtotal, for example 18 ounces, equals theapplication rate in GPA. In this case thehoods are applying at 18 GPA.

    3. Next,withthesprayerrunningatthesameenginespeedanddesiredpressure,collectthe output of the two post‐directingnozzles. Combine the output from thesetwo nozzles and measure. The combinedtotal, for example 15 ounces, equals theapplicationrateinGPA.Inthiscasethepostdirectingnozzlesareapplyingat15GPA.

    4. Remember,youwanttheapplicationratetobe the same forboth thepost‐directedandhooded application. To accomplish this,decide which application rate fits yourparticular needs. In this example we willassumethat15GPApost‐directedisideal.To get your hooded application to be 15GPA instead of 18GPA, you have two (2)options.a) First reduce the pressure for the pumpapplyingunderthehood.Caution:Besurethatafterreducingthepressurethespraytip still produces an acceptable spraypattern. Repeat the calibrationprocedure.Continue this process until your hoodedapplication rate and post‐directedapplicationratearesimilar.b) The second option is to change to asmaller spray tip size under the hood toreduce the application rate to 15 GPA.Repeatthecalibrationprocedure.Continuethisprocessuntilyourhoodedapplication

    rateandpost‐directedapplicationratearesimilar.

    SPRAYDRIFTMANAGEMENTMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

    READthePESICIDELABELforinstructionsonpreventingdrift!

    Useascoarseaspraypatternaspossible. Useasolidconeorflatfanspraynozzletip

    insteadofahollowconetip. Use a low spray pressure. Be sure your

    nozzles will maintain pattern at a lowerpressure.

    Don’t apply pesticides under windy orgusty conditions.Read your label formaxspeeds!

    Useahand‐heldanemometertodeterminewindspeedatthelocationandtimeofyourapplications.

    Determinewinddirection. Don’t spraywhen thewind is less than 3

    mph to avoid spraying in thermalinversions.

    Maintainrequiredbufferzones. Useanapplicationmethodandformulation

    thatislesslikelytocausedrift. Usedrift control/drift reductionagents in

    yourtankmix. If possible, don’t spray when the

    temperatureisabove90–95OF. Know your surroundings, especially the

    location and distance of sensitive crops,sensitivesites.

    Asanapplicator,YOUareresponsibleforwherethechemicalsfromyourapplicationsgo!

    SPRAYERCLEANING

    MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

    Smallamountsofpesticidesleftinsprayerscancause serious damage if applied to sensitivecrops.Forexample,tracesofgrowthregulatortypeherbicidesusedforpastureweedcontrol,

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    5  

    including 2,4‐D, Banvel, Weedmaster,Crossbow,etc.,cancreateseriousproblemsifaccidentlyappliedtosensitivebroadleafcropsincludingtobacco,cotton,tomatoesandothersensitive plants. Most of these herbicides,particularlytheesterformulationsof2,4‐DandCrossbow,aredifficulttothoroughlywashoutofasprayer.Therefore,werecommendusingadedicatedsprayerforapplicationofpastureandbrushcontrolherbicides.The sulfonylureas and imidazolinonesherbicides, including Accent, Classic, Exceed,Staple,andScepter,havealsocreatedsprayercleaning challenges. These herbicides have ahighunit activity (a small amountofproductthatisleftinthesprayerisveryactiveonaperacrebasis). Small amountsof thesematerialscause serious damage to non‐target,susceptible crops. Other products, includingValor SX, have specific clean‐out instructionsoutlined on the label and should be followedexplicitly to prevent subsequentcontaminationofsensitivecrops.Yourtankisonlyonepartofthesprayer.Youcandoanexcellentjobofcleaningthetank,butif chemical residues are left in the hoses,strainers,andpump,seriouscropdamagecanstilloccur.Pesticidescanbeabsorbedintothelines,inadditiontopolyethyleneorfiberglasstanks,wheretheycanremainforalongtime.Some dry flowable and wettable powderformulationsbuilduponthebottomsofspraytanks,particularlyinsprayerswithinadequateagitation.The longera spraymix is left in thesystem, the greater is the potentialcontamination problem the next time you usethesprayerunit.Sprayersshouldbecleanedas soon as practical and herbicide spraymixturesshouldneverbeallowedtodryinthesprayer.Personal protective equipment that isrecommeded on the pesticide label for thatproduct should be worn during clean‐up.Do

    notcleansprayersnearwells,sinkholes,creeksor other surface water, or near desirablevegetation.Many herbicide labels have sprayer cleanuprecommendations on the label. For example,Valor product label recommends a specifictankmixcleanerproduct(Valenttankcleaner)after each use of a flumioxazin containingproduct. Other products recommend addinghouseholdammoniaat1gallonofammoniaforeach 100 gallons of water. Ammonia is alsousefulforremoving2,4‐Desterresiduesleftinthesprayerbecauseammoniachangesthelesssolubleesterintoamorehighlywatersolubleammonium salt of 2,4‐D. Many commercialtankcleanersareavailableandmostdoagoodjob, if properly used, of cleaning a sprayer.They are just like ammonia in that plenty ofwaterandproperprocedurearerequired.Sprayercleaningprocedure:1. Drainthesprayequipment.Thoroughly

    rinsethetankandflushhoses,boomandnozzleswithcleanwater.Loosenandphysicallyremoveanyvisibledeposits.

    2. Fillthesprayerwithcleanwaterandaddhouseholdammonia(onegallonofa3%activeammoniaproductforevery100gallonsofwater).Flushthehoses,boomandnozzles.Shut‐offtheboomandthentop‐offthetankwithwater.Letthematerialcirculateforatleast15minutes,andthenflushthehoses,boomandnozzlesagain.Drainthetank.

    3. Removescreens,strainers,andtips;cleaninabucketofwater.

    4. Repeatstep2.

    5. Thoroughlyrinsethetank,hoses,boomandnozzles.

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    6  

    Important: Remember to clean all otherassociated application equipment. Personalprotectiveequipment,asprescribedonthelabel,shouldbewornduringtheclean‐upprocessanddo not clean sprayers near wells, sink holes,creeksorothersurfacewater,orneardesirablevegetation.

    HERBICIDEADJUVANTS

    MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialistSprayAdditivesAsprayadditiveisanysubstanceaddedtoanherbicide tank mix to enhance performance.Adjuvants are classified on the basis of theiruse rather than chemistry. Adjuvants includesurfactants, emulsifiers, wetting agents,stickers, de‐foamers, compatibility agents,cropoils,anddriftcontrolagents.TypesofSprayAdditives:Surfactants (surface‐active‐agent): Are usedtoimproveemulsifying,dispersing,spreading,wetting,orothersurfacemodifyingpropertiesof a liquid. Three types of surfactants areemulsifiers,wettingagents,stickers.Chooseanon‐ionic surfactantbasedon composition.Asurfactant with 80% or greater activeingredientisagoodchoice.Emulsifiers: Substances that promotesuspensionofone liquid inanother.Theyaremostcommonlyusedtodisperseoilinwater.These are usually contained in the herbicidepackageformulation.Wetting agents: Reduce interfacial tensionsbetween surfaces that would normally repeleach other. These allow a spray solution tospread and adhere better towaxy cuticles ofplants.Nonionicsurfactants(NIS)arethetypeusuallyadded toa spray tank.Theyaregooddispersing agents, stable in cold water, andhavelowtoxicitytoplantsandanimals.

    Stickers:Adjuvantsthatpromoteadherenceofherbicides to the plant foliage. They reducerunoff potential during application andwashoffbyrainfall.Theseareusuallyblendedwithwettingagentstoprovidebettercoverageandarecalledspreader‐stickers.AntifoamingAgents:Thesematerialsreducefoam in a sprayer system so that pumps andnozzlescanoperateeffectively.Compatibility Agents: Aid in holdingherbicides in solution when mixed withpesticidesorfertilizers.Crop Oils: These are non‐phytotoxic lightpetroleum or vegetable oils that containsurfactants.Usemuch likeasurfactant.Hasatendencytoburncroptissue.Choosecropoilwhichcontains80%orgreateroil,andtherestassurfactantsoremulsifiers.DriftControlAgents:Materialsusedtoreducethe number of fine particles in the spraypatternwhichcouldresultindriftdamage.

    PESTICIDESAFETY

    RobertBellinger,SafetyEducationCoordinatorPesticideStorageTipsAreyoudoingthese?o Store your pesticides in a detached

    structure?o Haveastoragebuildingwithasoundroof?o Have a storage building with a sound,

    liquid‐prooffloor?o Store your pesticides in their original

    container?o Have pesticides you store with intact,

    readablelabels?o Store your pesticides separately from

    gasoline,otherfuelsandsolvents?

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    7  

    Properly rinse procedure your emptypesticidecontainers!Theproper rinseprocedure requires thatyouplanahead! Readandfollowlabeldirections! Wear the required protective clothing andequipment.

    Rinse containers immediately afteremptying because pesticides will dry orsolidify quickly and become difficult toremove.

    Consider the volume of the rinsate whenfillingthesprayertank.Leaveenoughroomin the sprayer tank to accommodate therinsatebeforefillingthetank.

    Have back‐flow protectionwhen filling thesprayertankandrinsingthecontainer.

    You have two acceptable ways to rinseemptypesticidecontainers:1)Triple‐rinsingor2) Pressure‐rinsing (jet‐rinsing) using adevice specifically manufactured to washcontainer interiors.

    Triple‐rinsecontainerinstructions: Allow empty pesticide container to drain

    into the sprayer tank for at least 30seconds.

    Fill container one‐quarter full of cleanwater or appropriate spray rinse diluent.Replace cap securely and roll, swirl andshake the contents vigorously for at leastonefullminutetorinseallsurfaces!

    Remove container cap and empty rinsateintothespraytank.Allowthecontainertodrainforatleast30seconds.

    Repeatthefill,shakeanddrainproceduretwo(2)moretimes,usingcleanwater.

    Properly dispose of the rinsed containersas soon as possible. Dispose of capswiththecontainersunlessrecycling.

    Plastic and plastic‐lined bags can betriple‐rinsed.Forpaperandfiberbagsandsimilar containers, completely empty the

    contents into the tank.Openbothendsofthe container to remove any remainingpesticideandtopreventreuse.

    Howtopressure‐rinsecontainers: Allow the empty pesticide container to

    drain into thesprayertank forat least30seconds.

    Hold the container upside down over thesprayer tank opening so that rinsate willrun into the sprayer tank. For ease andsafety, puncture through the bottom ofmetal containers and through the side ofplasticcontainerswithappropriatetoolorpressure‐rinsing nozzle‐follow specificmanufacturerdirections.

    Thoroughly rinse the empty container forthe time interval recommended by thepressure‐rinsenozzlemanufacturer,butnoless than30seconds,usingat least40psiwaterpressure.

    Properlydisposeofyourrinsedcontainersas soon as possible. Dispose of capswithcontainers,unlessrecycling.

    PESTICIDERESISTANCE

    MANAGEMENTRobertG.Bellinger,ExtensionEntomologist

    Repeated use of pesticides – herbicides,insecticides, fungicides, nematicides,rodenticides,andothers‐canleadtoresistanceintherespectivepestpopulations.Applicatorsare encouraged to rotate products withdifferingmodes of actionwithin a crop year.Many pesticide labels now give detailedguidance.Resistance may be defined as “a heritablechange in the sensitivity of a pestpopulationthat is reflected in the repeated failure of aproducttoachievetheexpectedlevelofcontrolwhen used according to the labelrecommendationforthatpestspecies”.

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    8  

    Resistancearisesthroughtheover‐useand/ormisuseofapesticideagainstapestspeciesandresultsfromtheselectionofresistantformsofthe pest and the resulting evolution of pestpopulationsthatareresistanttothatpesticideand its mode of action (MoA). Pesticides doNOTcausethemutationsforresistance.In the majority of cases, not only doesresistance render the selecting compoundmuch less effective but it often also conferscross‐resistance to other chemically relatedcompounds. Cross‐resistance occurs whenresistance toonepesticide confers resistancetoanotherpesticide,evenwherethepesthasnotbeenexposedtothelatterproduct.The objective of successful PesticideResistance Management is to delay theevolutionofpestresistancetopesticides,ortohelp regain susceptibility in pest populationsinwhichresistancehasalreadyarisen.Because many pest populations are usuallylargeinsizeandquicklyreproduce(especiallymites,manyinsectsandmostplantpathogens),thereisalwaysariskthatpesticideresistancemayevolvequickly,especiallywhenpesticidearemisusedorover‐used.Ifyouobtainlesscontrolofapestwithagivenpesticide than you are accustomed to, orbelieveisreasonabletoexpect,firstchecktobesure that you applied the pesticide properlyaccordingtothelabelinstructions.Ifyoumadeyour application properly, next consider ifthere were any extreme environmentalconditions–veryhot,verycool,heavyrain,etc.Ifnoneoftheseconditionsexisted,orarenotbelieved to have an effect on the product’sperformance, then pesticide resistance is apossibility.Doing everything you can to delay pesticideresistance is important for the obviousreasons.Thereisnotverymuchnewchemistry

    comingtoallowustoswitchtonewpesticidemodesofaction.For instance, therehavenotbeenany significantnewmodesof action forherbicidesinaboutthreedecades.Whilenewherbicide products are coming onto themarket, often in conjunction with herbicideresistant crop varieties, the herbicidesthemselves are someof theoldest herbicideswehave,forinstance2,4‐D.There are several ways to delay pesticideresistance. The best is to use Integrated PestManagement(IPM)andtouseeconomicinjurythresholds to determine when to apply apesticide(s). Other methods include rotatingcrops to prevent buildup of the same pestpopulations over time, to use the lowesteffective rate or rate recommended by thepesticidelabeloraknowledgeableexpert,andmakespotorperimeterapplicationsonsmallor defined pest populations. When usingpesticides,rotatepesticidemodesofactionbyrotatingpesticidechemicalfamilies.For most growers, however, knowing whatpesticides to use to do this has beendifficultbecause of a lack of knowledge of the manydifferent modes of action. Until recentlypesticide labels did not provide muchinformationtoassistinthesedecisions.Tohelpgrowersandotherscombatpesticideresistance a number of national andinternational resistance action committeeshave been formed by the pesticide industryandotherstoaddresstheproblemofpesticideresistance.Thesecommitteesarebasedonthedifferent major pesticide groups. So, forherbicides there is an Herbicide ResistanceAction Committee (HRAC), an InsecticideResistance Action Committee (IRAC) forinsecticides, a Fungicide Resistance ActionCommittee (FRAC) for fungicides, and so on.These committeeshave studied themodesofactionoftherespectivepesticidefamiliesanddevelopedasystemtohelpgrowersandothers

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    9  

    betterselectpesticidesfromdifferentpesticidechemical families toallowuserstoeffectivelyrotate the modes of action and thus combatpesticide resistance in their pests. Thisinformation is now appearing on pesticidelabels.Inadditiontothesystemdevelopedbythe respectiveActionResistanceCommittees,manypesticidemanufacturersarebeginningtosupplyinformationonresistancemanagementon their labels in sections titled “ResistanceManagement”.Todate,genericpesticideproductstendnottohave as much information as brand namepesticide products.When you want to rotate modes of actionagainst your pests, first make sure thatwhatever pesticide you select is labeled foryour intended use. Next, look for a pesticidegroup number on the label, or a statementindicating the pesticide group. Using thesepesticide groupnumbers, youdonothave toknow or understand the complex modes ofaction of these chemicals, you just have toselect a product(s) with a different groupnumber that is labeled for your pestmanagement need. Examples of groupnumberswhentheyappearonpesticidelabelsareusually in theupper righthandcornerofthelabel,looklikethis:GROUP 4A INSECTICIDEGROUP 3 HERBICIDEGROUP 11 FUNGICIDE

    PESTICIDEAPPLICATIONRECORDKEEPING

    RobertBellinger,PesticideSafetyCoordinator

    CertifiedPrivateApplicatorsarerequiredtokeeprecordsoftheirapplicationsofRestrictedUse Pesticides (RUPs). This federalrequirementisadministeredbytheUSDAandin South Carolina is enforced by theDepartmentofPesticideRegulation.Theinformation–“dataelements”–requiredto be kept are actually minimal. PrivateApplicators will likely want to record moreinformation on their applications, all of theirapplications, to help with their present andfuturepestmanagementefforts.Goodrecordshelp you trouble‐shoot application problemsandduplicatepestmanagementsuccesses.

    The data elements required to be kept oneachRUPapplicationare: The brand/product/trade name of the

    pesticide EPAproductRegistrationNumber Totalamountofpesticideproductapplied Sizeofareaorthenumberofunitstreated CroporSiteappliedto Actuallocationoftheapplication Dateofapplication:Month,Day,Year Certified applicator name and license

    number

    Recordsmustbemadewithin14daysofeachapplication of an RUP. Records must bemaintained for a minimum of two (2) yearsfromthedateoftheapplication.Spottreatments:Spotapplicationsaresmallapplicationswhichtotallessthan1/10thofanacre,andtheyaremadeinthesameday.Spot

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    10  

    applications do not apply to nurseries orgreenhouses.ForSpottreatmentsyoumustrecord: Dateofapplication‐month,day,year Brandorproductname EPARegistrationNumber Totalamountofpesticideapplied Location of the pesticide application,

    designated as “spot application” with ashortdescription.

    Recordkeepingtips:Record all three (3) identifiers for yourRUP.They’reallonthelabel! TheProductorBrand(Trade)name The Common Chemical name of the

    activeingredients TheEPARegistrationNo.KeepadditionalinformationthatwillhelpYOUbetter achieve YOUR pest and pesticidemanagementobjectives.Forinstance,amountof water used, spray pump pressure, boomheight, nozzle spacing tipused, tractor speedor rpms, other equipment settings, andweather information such as temperature,rainfallthe24hoursbeforeand24hoursafterthe application, wind speed (recorded at thesite of the application at the time of theapplication), notes on any applicationproblems, and any other information thatwouldbeusefultoyou.Youarerequiredtokeeprecordsofanyworkeror handler pesticide safety training youconduct or have conducted for your agemployees.

    HONEYBEESTEWARDSHIPJenniferTsuruda,ExtensionApiculturist

    Honeybeesareourmostbeneficialinsect.TheestimatedvalueofhoneybeepollinationintheUS is $14 billion. Many commercially grown

    cropsinSouthCarolinaareheavilydependenton honey bees for good pollination. AnnualfarmcashreceiptsofcropsharvestedinSouthCarolinathataredependentonhoneybeesforpollinationare estimatedat $25million.Thisdoesnot includehome‐grownvegetablesandfruits and plants for wildlife that are highlydependentonbeesforpollination.Someofthefruitsandvegetablesthatarehighlydependentonbeesforpollinationareapples,cantaloupes,cucumbers, squash, strawberries, andwatermelon.Use integrated pest managementrecommendations whenever possible tominimize harmful effects to our beneficialinsects.Manypesticidesareextremelytoxictobees.Thosepesticidesthataretoxicorhighlytoxic to bees will have a bee protectionwarningstatementonthelabel.Thepesticideapplicator should always review the productlabeldirectionscarefullybeforeeachuseandfollowtheguidelinestoprotectourpollinators,which include native bees as well as honeybees. Keep inmind that even herbicides andfungicidescanhavenegativeeffectson insectpollinators and can have synergistic effectswhencombinedwithotherpesticides.It isnotonly the formulationof the chemicalpesticide that is important, applicators mustalso be aware of the proper dose. Pesticidesshouldbeusedonlywhennecessary,especiallyif floweringplantsarepresentornearbyandare attractive to bees. Select the least toxicpesticidetogetthejobdonewhenpossibleandusetheleasthazardousmethodofapplication.Granular pesticide formulations are safest.Directed sprays applied with groundequipment are the next safest method forapplying pesticides to protect bees. Aeriallyapplieddustsorspraysarethemost likelytocontact bees and cause problems. Applypesticideswhentheairiscalmtoreducedriftinto areas where bees may be foraging ornesting.Ifapesticideapplicationisnecessary,

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    11  

    apply in the evening when bees are notpresent.Ifmanagedbeecoloniesarepresent,itisbest togive thebeekeeperplentyofnotice(3‐4 days if possible) of your intentions. Thebeekeeper has the option to relocate theirbeehivesifadjacentfieldsaretobesprayed.Iftherearemanybeehivesorhivesthatcannotbemovedonshortnotice,thebeekeepermaycover their beehives with wet burlap for nolongerthan2days.Itwillbenecessaryforthebeekeeper to spraycoveredhiveswithwaterand keep the burlap wet, especially in hotweather.Beekeepers are advised to cooperate withgrowers in the area to help protect bees andare encouraged to have a contract with thelandowner.Beekeepersshouldscout theareabefore bee colony placement to gain a goodunderstanding of local farming practices,especially the use of highly toxic pesticides.Beekeepers are ill advised to place theircoloniesinhighpestdensityareas,astheymayrequire multiple pesticide applications. Anexampleiscottongrowingareaswherevariouspests are expected. Beekeepers should posttheir name and contact information in theapiary or on colonies for identificationpurposes.Informationontherelativetoxicitiesof insecticides andmiticides (used in specific

    crops)tohoneybeesandnaturalenemiesmaybefoundatwww.ipm.ucdavis.edu.Mosquito abatement programs should takeintoconsiderationtheprotectionofourinsectpollinators.Manyofthepesticidesusedtokillmosquitoes will also kill honey bees.Beekeepers are urged to contact countyofficials who manage mosquito abatementprograms to inform them of the location oftheir apiaries, so their honey bees can beprotected.Clemson University has started a beestewardship program to facilitatecommunication between beekeepers andpesticide applicators and prevent accidentalpoisoningofhoneybees.Beekeeperscanmaptheir hive locations and licensed pesticideapplicators can access this informationwhenthey have an application planned. Theapplicatorcanthencontactthebeekeepersintheareaoravoidapplyingpesticidesnearthehives.Interestedindividualsfrombothsidesofthis issueareencouragedtoreadmoreaboutthe program on the Clemson UniversityBeekeeping website and can sign up for theprogramthereaswell.

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    12  

    RELATIVEHONEYBEESENSITIVITYTOWARDPESTICIDESJenniferTsuruda,ExtensionApiculturist

     PESTICIDETOXICITYTOWARDHONEYBEESGroupIHighlyToxic:Severebeelossesareexpectedifthefollowingpesticidesareappliedtofloweringcropsorweedswhichareattractivetobeesorwhenthesepesticidesareappliednearabeehive.Thesepesticideswillremainhazardoustoforagingbeesforupto24hoursorlongerafterapplication.abamectin(Agri‐Mek,Zephyr) acephate(Orthene,Address) aminocarb(Matacil)arsenicals avemectin(AVID) azinphosmethyl(Guthion)bendiocarb(Ficam) benzenehexachloride(BHC) bifenthrin(Brigade,Capture)bifenazate(Acramite) bonyl(Swat) calciumarsenatecarbaryl(Sevin,Sevin80S,SevinXLR‐Plus)

    carbofuran(Furadan) carbosulfan(Vantage)chlordane chlorpyrifos(Dursban,Eradex,

    Lorsban)chlorethoxyfos(Fortress)

    clofentezine(Apollo) clothianidin(Poncho600) crotoxyphos(Cyodrin)cyfluthrin(Baythroid) cyhalothrin(Karate,Warrior) cypermethrin(Ammo,Cymbush)d‐phenothrin(Sumithrin) decamethrin(Decis) deltamethrin(Decis)diazinon(Diazinon,Spectracide) dichlorvos(DDVP,Vapona) dicrotophos(Bidrin)dimethoate(Cygon,Dimethoate, Rebelate) emamectin(Proclaim)endosulfan(Thiodan) EPN esfenvalerate(Asana)ethylparathion(Parathion) famoxadone(Famoxate) famphur(Famphos)fenitrothion(Sumithion)) fenpropathrin(Danitol,Dasanit) fensulfothion(Dasanit)fenthion(Baytex) fenvalerate(Ectrin,Pydrin) fipronilflucythrinate(PayOff) famoxadone(Famoxate) formetanate(Carzol)gamma‐cyhalothrin,(Proaxis) heptachlor hexythiazox(Savey)imidacloprid(Admire,Provado) imidan indoxacarb(Avaunt,Steward)lambda‐cyhalothrin(Commodore,Warrior)

    leadarsenate lindane(BHC)LPOS(Sulfotine,RAIDTVK) malathion(Cythion,ULV) methamidophos(Monitor,

    Tameron)methidathion(Supracide) methiocarb(Mesurol) methomyl(Lannate,Nudrin)methprene methylparathion(Penncap‐M) methylparathionECmevinphos(Phosdrin) mexacarbate(Zectran) monocrotophos(Azodrin)naled(Dibrom)2 omethoate(Folimat) oxamyl(Vydate>1lb/A)parathion phenthoate(Cidial) phenamiphos(NemacurP)permethrin(Ambush,GardStar,Pounce)

    phorate(ThimetEC) phosdrinphosmet(Imidan) phosphamidon(Dimecron) polymer‐encapsulatedmethyl

    parathion(Penncap‐M)prallethrin(ETOH) proparite(Omite) propoxur(Baygon)pyridaben(Pyramite) pyrazophos(Afugan) resmethrin(Synthrin,SPB‐1382)spinosid(XDE‐105,Tracer) tebufenozide(Confirm) TEPP2tetrachlorvinphos(Appex,Gardona) thiamethoxam(Actara,Platinum) tralomethrin(Scout)zeta‐cypermethrin(Fury,Mustang)    

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    13  

    PESTICIDETOXICITYTOWARDHONEYBEES(cont)GroupIIModeratelyHazardous:Thesecanbeusedaroundbees ifdosage,timing,andmethodofapplicationarecorrect,butshouldnotbeapplieddirectlyonbeesinthefieldordirectedatthehive.aldicarb(Temik) aspon(ASP‐51) aldicarbsulfoxideacetamiprid(Assail) aluminumphosphide(Phostoxin) Bacillusthuringiensis(Di‐Beta)bifenazate(Floramite) binapacryl biothioncarbaryl(SevinXLRformulation,Sevinmol)

    carbanolate(Banol) carbophenothion(Trithion)chlorfeninphos(Sopona) coumaphos(Agridip,Asunthol,Co‐

    Ral)crotoxyphos(Ciodrin)

    cypermethrin(Ammo) cyromazine(Trigard) DDTdeltamethrin(Decis) demeton(Systox) demeton‐s‐methyl(Metasystox)diatomaceousearth(Diatect) disulfoton(Di‐Syston) dichlofenthiondioxathion(Delnav) DSMA emamectinbenzoate(Proclaim)endosulfan(Thiodan

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 

    14  

    PESTICIDETOXICITYTOWARDHONEYBEES(cont)GroupIIIRelativelyNonhazardous:Thesecanbeusedaroundbeeswithaminimumriskofinjury. allethrin(Pynamin) amitraz(Mitac)amitrole avermectin(Agr‐Mek) azadirachtin(Align)azoxystrobin(Abound) Bacillusthuringiensis(Biobit) DiPel,Full‐Bac,Javelin,MVP)Baculovirusheliothis Beauveria(Mycotrol) benomyl(Benlate)binapacryl(Morocide) bordeauxmixture bromopropylate(Acarol)bromoxynil capsaicin(HotPepperWax) captancarbaryl(SevinG,BaitG) carbofuran(FuradanG) chlorambenchlorbenzide(Mitox) chlorobenzilate(Acaraben) chlordimeform(Fundal)chlorobenzilate(Acaraben) chlorothalonil(Bravo) coppercompounds(Kocide)copperoxychloridesulphate copper8‐quinolinolate coppersulfate(Monohydrated)cryolite(Cryolite,Kryocide) cyromazine(Trigard) dalapondazomet(Mylone) demeton(Systox) dexondiazinon(DiazinonG) dicamba(BanvelD) dichlone(Phygon)dicofol(Kelthane) difolatan diflubenzuron(Dimilin)dimite(DMC) dinobuton(Dessin) dinocap(Karathane)diquat disulfoton(Di‐SystonG) dodine(Cyprex)dyrene endothall EPTC(Eptam)ethephon(Ethrel) ethion(Ethion) ethoprop(MocapG)fenbutatin‐oxide(Vendex) fenhexamid(Elevate) fenson(Murvesco)ferbam fluvalinate(Mavrik,Spur) folpet(Phaltan)garlicbarrier genite923 glyodin(Glyoxide)heliothispolyhedrosisvirus hexythiazox(Savey) kaolin(Surround)karathane(Dinocap) kepone malathion(MalathionG)menazon(Saphos) mancozeb(DithaneM‐45) maneb(DithaneM‐22)MCPA menazon(Saphos) metaldehyde(MetaldehydeBait)methoprene(Altosid) methoxychlor(Marlate) metiram(Polyram)‐F1monuron(Telvar) myclobutanil(Rally) nabam(Parzate)nemagon neotran nicotinenicotinesulfate ovex oxythioquinox(Morestan)pentac propargite(Omite) pyrethrum(natural)pyrimidinamine(Vangard) pyriproxyfen(Esteen) rotenone(Rotenone)ryania(Rynodine) sabadilla silvexsimazine(Princep) soap(M‐Pede) sulfurtebufenozide(Confirm) TDE(Rhothane) tetradifon(Tedion)tetram thioquinox(Eradex) thiram(Arasan)toxaphene trichlorfon(Dylox) trifloxystrobin(Flint)vendex zineb(Dithane) ziram2,4‐D 2,4‐DB 2,4,5‐T

    1Fungicides2Mevinphos(Phosdrin*),Naled(Dibrom*),andTEPPhaveshortresidualactivityandkillonlythebeescontactedattimeoftreatmentorshortlythereafter.Theyareusuallysafetousewhenbeesarenotinflight;theyarenotsafetousearoundcolonies.3Not all strains of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides are safe for bees. The label for XenTari® (Valent BioSciences), with active ingredient B.thuringiensisaizawai,reads"Thisproductishighlytoxictohoneybeesexposedtodirecttreatment.Donotapplythisproductwhilebeesareactivelyvisitingthetreatmentarea."4List or informationderived in part fromDelaplane,K.,University ofGeorgia, Tarpy,D.,NorthCarolina StateUniversity, Fell, R., VirginiaTech,Johansen,C.A.andMayer,D.F.PollinationProtection.1990,WicwasPress;BulletinE‐53‐W,Hunt,G.J.,PurdueUniversity;EnvironmentalEntomology33(5):1151‐1154.

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    15  

    MODEOFACTIONFORHERBICIDESMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

    MODEOFACTION(MOA)FORHERBICIDESSiteofActionGroup

    MOA ChemicalFamily(ies)

    Howitkillstheplant ProductExamples

    1 ACCaseInhibitors

    Arloxyphenoxypropionate(FOPS)

    Blocks the first step in fatty acid synthesis ingrasses, broadleaves are naturally resistant tothefopsanddimsduetoaninsensitiveACCaseenzyme.

    FOPS:Assure II,FusiladeDX

    Cyclohexanedione(DIMS)

    DIMS:SelectMAX, PoastPlus

    2 ALSInhibitors Sulfonylurea(SU) Blockstheproductionofbranchedchainaminoacids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine) in theplant. Plant death occurs due to insufficientbranchedchainaminoacidlevelsatthegrowingpoints.

    SU:Accent,Classic,Beacon

    Imidazonlinone(IMI) IMI:Cadre,Raptor,Scepter

    Pyrimidines(PM) PM:Staple3 Microtubule

    ProteinInhibitor

    Dinitroaniline(DNA) Interferes with the alignment of the spindleapparatusduringmitosisandpreventsnormalcelldivisioninroottissue.

    DNA:Prowl,Treflan,Sonolan

    4 SyntheticAuxins

    Phenoxy(PX) Synthetic auxins mimic the natural planthormoneIAA.Theseherbicidesaffectcellwallplasticity and nucleic acid metabolism whichleadstoinhibitedcelldivisionandgrowthinthemeristemregions(growingpoints).

    PX:2,4‐D,2,4‐DB

    BenzoicAcid(BA) BA:Clarity,Banvel,Status

    CarboxylicAcid(CA) CA:Stinger,Milestone

    5 PhotosystemIIInhibitor

    Triazine(TZ) PS II herbicides inhibit photosynthesis by

    bindingtotheQB‐bindingsiteontheD1proteinof the photosystem II complex in thechloroplast. ItblockselectronflowfromQAtoQBandstopsCO2fixationandproductionofATPand NADPH2 which is the energy needed forplant growth and development. Plant deathoccursduetoexcessfreeradicalsdestroyingcellmembranes.

    TZ:Atrazine,Simazine,Caparol

    Triazinone(TN) TN:Sencor6 Nitriles(NT) NT:Buctril

    Benzothiadiazinones(BZ)

    BZ:Basagran

    7 Ureas(UR) UR:Lorox,Direx,Cotoran

    8 FattyAcid/LipidBiosynthesisInhibitor

    Thiocarbamate(TB) Mostsusceptibleplantsfailtoemergefromthesoil.Germinationisnotinhibitedbutgrowthofgrass coleoptiles/broadleaf epicotyls ceasesbelowsoilsurface

    TB:Tillam

    9 EPSPSynthaseInhibitor

    Glycines(GC) Glycines inhibit EPSP synthase enzyme whichleads to the depletion of the aromatic aminoacidstryptophan,tyrosine,andphenylalanine.

    GC:Glyphosate

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    16  

    MODEOFACTION(MOA)FORHERBICIDEFAMILIES(cont)SiteofActionGroup

    MOA ChemicalFamily(ies)

    Howitkillstheplant ProductExamples

    10 GlutamineSynthesisInhibitor

    PhosphinicAcids(PA)

    Phosphinicacidsinhibittheactivityofglutamine synthetase which convertsglutamateandammoniatoglutamine.Accumulation of ammonia to lethallevelsdestroysplantcellsandtissue.

    PA:Liberty

    12 PhytoeneDesaturaseInhibitor

    Pyridazinone(PZ) Pyridazinone inhibits the phytoenedesaturase enzyme in the carteniodbiosynthesispathwayIsoxazolidinone inhibits the 1‐deoxy‐D‐xyulose 5‐phosphate synthase(DOXP),akeycomponentintheplastidisoprenoidbiosynthesispathway.Pyrazoleand triketones inhibit the4‐hydroxyphenyl‐pyruvate dioxygenase(4‐HPPD) which affects carotenoidbiosynthesis.These herbicide families deplete thecarotenoid (accessory pigments inphotosynthesis) pool that protectschlorophyll in theplantwhichresultsinacharacteristicbleaching(white)oftheplanttissue.

    PZ:Solicam,Zorial,Brake

    13 DOXPsynthaseInhibitor

    Isoxazolidinone(IA)

    IA:Command

    28 HPPDinhibitor

    Pyrazole(PA) PA:Balance,Corvus

    Triketone(TE) TE:Callisto,Impact,Laudis

    14 PPOinhibitors

    Diphenylether(DE)

    These herbicides inhibit thephotoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO),an enzyme that is responsible forchlorophyll and heme biosynthesis.PPO inhibition leads to accumulationof PPIX (protoporphyrin IX) whichcreates free radicaloxygen in thecellanddestroyscellmembranes.

    DE:Flexstar,Reflex,Blazer,Cobra

    N‐phenylphthalimide

    (NP)NP:Resource,Valor

    Arytriazinone(AT)

    AT:Spartan,Aim,Cadet

    15 VLFAinhibitors

    Chloroacetamide(CA)

    Acetamidesareherbicidesthatinhibitvery long chain fatty acid synthesis(VLFA) in shoot tissue duringgerminationofsensitiveplants.

    CA:DualMagnum,Intrro,Warrant,Outlook,Parrlay,Zidua

    22 PhotosystemIInhibitor

    Bipyridyliums(BP)

    Bipyridyliums are herbicides thatcaptureelectrons fromphotosystemIcomplex in the chloroplast and arereduced to form herbicide freeradicals. These free radicals destroycellmembranes.

    BP:Gramoxone,Reward

       

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    17  

    CROPREPLANTGUIDELINESFOLLOWINGHERBICIDEAPPLICATION

    MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

       

    Corn

    Cotton

    Grain

    Sorghum

    Peanuts

    Soybeans

    Sunflower

    Tobacco

    Wheat

    M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationAatrex 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringAcuron 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 18M 18M 4MAccent/Q 0D 10M 10M 10M 15D 10M 10M 4MAchieve 30D 106D 30D 106D 106D 106D 106D 30DAim 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 12M 0DAnthem 0D 4M 18M 4M 0D 4M 18M 4MAnthemATZ 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringArmezon 0D 9M 9M 9M 9M 9M 18M 3MAssureII 120D 0D 120D 120D 0D 0D 120D 120DAuthorityMTZ 10/41M 12M 18/122M 12M 0D 12M 12M 4MAxialXL 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 0DAxiom 0D 8M 12M 12M 0D 12M 12M 7D/4M3BalanceFlexx 0D 10M 6M 11M 6M 6M 18M 4MBanvel/Clarity 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120DBasagran ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐Beacon 14D 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 3MBeyond 0D4/8.5M5 9M 9M 9M 0D 0D4/9M5 9M 0D4/3M5BicepIIMagnum 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringBoundary 4M 8M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 4.5MBreakfree 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MBreakfreeATZ 0D Spring Spring 15M Spring 15M 15M 15MBuctril 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30DBullet/Lariat 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringCadet 0D Spring Spring Spring 0D Spring Spring SpringCadre 9M 18M 18M 0D 9M 26M 9M 4MCallisto 0D 10M 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 120DCanopy 10M 10M 10M 8M 0D 18M 10M 4MCaparol Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringCapreno 0D 10M 10M 11M 10M 18M 12M 4MCinch 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D Spring 4.5MCinchATZ 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringClarity8floz/A16floz/A24floz/A25‐64floz/A

    0D0D120D120D

    21D120D120D120D

    15D120D120D120D

    120D120D120D120D

    14D28D120D120D

    120D120D120D120D

    120D120D120D120D

    15D30D45D120D

    Classic 8M 7M 9M 6M 0D 18M 9M 3MCobra None None None None None None None NoneCommand 9M 0D 9M 9M 0D 12M 0D 12MCorvus 0D 10M 17M 11M 9M 17M 17M 4MCotoran4L 8M 0D 9M 8M 9M 12M 12M 3MCrusher 0D 1M 10M 1.5M 1M 10M 10M 3MDawn 10M 0D 18M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4M

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    18  

    CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)

    Corn

    Cotton

    Grain

    Sorghum

    Peanuts

    Soybeans

    Sunflower

    Tobacco

    Wheat

    M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationDefine 0D 4M 12M 12M 0D 12M 12M 12MDegree 0D Spring 0D Spring 0D Spring 0D SpringDegreeXtra 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MDevrinol 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 0D 180DDirex/DiuronUSEPATTERN16USEPATTERN27LAYBY

    4MSpringSpring

    4MSpringSpring

    4MSpringSpring

    4M12M12M

    4M12M12M

    4M12M12M

    4M12M12M

    4M12M12M

    Distinct 30D 30D 30D 120D 30D 120D 120D 30DDual8E 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MDualMagnum 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MDualIIMagnum 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MEnvive 8M 10M 12M 8M 0D 18M 10M 4MEnvoke 7M 7M 7M 7M 7M 18M 7M 3MET/ETX 0D 0D 30D 30D 0D 30D 30D 0DEvik 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 3MExpert 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringExpress 14D 14D 14D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DFierce3.0oz/A3.75oz/A

    7D8/1M930D

    45D9/30D8

    2M

    18M18M

    4M4M

    0D0D

    4M4M

    18M18M

    30D2M

    Finesse 14M Spring10 Spring10 Spring10 6M11 Spring10 Spring10 4MFirestorm 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DFirstRate 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 18M 4MFirstShot 14D 14D 14D 45D 7D 45D 45D 0DFlexstar 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MFlexstarGT/GT3.5 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MFulTimeNXT 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MFusiladeDX 60D 0D 60D 0D 0D 0D 0D 60DFusion 60D 0D 60D 0D 0D 0D 0D 60DGangster 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 30M 3MGlyphosate 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 1M 0DGoal/GoalTender 10M 7D 10M 60D 7D 60D 60D 10MGramoxoneSL 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DGuardsmanMax 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring 24M SpringHalexGT 0D 10M 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 120DHarnass 0D 7D 45D 45D 0D 45D 45D 7DHarmonyExtra 21D 21D 21D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DHarmonyGT/XP 0D 7D 0D 45D 0D 45D 45D 0DHarness 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MHarnessXtra Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 24M 24M SpringHornetWDG 0D 18M 12M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MHuskie 9M Spring10 4M Spring 4M 9M Spring10 1MImpact 0D 9M 9M 9M 9M 9M 18M 3MInstigate 0D 10M 10M 18M 10M 10M 18M 4MInterline 0D 0D 180D 180D 0D 180D 180D 70DIntrro ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐KeystoneNXT 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MLaudis 0D 10M 10M 18M 8M 18M 18M 4M 

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    19  

    CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)

    Corn

    Cotton

    Grain

    Sorghum

    Peanuts

    Soybeans

    Sunflower

    Tobacco

    Wheat

    M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationLaybyPro120‐0.6lbai0.61‐1.0lbai1.01‐1.6lbai1.61‐2.2lbai

    4M4M4M8M

    4M4M4M8M

    4M4M4M8M

    4M8M12M12M

    4M8M8M12M

    4M12M12M12M

    4M8M8M12M

    3M4M8M12M

    Leadoff 0D 1M 10M 10M 1M 10M 10M 3MLiberty280SL 0D 0D 180D 180D 0D 180D 180D 70DLinex/Lorox 0D 0D 0D 4M 0D 4M 4M 4MLumax 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 18M 18M 4.5MMarksman 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring 24M 10MMCPA None None None None None None None NoneMicro‐Tech None None None None None None None NoneMSMA None None None None None None None NoneNIC‐IT 0D 10M 18M 18M 15D 10M 18M 8MNimble 21D 21D 21D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DOptill 8.5M 18M 18M 4M 0‐1M13 18M 9.5M 4MOption 7D 60D 60D 60D 14D 60D 60D 60DOsprey 12M 90D 10M 90D 90D 30D 10M 7DOutlook 0D Spring Spring 0D 0D Spring Spring 4MParallelPCS 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MParazone 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DPeak 1M 10M 1M 10M 10M 22M 18M 0DPoast/PoastPlus 30D 0D 30D 0D 0D 30D 0D 30DPowerFlex/HL 9M 9M 9M 9M 5M 9M 12M 30DPrefix 10M 1M 18M 10M 0M 18M 18M 4.5MProwl/ProwlH2O Spring 0D 10M 0D 0D 0D 0D 4MPursuit 8.5M 18M 18M 0D 0D 18M 9.5M 4MPython 0D 18M 12M 4M 0D 18M 9M 4MRaptor 8.5M 9M 9M 9M 0D 9M 9M 3MQuelex 3M 3M 3M 9M 3M 3M 15M 0DReflex 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MRealmQ 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 4MReportExtra 1814M 18M 1814/415M ‐‐‐ 616/1814M ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 017/418MResicore 0D 18M 10.5M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MResolveDF1.0oz/A2.0oz/A

    0D0D

    10M10M

    10M18M

    18M18M

    10M10M

    10M10M

    18M18M

    3M3M

    ResolveQ/Q(mp)1.25oz/A2.5oz/A

    0D0D

    1M10M

    10M18M

    10M18M

    10M10M

    10M10M

    10M18M

    3M3M

    ResolveSG1.0oz/A2.0oz/A

    0D0D

    1M10M

    10M18M

    18M18M

    10M10M

    10M10M

    18M18M

    4M4M

    Resource 0D 30D 30D 30D 0D 30D 30D 30DRevulinQ 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 4MRhythm 8M 0D 18M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MSandea 1M 4M 2M 6M 9M 18M 36M 2M

       

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    20  

    CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)

    Corn

    Cotton

    Grain

    Sorghum

    Peanuts

    Soybeans

    Sunflower

    Tobacco

    Wheat

    M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationScepter 9.5M 18M 11M 11M 0D 18M 9.5M 3MSentrallas 0D 120D 0D 120D 120D 120D 120D 0DSelect/SelectMAX None None None None None None None NoneSequence 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D Spring Spring 4.5MSharpen1.0oz/A2.0oz/A3.0oz/A

    0D0D0D

    1.5M3M4M

    0D0D0D

    4M5M6M

    0‐1M191‐2M192‐3M19

    4M5M6M

    4M5M6M

    0D0D0D

    Solida1.0oz/A2.0oz/A

    0D0D

    1M10M

    10M18M

    18M18M

    1M10M

    10M10M

    18M18M

    3M4M

    Sonalan Spring Spring Spring 0D 0D 0D Spring SpringSonic 10M 12‐18M20 12M 12M 0D 30M 30M 4MSpartan 10M 12M 10M 12D 0D 0D 0D 4MSpartanCharge 4M 12M 10M 4M 0D 0D 0D 4MStanza 0D 18M 12M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MStapleLX 10M 0D 24M 10M 10M 10M 10M 6MStatus 7D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120DSteadfast 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MSteadfastQ 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MSteadfastATZ 10M 10M 10M 18M 10M 10M 18M 8MStinger 0D 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0DStorm 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 40DStout 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MStrongarm 18M 10M 18M 0D 0D 30M 18M 4MSuprend 7M 7M 7M 7M 7M 18M 7M 3MSureStartII 0D 26M 12M 26M Spring 18M 26M 4MSurpass 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MSurpassNXT 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MSurveilCo‐Pack 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 30M 3MSynchronyXP 7M 8M 9M 30M 0D 30M 9M 3MTillam None None None None None None None NoneTopNotch 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MTreflan 5M 0D 5M 0D 0D 0D 5M 5MTrivence 10M 18M 18M 18M 0D 18M 18M 4MUltraBlazer 100D 100D 100D 0D 0D 100D 100D 40DValorSX/ValorEZ1.0oz/A1.5‐2.0oz/A2.1‐3.0oz/A

    7‐30D217‐30D2114‐30D21

    7‐28D227‐28D222M

    30D30D30D

    0D0D0D

    0D0D0D

    30D30D2M

    30D30D2M

    30D30D2M

    ValorXLTSoilpH7.0

    10M18M

    10M30M

    10M18M

    18M30M

    0D0D

    10M30D

    10M18M

    4M4M

    Verdict10‐12oz/A13‐15oz/A

    0D0D

    SpringSpring

    0D0D

    SpringSpring

    1M23‐2M242M23‐3M24

    SpringSpring

    SpringSpring

    4M4M

    Warrant 0D 0D 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring 4MWideMatch 0D 18M 12M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0D   

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    21  

    CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)

    Corn

    Cotton

    Grain

    Sorghum

    Peanuts

    Soybeans

    Sunflower

    Tobacco

    Wheat

    M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationXtendimax11floz/Aorless22‐33floz/A34‐44floz/A

    0D0D0D

    0D25/2126D0D25/120D0D25/120D

    15D120D120D

    120D120D120D

    0D27/14D0D27/28D0D27/120D

    120D120D120D

    120D120D120D

    15D

    30‐45D45‐60D

    Yukon 30D 4M 2M 6M 9M 18M ‐‐‐‐ 2MWideMatch 0D 18M 12M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0DZest 0D 10M 18M 10M 15D 11M 10M 4MZidua1.0oz/A2.0oz/A3.0oz/A4.0oz/A

    0D0D0D0D

    1M2M4M4M

    6M6M10M12M

    4M4M4M4M

    0D0D0D4M

    4M4M4M4M

    18M18M18M18M

    1M1M4M6M

    ZiduaPRO 8.5M 18M 18M 4M 30D 18M 18M 4M2,4‐D Onlyreplantinthesamegrowingseasonwithcropsregisteredfor2,4‐Duse2,4‐DB Onlyreplantinthesamegrowingseasonwithcropsregisteredfor2,4‐DBuse1Fieldcornmaybeplanted4monthsafterAuthorityMTZwasappliedat14oz/Aorless.2Grainsorghummaybeplanted12monthsafterAuthorityMTZwasappliedat20oz/Aorless.3Rotationis7dayswhenratesof10oz/AofAxiomorlesshavebeenapplied;otherwise,wait4monthstoplantwheat.4Clearfieldcorn,sunflower,andwheat5Non‐Clearfieldcorn,sunflower,andwheat6DIREXUSEPATTERN1=BandedDIREXPreemergenceorPostemergenceapplicationonly7DIREXUSEPATTERN2=BandedDIREXPreemergenceandPostemergenceorBroadcastDIREXPreemergence(andpreplant)orBroadcastDIREXpreemergenceplusBandedDIREXpostemergenceapplications.8Reducedtillageproduction.9Conventionaltillageproduction.10Afieldbioassaymustbeconductedforcropsnotlistedonthelabel.Toconductafieldbioassay,plantstripsofthecropyouwanttogrowtheseasonfollowingherbicideapplicationandmoniterforcropsafety.11STStolerantsoybeansonly12CroprotationintervalsarebasedonthecumulativeamountofDIURONinLAYBYPROappliedtoasiteinthepreceding12months.13Usethelongerintervalwithintherangeslistedforcropsgrownoncoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmatterlessthan2.0%.14Applicationratesabove0.4oz/A;followthe18‐monthrotationintervalforgrainsorghum,non‐STStolerantsoybeans,andfieldcorn.15Applicationrates0.2to0.4oz/A;followthe4‐monthrotationintervalforgrainsorghum.16Applicationrates0.2to0.5oz/A;followthe6‐monthrotationifplantingSTStolerantsoybeans.17Applicationrates0.2to0.4oz/A;nowaitingintervalforwheat.18Applicationrates0.5oz/A;followingthe4‐monthrotationintervalforwheat.19Usethelongerintervalwithintherangeslistedforreplantingsoybeans(i.e.,2monthsforcoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmatterlessthan2.0%anda1monthforcoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmattergreaterthanorequalto2.0%)20Cottonmaybeplantedafter12monthswhereSONICwasappliedatratesof5oz/Aorlessandmeetthefollowingconditions:medium/finesoils;pH

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    22  

    WEEDCONTROLINFIELDCORNMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

    Preplant/BurndownHerbicidesforWeedManagementinFieldCorn

    HerbicideRate/AcreBroadcast

    ModeofAction PreharvestIntervalRestricted

    EntryIntervalFormulation ActiveIngredient

    BalanceFlexx2SC(isoxaflutole)

    6.0floz 0.094lb

    27

    45days 12hours

    Comments:BALANCEFLEXXisaRESTRICTEDUSEPESTICIDE.ApplyBALANCEFLEXXupto30daysbeforeplantingcorn.AddMSOat0.5galper100galorCOCat1.0galper100galofspraysolutionforweeds3inchesorlessinheight.BALANCEFLEXXmaybetankmixedwithPARAQUAT,GLYPHOSATE,or2,4‐Difweedsaregreaterthan3inchesinheight.Ifthewatertable(levelofsaturation)islessthan25feetbelowthegroundsurface,donotuseBALANCEFLEXXonsoilswherethesubsoilisloamysandorsand(i.e.,noclaysubsoil).Donotapplymorethan6.0flozBALANCEFLEXper365dayperiod.Rainfastinterval=N/A(suggest1hour).Clarity/Banvel4S(dicamba)

    8.0‐16oz 0.25‐0.5lb

    4

    ‐‐‐ 24hours

    Comments:Applyanytimepriortoplantingcorn.Use16oz/Arateonmediumtofinetexturesoilswith>2.5%organicmatter.Use8oz/Arateoncoarsetexturedsoilswithlessthan2.5%organicmatter.Corvus2.63SC(thiencarbazone+isoxaflutole)

    3.33floz 0.012lb

    +0.031lb

    227

    45days 12hours

    Comments:CORVUSisaRESTRICTEDUSEPESTICIDE.ApplyCORVUSupto30daysbeforeplantingcorn.AddMSOat0.5galper100galorCOCat1.0galper100galofspraysolutionforweeds6inchesorlessinheight.CORVUSmaybetankmixedwithPARAQUAT,GLYPHOSATE,or2,4‐Difweedsaregreaterthan6inchesinheight.Douseseedorsoil‐applied CHLORPYRIFOS, TERBUFOS, PHORATE, FONOPHOS, and other organophosphate or carbamateinsecticidesinthesameseasonasCORVUS.Ifthewatertable(levelofsaturation)islessthan25feetbelowthegroundsurface,donotuseCORVUSonsoilswherethesubsoilisloamysandorsand(i.e.,noclaysubsoil).Donotapplymorethan5.6floz/AofCORVUSper365dayperiod.Rainfastinterval=N/A(suggest1hour).Direx4L(diuron)

    0.5‐0.8qt 0.5‐0.8lb

    7

    ‐‐‐ 12hours

    Comments:Applyanytimefromfallthroughspringpriortoplantingcorn.Heavytexturedsoilswillrequirehigherapplicationrate.DIREX4Lmaybetankmixedwithotherburndownherbicides,consulttankmixpartnerlabelformoredetails.Plantcornatleast1.5”deepandmakesureseedslotisclosed.Donotapplymorethan1.6qt/AofDIREX4Lperyear.ET0.208EC(pyraflufenethyl)

    0.5‐2.0oz 0.0008‐0.003lb

    14

    ‐‐‐ 12hours

    Comments:FieldcornmaybeplantedanytimeafterETapplication.Forbestresult,applyETtobroadleafweedslessthan4inchestallorrosetteslessthan3inchesindiameter.Groundapplicationrequiresminimumof10gallons/A.

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    23  

    Preplant/BurndownHerbicidesforWeedManagementinFieldCorn(cont.)

    HerbicideRate/AcreBroadcast

    ModeofAction PreharvestIntervalRestricted

    EntryIntervalFormulation ActiveIngredient

    Fierce76WDG(flumioxazin+pyroxasulfone)

    3.0‐4.5oz 0.063‐0.094lb

    +0.080‐0.120lb

    1415

    ‐‐‐ 12hours

    Comments:ApplyFIERCE7to30dayspriortoplantingfieldcorn.Donotapplymorethan4.5oz/AofFIERCEduringasinglegrowingseason.AddaCOCormethylatedseedoilat1to2pt/Aornon‐ionicsurfactantat0.25%v/v.Useonlyonno‐tillorminimumtillagefieldswherelastyear’scropresiduehasnotbeenincorporatedintothesoil.Donotuseonpopcorn,sweetcorn,orcorngrownforseed.TankmixpartnersincludeGLYPHOSATE,2,4‐DLVE,ATRAZINE,BASIS, EXPRESS, HORNET, PYTHON, RESOLVE, SIMAZINE, DICAMBA, PARAQUAT, or WEEDMASTER. Sprayequipment,includingmixingvesselsandnursetanks,mustbecleanedeachdayfollowingaFIERCEapplication.KeystoneNXT5.6SC(acetochlor+atrazine)

    1.4‐3.0qt 1.09‐2.33lb

    +0.88‐1.88lb

    155

    60days 12hours

    Comments:KEYSTONENXTisaRESTRICTEDUSEPESTICIDE.ApplyKEYSTONENXTupto45dayspriortoplantingfield corn;However, planting shouldbedoneas close aspossible to the timeof applicationofKEYSTONENXT toprovideeffectiveweedcontrolduringcriticalearlyseasoncorndevelopment.Forcontrolofemergedweedsatthetimeofapplication,tankmixKEYSTONENXTwithGLYPHOSATE,LIBERTY,BANVEL,CLARITY,2,4‐D,orGRAMOXONE.DonotapplyKEYSTONENXT(acetochlor)tothefollowingsoilswithin50ftofanywellwheredepthtogroundwateris30feetorless:sandswithlessthan3%organicmatter;loamysandswithlessthan2%organicmatter;orsandyloamswithlessthan1%organicmatter.Donotapplymorethan3.8qtperofKEYSTONENXTperseason.Liberty280SL(glufosinate)Interline2.34SL

    29‐36oz 0.53‐0.66lb

    10

    70days 12hours

    Comments:Thoroughspraycoverageisessentialforoptimumperformance.Groundapplicationrequiresaminimumof15gallonsofwater/acre.Denseweedcanopiesrequire20to40gallonsperacre.Seelabelforfurtherapplicationinstructionsandtank‐mixpartners.Glyphosateacidequivalent(ae)3lbae/gal4.17lbae/gal4.5lbae/gal

    32‐47oz23‐45oz22‐32oz

    0.75‐1.13lbae

    9 ‐‐‐ 4hours

    Comments:Apply in 10‐20 gal ofwater 2 to 4weeks prior to your anticipated planting date to control existinggroundcover.Inmostfields,afollow‐upapplicationofPARAQUATwillbeneededatplanting.Consultproductlabeltodetermineifasurfactantisneeded.2,4‐DLVE(various)

    1.0‐2.0pt 0.5‐1.0lb

    4

    ‐‐‐ 48hours

    Comments:Apply7to14dayspriortoplantingfieldcorn.Donotuseonalight,sandysoil,orwheresoilmoistureislimitingweedgrowth.Veryeffectiveforcutleafeveningprimrosecontrol.Canbetank‐mixedwithotherburndownherbicides(seelabel).   

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    24  

    Preplant/BurndownHerbicidesforWeedManagementinFieldCorn(cont.)

    HerbicideRate/AcreBroadcast

    ModeofAction PreharvestIntervalRestricted

    EntryIntervalFormulation ActiveIngredient

    GramoxoneSL2E(paraquat)Firestorm3SParazone3S

    2.0‐4.0pt

    1.3‐2.7pt

    0.5‐1.0lb

    22

    ‐‐‐ 12hours

    Comments:GRAMOXONEisaRESTRICTEDUSEPESTICIDE.Applyatplantingasafollow‐uptoanearlierapplicationofGLYPHOSATE.Providesbettercontrolofchickweed,henbit,purpledeadnettle,andcutleafeveningprimrosethanGLYPHOSATE.AddNISat1qtper100galofspraysolution.Rainfastinterval=30minutes.Hornet68.5WDG(flumetsulam+clopyralid)Stanza68.5WDG

    4.0‐5.0oz 0.046‐0.057lb

    +0.125‐0.156lb

    24

    85days 48hours14

    Comments:ApplyHORNETupto30daysbeforeplantingcorn.Ifweedsarepresentattimeofapplication,tankmixHORNETwithPARAQUAT,GLYPHOSATE,or2,4‐D.AddCOCorNISat1.0‐2.0qtper100galofspraysolution.Rainfastinterval=2hours.Leadoff33.4DF(rimsulfuron+thifensufluron)

    1.5‐2.7oz 0.0157‐0.0282lb

    0.0157‐0.0282lb

    22

    ‐‐‐ 4hours

    Comments:ApplyLEADOFFanytimeafterharvestuntilrightbeforeplantingcorn.LEADOFFtankmixpartnersmayincludeGLYPHOSATE,PARAQUAT,2,4‐DLVE,DICAMBA,orGLUFOSINATE.NoadditionalsurfactantisneedediftankmixedwithGLYPHOSATEorLIBERTYwithabuilt‐inadjuvantsystem.Otherwise,addNISat1qtper100galorCOCat1galper100galorMSOat0.5galper100galofspraysolutionplusanammoniumnitrogenfertilizer(AMSat2lb/AorUANat2qt/A).Donotapplypostemergencetocorn.Resicore3.29SC(acetochlor+mesotrione+clopyralid)

    2.25‐2.5qt

    1.58‐1.75lb

    +0.17‐0.19lb

    +0.11‐0.12lb

    15274

    ‐‐‐ 12hours

    Comments:ApplyRESICOREupto28daysbeforeplantingcorn.RESICOREshouldbetankmixedwithGLYPHOSATE,PARAQUAT,GLUFOSINATE,and/or2,4‐Dforcontrolofexistingemergedweedsatthetimeofapplication.Donotapplymorethan3.25qtofRESICOREperacreperyear.DonotmakemorethantwoapplicationsofRESICOREperyear.DonotapplyRESICORE(acetochlor)tothefollowingsoilswithin50ftofanywellwheredepthtogroundwateris30feetorless:sandswithlessthan3%organicmatter;loamysandswithlessthan2%organicmatter;orsandyloamswithlessthan1%organicmatter.   

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    25  

    Preplant/BurndownHerbicidesforWeedManagementinFieldCorn(cont.)

    HerbicideRate/AcreBroadcast

    ModeofAction PreharvestIntervalRestricted

    EntryIntervalFormulation ActiveIngredient

    Sharpen2.85SC(saflufenacil)

    2.0‐3.0floz 0.045‐0.067lb

    14

    80days 12hours

    Comments:ApplySHARPEN14to30daysbeforeplantingcorn.ForoptimumSHARPENburndownactivity,addMSOat1galper100galofspraysolutionplusammoniumnitrogenfertilizer(UANat1.25‐2.5galsper100galorAMSat8.5‐17 lbs/100 gals). SHARPENmaybe tankmixedwithGLYPHOSATE, CLARITY,ATRAZINE, STATUS,HARNESS,HARNESSXTRA,VERDICT,PROWLH2O,OUTLOOK,GUARDSMANMAX,andGUARDSMANMAXLITE.DonotapplySHARPENaftercornemergenceorseverecropinjurywilloccur.Donotapplymorethan6.0floz(0.134lbai/A)ofSHARPENpercroppingseason.DonotapplySHARPENwhereanat‐plantingapplicationofanorganophoshateorcarbamateinsecticideisplannedorhasoccurredorseverecropinjurymayoccur.However,SHARPENmaybeappliedwhenAZTECorFORTRESSinsecticidesifappliedatplantingasaBAND,T‐BAND,orIN‐FURROW.SHARPENmaybeappliedwithallotherclassesofat‐plantinginsecticidesincludingpyrethroids,neonictinoids,andfipronil.Rainfastinterval=1hour.SureStartII4.25(acetochlor+flumetsulam+clopyralid)

    1.5‐3.0pt 0.703‐1.406lb

    +0.023‐0.046lb

    +0.071‐0.142lb

    1524

    85days 12hours

    Comments:ApplySURESTARTIIupto14daysbeforeplantingcorn.Forenhancedcontrolofemergedweedsatthetimeofburndownapplication,SURESTARTIImaybetankmixedwithGLYPHOSATE,2,4‐D,LIBERTY,orGRAMOXONE.DonotapplySURESTARTII(acetochlor)tothefollowingsoilswithin50ftofanywellwheredepthtogroundwateris30feetorless:sandswithlessthan3%organicmatter;loamysandswithlessthan2%organicmatter;orsandyloamswithlessthan1%organicmatter.Donotapplymorethan3pt/AofSURESTARTIIinasingleapplication.ValorSX51WDG(flumioxazin)

    2.0‐3.0oz 0.064‐0.096lb

    14

    ‐‐‐ 12hours

    Comments:Apply14to30dayspriortoplantingfieldcorn.Donotapplymorethan3oz/AofVALORSXduringasinglegrowingseason.Donotirrigatewhencornisemergingtothe2‐leafstage.Donotuseonpopcorn,sweetcorn,orcorngrownforseed.Canbetank‐mixedwithotherburndownherbicides(seelabel).Verdict5.57EC(saflufencil+dimethenamid‐p)

    10‐15floz 0.045‐0.067lb

    +0.391‐0.586lb

    1415

    80days 12hours

    Comments:ApplyVERDICT14to30daysbeforeplantingcorn.ForoptimumVERDICTburndownactivity,addMSOat1galper100galofspraysolutionplusammoniumnitrogenfertilizer(UANat1.25‐2.5galsper100galorAMSat8.5‐17lbs/100gals).VERDICTmaybetankmixedwithGLYPHOSATE,CLARITY,ATRAZINE,STATUS,andSHARPEN.DonotapplyVERDICTaftercornemergenceorseverecropinjurywilloccur.Donotapplymorethan0.134lbai/Asaflufenacilfromallproductsourcespercroppingseason.Donotapplymorethan25flozofVERDICTpercroppingseason.DonotapplyVERDICTwhereanat‐plantingapplicationofanorganophoshateor carbamate insecticide isplannedor hasoccurredor severe crop injurymayoccur.However, VERDICTmaybe appliedwhenAZTEC2.1%granular,AZTEC4.67Ggranular,orFORTRESS5GgranularinsecticidesisappliedatplantingasaBAND,T‐BAND,orIN‐FURROW. VERDICT may be applied with all other classes of at‐planting insecticides including pyrethroids,neonictinoids,andfipronil.   

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    26  

    Preplant/BurndownHerbicidesforWeedManagementinFieldCorn(cont.)

    HerbicideRate/AcreBroadcast

    ModeofAction PreharvestIntervalRestricted

    EntryIntervalFormulation ActiveIngredient

    Zidua0.85WG(pyroxasulfone)

    1.5‐3.0oz 0.080‐0.16lb

    15

    ‐‐ 12hours

    Comments: Apply ZIDUA 15 to 45 days before planting corn. ZIDUA tank mix partners include ATRAZINE,GLYPHOSATE,LIGHTNING,OUTLOOK,PROWLH2O,SHARPEN,andSTATUS.Oncoarsetexturedsoils,donotapplymorethan2.75oz/AofZIDUA(0.142lbai/Aofpyroxasulfone)percroppingseason.Onallothersoiltypes,donotapplymorethan5.0oz/AofZIDUA(0.266lbai/Aofpyroxasulfone)percroppingseason.   

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    27  

    WeedandCoverCropResponse toBurndown/PreplantHerbicides inConservationTillageFieldCorn1

    ET2

    Glyphosate

    2

    Glyphosate+2,4‐D

    2

    Glyphosate+Atrazine2

    Glyphosate+Clarity

    2

    Glyphosate+Direx

    2

    Glyphosate+Leadoff2

    Glyphosate+Sharpen

    2

    Glyphosate+ValorSX2

    Gram

    oxone2

    Gram

    oxone+2,4‐D2

    Gram

    oxone+Clarity2

    Gram

    oxone+ValorSX

    2

    Gram

    oxone+Direx

    2

    Liberty2

    barley,little F E E E E E E E E G G G G G Gbluegrass,annual G F F E F E E E E G G G G G Pbuttercups G E E E E E E E E E E E E E Echickweed,common G F G E GE GE E E E E E GE E E Eclovers P PF F F FG F G E F G G GE GE GE Fcudweed G E E E E E E E E FG FG FG FG FG Gdandelion P P E GE E GE E G G N E GE P GE FGdock,curly P PF G G GE F F F G F FG GE P F Geveningprimrose,cutleaf GE PF E E GE GE E E FG F E GE E GE Ggeranium,Carolina GE FG E E E GE E E E GE E GE E E GEhenbit/deadnettle G F G E GE E E E E G GE E E GE Ghorseweed(marestail) G E GE E E E GE E GE F GE E GE GE GEmustard,wild G FG E GE G GE G E GE FG E G GE G GEpansy,field G F F GE F G ‐‐‐ E F G G G G GE Gpeanut,volunteer F F F F G F P GE FG P F GE F F GEpepperweed,Virginia G G E GE GE GE E E G G GE G G GE Gradish,wild G FG GE GE GE GE G E GE G GE GE GE GE GEryegrass,Italian F G F GE F FG E E G FG FG FG FG G Psorrel,red F E E E E E G G E E E E E E PFspurry,corn G GE GE GE GE GE E E G FG G G G G ‐‐‐swinecress G FG G G G G E E FG PF FG FG PF FG GEvetch GE F E E E G E E FG G GE GE GE G GEwheat/ryecovercrop P E E E E G E E E FG F F G G F1KeytoResponseRatings:E=excellentcontrol,90%orbetter;G=goodcontrol,80to90%;F=faircontrol70to80%;P=poorcontrol,lessthan70%;‐‐‐=InsufficientData.2HerbicideratesforburndownareAtrazineat1.0lb/A;ETat1.0oz/A;Glyphosateat0.75lbae/A(22oz/Aof4.5lbae/galor32oz/Aof3.0lbai/gal);2,4‐Dat1‐2pt/A;Clarityat8oz/A;Direxat1.6pt/A;Leadoffat1.5oz/A;Sharpenat1.0oz/A;Gramoxoneat3.0pt/A;ValorSXat2.0oz/A;andLibertyat29oz/A.   

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    28  

    WeedResponsetoSoilAppliedPreemergenceHerbicidesforCornWeedManagement1

    Acuron

    Anthem

    Anthem

    ATZ

    Atrazine(ATZ)

    Acetochlor

    Acetochlor+ATZ

    Alachlor

    Alachlor+ATZ

    BalanceFlexx

    Corvus

    Dimethenamid‐p

    Hornet

    anoda,spurred G ‐‐‐ GE GE ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ Gbarnyardgrass FG E E G E E E E E E E Pbeggarweed,Florida G ‐‐‐ E E F P ‐‐‐ E ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ P FGbermudagrass P P P P P P P P P P P Pcitronmelon ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ G G P G P G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ P ‐‐‐cocklebur,common G P GE GE P GE P GE F F P Ecrabgrass E E E G E E E E E E E Pcowpea E P E E P E P E GE GE P Gcrotalaria,showy ‐‐‐ P GE GE P GE P GE GE GE P Gcroton,tropic E P G G P G P G GE GE P Pcrowfootgrass E GE GE G E E E E E E E Pdayflower,Benghal GE GE GE F GE GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ F ‐‐‐eclipta GE G GE GE ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ GE GE GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐goosegrass E GE GE G E E E E E E E Pjimsonweed E ‐‐‐ E E P E P E E E P GEjohnsongrass,seedling E ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ P P P P P GE GE P Pjohnsongrass,rhizome P P P P P P P P P P P Plambsquarters,common ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ E E F E FG E G G F Emorningglory,annual G P G G P G P G F F P FGnutsedge,purple P P P P P P P P P P P Pnutsedge,yellow FG P P P F FG F FG P P FG Ppanicum,fall E GE GE P E E E E GE GE E Ppanicum,Texas F F F P PF P PF PF F F PF PpigweedALS‐resistantDNA‐resistant

    EEE

    GEGEGE

    EEE

    EEE

    GGG

    EEE

    GGG

    EEE

    EEE

    EEE

    GGG

    EEE

    poinsettia,wild ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE GE P GE P GE G G P Gpurslane,common E ‐‐‐ E E G E G E G G G ‐‐‐pusley,Florida E G E E GE E GE E ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE Gragweed,common E ‐‐‐ E E P E P E GE GE P Gryegrass,annual ‐‐‐ GE GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ Psandbur,field GE GE GE P FG FG FG FG F F FG Psenna,coffee GE ‐‐‐ FG FG P FG P FG G G P ‐‐‐sesbania,hemp GE ‐‐‐ FG FG P FG P FG G G P ‐‐‐sicklepod E F G G P G P G GE GE P FGsida,prickly E ‐‐‐ E E P E P E G G F Esignalgrass,broadleaf GE FG FG P G G FG FG G G G Psmartweed,Pennsylvania GE P GE GE P GE P GE GE GE P Gspurge GE ‐‐‐ GE GE ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ GE GE GE ‐‐‐ Gstarbur,bristly GE ‐‐‐ GE GE PF GE P GE G G P Gvelvetleaf E P G G P G P G G G P Evol.RRsoybean GE P GE E P GE P GE GE GE P Evol.peanut G P GE E P GE P GE GE GE P GE1KeytoResponseRatings:E=excellentcontrol,90%orbetter;G=goodcontrol,80to90%;F=faircontrol,70to80%;P=poorcontrol,lessthan70%;‐‐‐=InsufficientData.   

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    29  

    WeedResponsetoSoilAppliedPreemergenceHerbicidesforCornWeedManagement(cont)1

    Instigate

    Lumax/Lexar

    S‐Metolachlor

    S‐Metolachlor+ATZ

    Princep

    Prow

    l

    Python

    Resolve

    Sharpen

    SureStartII

    Verdict

    Zidua

    anoda,spurred ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ GE G ‐‐‐ G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐barnyardgrass GE GE E E G GE P G P GE E Ebeggarweed,Florida ‐‐‐ E F E G ‐‐‐ FG ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐bermudagrass P P P P P P P P P P P Pcitronmelon ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ P G F ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐cocklebur,common G GE P GE G P E G G GE G Pcrabgrass GE GE E E G GE P G P GE E Ecowpea ‐‐‐ E P E G P G ‐‐‐ E E G Pcrotalaria,showy ‐‐‐ GE P GE G ‐‐‐ G G G GE P Pcroton,tropic G G P G G P P ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ Pcrowfootgrass GE E E E G E P G P E E GEdayflower,Benghal ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ F GEeclipta G GE ‐‐‐ GE GE G G ‐‐‐ GE GE GE Ggoosegrass GE ‐‐‐ E E G E P F P E E GEjimsonweed GE E P E E P GE G G G G ‐‐‐johnsongrass,seedling GE F F F P E P F P P P ‐‐‐johnsongrass,rhizome P P P P P P P P P P P Plambsquarters,common G E G E E G E G E E E ‐‐‐morningglory,annual FG G P G G P FG F G FG G Pnutsedge,purple P P P P P P P P P P P Pnutsedge,yellow P FG FG FG P P P P P P FG Ppanicum,fall GE GE E E G FG P G P E E GEpanicum,Texas GE PF PF P P PF P F P PF PF FpigweedALS‐resistantDNA‐resistant

    GGG

    EEE

    GGG

    EEE

    EEE

    FGFGP

    EPE

    FGPFG

    EEE

    EEE

    EEE

    GEGEGE

    poinsettia,wild ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ P GE G P G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐purslane,common G G G E ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE G ‐‐‐pusley,Florida G ‐‐‐ GE E G E G ‐‐‐ F GE F Gragweed,common G E PF E E P G F ‐‐‐ G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ryegrass,annual GE ‐‐‐ G G E FG P F P ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GEsandbur,field GE FG FG FG G GE P ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE GEsenna,coffee G ‐‐‐ P F ‐‐‐ P FG G ‐‐‐ FG ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐sesbania,hemp G ‐‐‐ P F ‐‐‐ P FG G ‐‐‐ FG ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐sicklepod GE G P G G P FG FG GE G GE Fsida,prickly ‐‐‐ FG P E E P E F G G F ‐‐‐signalgrass,broadleaf FG FG FG FG P GE P F P FG FG FGsmartweed,Pennsylvania G GE P GE G P G G G G P Pspurge G G ‐‐‐ GE G G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE GE G Gstarbur,bristly ‐‐‐ G P GE GE P G ‐‐‐ P G P ‐‐‐velvetleaf GE G P G G P E F G E G Pvol.RRsoybean G G P GE G P P P ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ Pvol.peanut F G P GE G P P P ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ P1KeytoResponseRatings:E=excellentcontrol,90%orbetter;G=goodcontrol,80to90%;F=faircontrol,70to80%;P=poorcontrol,lessthan70%;‐‐‐=InsufficientData. 

  • South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017  

    30  

    ImportantGroundandSurfaceWaterConsiderationsRegardingtheUseofAtrazineandSimazineContainingHerbicideProducts.

    ATRAZINEandSIMAZINEusersarestronglyencouragedtofollowlabelguidelines,discussedbelow,toshareintheresponsibilityofpreservingthefutureuseofATRAZINEandSIMAZINE.TheserestrictionsapplytoallformulationsofATRAZINEandSIMAZINE,andallpre‐mixpackageproductsthatcontainATRAZINEandSIMAZINE.ApplicationRateRestrictions:Forsoilsthatarenotdefinedashighlyerodible,themaximumuserateforATRAZINEis2.0lbai(activeingredient)peracreandforSIMAZINEis2.0lbaiperacreperseason.Forsoilsclassifiedashighlyerodible(asdefinedbyNRCS), Ifconservationtillage ispracticedwithat least30percentcropresiduecoverageatplanting,themaximumuserateis2.0lbaiperacreforATRAZINEandSIMAZINE.Ifcropresiduecoverageislessthan30percent,thenthemaximumrateforATRAZ