APPROVED TRAINING MANUAL’S LESSON PLANS AND COURSEWARE STAR MARIANAS AIR, INC. Recurrent– Flight Crew Part II – General Emergency Training Section 1- Emergency Situation Training
Mar 31, 2015
APPROVED TRAINING MANUAL’SLESSON PLANS
ANDCOURSEWARE
STAR MARIANAS AIR, INC.
Recurrent– Flight CrewPart II – General Emergency Training Section 1- Emergency Situation Training
Complete Class Roster Cell Phones OFF
Before We Start
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Training Situation
Current copy of the General Operations Manual Aircraft flight Manual Training fire extinguisher
Training Materials
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
A. Flight crewmembers duties and responsibilities
B. Company communicationsC. Aircraft firesD. First Aid EquipmentE. Illness, injury and basic first aidF. Ground evacuationG. DitchingH. Previous aircraft accidents/incidentsI. Crewmember incapacitationJ. Hijacking and other unusual situations
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
A. Flight Crewmembers Duties and Responsibilities
1) Emergency assignments2) Captains emergency authority3) Reporting incidents and accidents
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
B. Company Communications
1) Ground Agency notification procedures2) Company communications procedures
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
C. Aircraft Fires
1) Principles of combustion and classes of fires2) Toxic fumes and chemical irritants3) Use of appropriate hand held extinguishers
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
D. First Aid Equipment
1) Content of the first aid kit2) Requirements for first aid kit integrity3) Use of individual items
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
E. Illness, Injury and Basic First Aid
1) Principles of CPR2) Ear and sinus blocks3) Seeking medical assistance4) Treatment of shock5) Heart attack and pregnancy situations
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
F. Ground Evacuation
1) Aircraft configuration2) Directing passenger flow3) Blocked or jammed exit procedures4) Fuel spills and other ground hazards5) Handicapped persons
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
G. Ditching
1) Reading the swells and landing direction2) Preparing passengers and aircraft3) Use of lifevest4) Ocean survival techniques
USCG AUXUSCG AUX
Operations Operations DepartmentDepartmentOperations Operations DepartmentDepartment
Ditching, Water Survival and Why You May Need A New
ELT
Ditching, Water Survival and Why You May Need A New
ELT
Robert T. Shafer, Operations (Response) Department -
Deputy Chief U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary
Robert T. Shafer, Operations (Response) Department -
Deputy Chief U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary
Skills you never want to Skills you never want to use, but you’d better know use, but you’d better know
just in case!just in case!
Skills you never want to Skills you never want to use, but you’d better know use, but you’d better know
just in case!just in case!
How to manage the risks of How to manage the risks of flying over waterflying over water
How to manage the risks of How to manage the risks of flying over waterflying over water
How to plan not to ditch, but how to stay alive if you do.
How to plan not to ditch, but how to stay alive if you do.
The Hazard – Cold water can killThings to do to prevent trouble – Risk
Assessment and ManagementWhat to do if things go very wrong –
Ditching TechniqueHow to call for help - SignalingHow to stay alive until help comes – Water
SurvivalStuff to use to help stay alive – Equipment
(Including those new ELTs)
The Hazard – Cold water can killThings to do to prevent trouble – Risk
Assessment and ManagementWhat to do if things go very wrong –
Ditching TechniqueHow to call for help - SignalingHow to stay alive until help comes – Water
SurvivalStuff to use to help stay alive – Equipment
(Including those new ELTs)
Some TermsSome TermsDitching: Forced landing of an aircraft on water. (Not crashing)
Survive: To remain alive.SAR – Search and Rescue: Use of available resources to assist persons in distress.
Ditching: Forced landing of an aircraft on water. (Not crashing)
Survive: To remain alive.SAR – Search and Rescue: Use of available resources to assist persons in distress.
Risk Management TermsRisk – Chance of injury or lossRisk – Chance of injury or lossMishap – Unplanned event causing lossMishap – Unplanned event causing lossHazard – Real or potential dangerHazard – Real or potential dangerSeverity – Potential Consequences Severity – Potential Consequences Probability – Likelihood of MishapProbability – Likelihood of MishapExposure – Amount of time, # peopleExposure – Amount of time, # peopleRisk Assessment – Evaluation of Risk for Risk Assessment – Evaluation of Risk for
Specific HazardsSpecific Hazards
Risk Management 101
Avoid Unnecessary RiskAvoid Unnecessary RiskAccept Necessary Risk When Benefits Accept Necessary Risk When Benefits
Outweigh CostsOutweigh CostsReduce Unavoidable Risk by Reducing Reduce Unavoidable Risk by Reducing
Exposure Exposure ProbabilityProbabilitySeverity Severity
The HazardSurface water
temperatures in the Great Lakes range from highs in late August around 65°F to 70°F
To a low in late December through late March of about 32°, or. . .
ice water.
Surface water temperatures in the Great Lakes range from highs in late August around 65°F to 70°F
To a low in late December through late March of about 32°, or. . .
ice water.
The HazardIt’s not just
the Great Lakes!
Long term average Sea Surface Temperatures on much of both the East and West coast are less than 50° F.
It’s not just the Great Lakes!
Long term average Sea Surface Temperatures on much of both the East and West coast are less than 50° F.
Consequences of the HazardConsequences of the Hazard
Cold Water is a Big, Big Deal!Sudden immersion in extremely cold water can cause
sudden death. And if it doesn’t,Cold water removes heat, and with it life, from your body.Your life expectancy depends on the temperature of the
water. You have to stop heat loss to the cold water or you will die.
Cold Water is a Big, Big Deal!Sudden immersion in extremely cold water can cause
sudden death. And if it doesn’t,Cold water removes heat, and with it life, from your body.Your life expectancy depends on the temperature of the
water. You have to stop heat loss to the cold water or you will die.
Sudden immersion in extremely cold water can cause:
Sudden immersion in extremely cold water can cause:
PainUncontrollable gasp (Torso Reflex) may cause aspiration of
water & drowning.HyperventilationChanges in BP, heart rate, cardiac arrest & death.May be cause of many unexplained sudden
disappearances.Alcohol causes this to be exaggerated.
PainUncontrollable gasp (Torso Reflex) may cause aspiration of
water & drowning.HyperventilationChanges in BP, heart rate, cardiac arrest & death.May be cause of many unexplained sudden
disappearances.Alcohol causes this to be exaggerated.
Greater Exposure = Greater RiskDue to extreme cold, lack of muscle coordination begins within Due to extreme cold, lack of muscle coordination begins within
10-15 minutes, making self rescue difficult. 10-15 minutes, making self rescue difficult.
Water conducts heat 25 times faster than air of the same Water conducts heat 25 times faster than air of the same temperature. temperature.
Average time until death under good conditions
Average time until death under good conditions
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours 50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours40 degree water - survival time 2 hours32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours 50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours40 degree water - survival time 2 hours32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
Reduce Probability & ExposureReduce Probability & ExposureIs it really necessary to fly over water?Sometimes a short detour will avoid or minimize
long over water flights, while adding little time to the overall flight.
Fly as high as possible to extend communication range, and to lengthen gliding time and range.
Avoid flight over water if not necessary, or if you are not equipped.
Is it really necessary to fly over water?Sometimes a short detour will avoid or minimize
long over water flights, while adding little time to the overall flight.
Fly as high as possible to extend communication range, and to lengthen gliding time and range.
Avoid flight over water if not necessary, or if you are not equipped.
Reduce Probability & ExposureReduce Probability & Exposure Make Sure Aircraft is in Good Condition
(Sounds obvious, but apparently it isn’t.) Make Sure Fuel is Sufficient
(Again, sounds obvious, doesn’t it? Then why are so many ditchings fuel related?)
File an Flight Plan - VFR or IFR Use Lake / Island Reporting Service, or Use Flight Following
Make Sure Aircraft is in Good Condition(Sounds obvious, but apparently it isn’t.)
Make Sure Fuel is Sufficient(Again, sounds obvious, doesn’t it? Then
why are so many ditchings fuel related?) File an Flight Plan - VFR or IFR Use Lake / Island Reporting Service, or Use Flight Following
Reduce ProbabilityReduce ProbabilityMost sudden engine stoppages are fuel related.Check the fuel carefully for sufficient quantity;
then check it again.Make sure all tanks needed are feeding correctly
before going over water.
Most sudden engine stoppages are fuel related.Check the fuel carefully for sufficient quantity;
then check it again.Make sure all tanks needed are feeding correctly
before going over water.
Lake / Island Reporting ServiceLake / Island Reporting ServiceFlight Service holds your radio “guard”
while you are over water.You check in by radio every 10 min. If they do not hear from you for 15 min,
and they can’t raise you, they assume you’re in trouble, and alert SAR facilities.
It’s easy, it greatly increases your odds, and the price is right!
Flight Service holds your radio “guard” while you are over water.
You check in by radio every 10 min. If they do not hear from you for 15 min,
and they can’t raise you, they assume you’re in trouble, and alert SAR facilities.
It’s easy, it greatly increases your odds, and the price is right!
Reduce SeverityReduce SeverityBe Equipped w/ Life Jackets (PFDs) & Raft / Exposure Suits
Wear PFDs over WaterHave a Plan
Practice your Plan
Be Equipped w/ Life Jackets (PFDs) & Raft / Exposure Suits
Wear PFDs over WaterHave a Plan
Practice your Plan
Reduce SeverityReduce SeverityYes, wear the PFDs when flying over water.
They are very difficult to put on in the plane, while you are preparing to ditch.
They do no good way in the back of the plane with the tow bar, spare oil can, expired charts, tie down ropes and $100 hamburger wrappers.
Yes, wear the PFDs when flying over water.
They are very difficult to put on in the plane, while you are preparing to ditch.
They do no good way in the back of the plane with the tow bar, spare oil can, expired charts, tie down ropes and $100 hamburger wrappers.
Be Prepared!Be Prepared!Most Ditchings occur in critical phases of flight – Take Off, Landing or Hover.
92% have less than 1 minute warning.
28% have less than 15 seconds warning.
Most Ditchings occur in critical phases of flight – Take Off, Landing or Hover.
92% have less than 1 minute warning.
28% have less than 15 seconds warning.
“Preventative SAR”“Preventative SAR”Always have Positional Awareness when over water.
If you don’t know where you are, who does?
If you don’t know where you are, how can you tell them to come get you?
Always have Positional Awareness when over water.
If you don’t know where you are, who does?
If you don’t know where you are, how can you tell them to come get you?
RecognitionRecognitionDon't be in Denial (It's not just a river in Egypt)
At 500 ft you have about 30 seconds before impact
Fly the Airplane - Best Glide SpeedMake Radio Call - MAYDAY - Position - POB (Persons on Board) - Intentions
Activate ELT - Transponder to 7700Aim for any vessels you see.
Don't be in Denial (It's not just a river in Egypt)
At 500 ft you have about 30 seconds before impact
Fly the Airplane - Best Glide SpeedMake Radio Call - MAYDAY - Position - POB (Persons on Board) - Intentions
Activate ELT - Transponder to 7700Aim for any vessels you see.
Initial ActionsInitial ActionsSecure Loose ItemsGet Raft ReadySecure Door or Canopy OpenStow Headsets & Loose ItemsRemove & Stow EyeglassesTighten Restraining GearBroadcast MAYDAYFLY THE PLANE!
Secure Loose ItemsGet Raft ReadySecure Door or Canopy OpenStow Headsets & Loose ItemsRemove & Stow EyeglassesTighten Restraining GearBroadcast MAYDAYFLY THE PLANE!
DitchingDitchingDetermine the direction of the Swells
and of the Wind.Fuel Off unless power is still available.If power is still available, use it to
insure control and a margin above stall.In retracts, leave gear up.Tighten PFD's and restraintsHave Passengers assume Brace
PositionsReduce Sink Rate DO NOT STALL!
Determine the direction of the Swells and of the Wind.
Fuel Off unless power is still available.If power is still available, use it to
insure control and a margin above stall.In retracts, leave gear up.Tighten PFD's and restraintsHave Passengers assume Brace
PositionsReduce Sink Rate DO NOT STALL!
Fly the aircraft, remain under control.Fly the aircraft, remain under control.
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
Keep feet outside of seat crush zone.
Feet forward of seat and flat on floor.
Keep feet outside of seat crush zone.
Feet forward of seat and flat on floor.
Brace PositionsBrace PositionsCross arms.Slip thumbs
under shoulder harness straps.
Grip straps firmly.
Cross arms.Slip thumbs
under shoulder harness straps.
Grip straps firmly.
Brace PositionsBrace PositionsTuck head
into the V formed by your crossed arms.
This will help prevent your neck from rotating forward and hyper extending.
Tuck head into the V formed by your crossed arms.
This will help prevent your neck from rotating forward and hyper extending.
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
Seat belts should be low on the hips and as tight as possible.
Shoulder restraints should be tightened as much as possible.
Seat should be aft as far as possible.
Seat belts should be low on the hips and as tight as possible.
Shoulder restraints should be tightened as much as possible.
Seat should be aft as far as possible.
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
For single strap shoulder restraint systems,
Grasp the single strap as shown earlier.
For single strap shoulder restraint systems,
Grasp the single strap as shown earlier.
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
Then grasp your shoulder with the other hand.
Again, this forms a V in which you nest your head.
Then grasp your shoulder with the other hand.
Again, this forms a V in which you nest your head.
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
Then tuck your head into the V formed by your arms,
Grip the shoulder strap and your unrestrained shoulder very tightly.
Then tuck your head into the V formed by your arms,
Grip the shoulder strap and your unrestrained shoulder very tightly.
DitchingDitchingIf no power is available, a greater than normal approach speed should be used down to the flare. This speed margin will allow the glide to be broken early and more gradually, thereby giving the pilot time and distance to feel for the surface -- decreasing the possibility of stalling high or flying into the water.
- - - Aircraft Emergency Procedures Over Water, USCG CG-306
If no power is available, a greater than normal approach speed should be used down to the flare. This speed margin will allow the glide to be broken early and more gradually, thereby giving the pilot time and distance to feel for the surface -- decreasing the possibility of stalling high or flying into the water.
- - - Aircraft Emergency Procedures Over Water, USCG CG-306
DitchingDitchingCalm Water - Land into windLow wind speed - Land parallel to swells,
on top of swell if possible High Wind speed - Land into wind on
back side of swells
Avoid the face of a swell!
Calm Water - Land into windLow wind speed - Land parallel to swells,
on top of swell if possible High Wind speed - Land into wind on
back side of swells
Avoid the face of a swell!
DitchingDitchingWind speed less than 15 knots – Land parallel to the swells
Wind speed greater than 30 knots – Land into the wind
Thumbs Outside of YokeThumbs Outside of YokeTo
prevent them from being broken if the yoke is forced back by the impact.
To prevent them from being broken if the yoke is forced back by the impact.
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”
Touchdown!Touchdown!Brace for Impact w/ thumbs outside of yoke.Touchdown at the lowest speed possible, but
don’t lose control.Use soft field landing technique.Use any power still available.Plane may or may not be upright. You have
about a 50/50 chance of being upright or inverted.
It may be dark. You may be underwater.Keep your shoes on! Don’t panic!
Brace for Impact w/ thumbs outside of yoke.Touchdown at the lowest speed possible, but
don’t lose control.Use soft field landing technique.Use any power still available.Plane may or may not be upright. You have
about a 50/50 chance of being upright or inverted.
It may be dark. You may be underwater.Keep your shoes on! Don’t panic!
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”
EgressEgressEstablish and Hold Reference PointKeep your feet on the deck to maintain
orientation. Remember – what was on your right when you
were upright is still on your right when you are inverted.
Do not release restraints ‘till motion stops!Don’t let go with both hands at the same time!
Establish and Hold Reference PointKeep your feet on the deck to maintain
orientation. Remember – what was on your right when you
were upright is still on your right when you are inverted.
Do not release restraints ‘till motion stops!Don’t let go with both hands at the same time!
EgressEgressOpen Doors - WindowsWait for Motion to StopTake Deep Breaths before being
submerged.Count 3 - 4 seconds - release harnessUse Hand over Hand method to Egress-
always have one hand in contact w/ the aircraft to remain oriented.
Keep your feet on the deck to remain oriented.
DO NOT INFLATE PFDs until clear of aircraft!
Open Doors - WindowsWait for Motion to StopTake Deep Breaths before being
submerged.Count 3 - 4 seconds - release harnessUse Hand over Hand method to Egress-
always have one hand in contact w/ the aircraft to remain oriented.
Keep your feet on the deck to remain oriented.
DO NOT INFLATE PFDs until clear of aircraft!
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”
Egress – Get out already!Egress – Get out already!Breath out - bubbles go to surfaceGet Clear of AircraftDo NOT Inflate PFD or Raft until clear of
aircraftSecure raft to yourself, not to airplane.
Tie individual rafts togetherYou may have less than a minute before
aircraft is submerged
Breath out - bubbles go to surfaceGet Clear of AircraftDo NOT Inflate PFD or Raft until clear of
aircraftSecure raft to yourself, not to airplane.
Tie individual rafts togetherYou may have less than a minute before
aircraft is submerged
Egress – Get out already!Egress – Get out already!
A Seat Belt Cutter may be a useful tool to have readily available.
They are inexpensive, and could save your life if your restraints do not release.
A Seat Belt Cutter may be a useful tool to have readily available.
They are inexpensive, and could save your life if your restraints do not release.
To find sources, search the Web using “Seat Belt Cutter” in your favorite search engine.
To find sources, search the Web using “Seat Belt Cutter” in your favorite search engine.
SurvivalSurvivalGet Away from AircraftInflate PFDDo a Head CountDeploy Raft - Get InInventory Gear - Assess Situation
Get Away from AircraftInflate PFDDo a Head CountDeploy Raft - Get InInventory Gear - Assess Situation
Most Important Stuff!Most Important Stuff!
Remain afloat – Life Jacket / PFD
Get out of the Water - Raft or Immersion Suit
Get help – Signaling Gear, PLB
Remain afloat – Life Jacket / PFD
Get out of the Water - Raft or Immersion Suit
Get help – Signaling Gear, PLB
Rescue!Rescue!
This pilot kept his cool and was rescued!This pilot kept his cool and was rescued!
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
Lifesaving Systems Inc. (LSI)
This is the one the Coast Guard uses.
Rugged, designed for constant wear.
Storage pouches included for survival gear.
Nice hat not included.
Lifesaving Systems Inc. (LSI)
This is the one the Coast Guard uses.
Rugged, designed for constant wear.
Storage pouches included for survival gear.
Nice hat not included.
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
“Suspender” type – manufactured by several makers, including:
SoSpenders
Mustang
Light Weight & Comfortable.
Relatively inexpensive.
“Suspender” type – manufactured by several makers, including:
SoSpenders
Mustang
Light Weight & Comfortable.
Relatively inexpensive.
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
Switlik Constant Wear Vest
Similar to LSI vest
Includes pouches
Switlik Constant Wear Vest
Similar to LSI vest
Includes pouches
Life Jackets / PFDsLife Jackets / PFDs
EAM - Eastern Aero Marine Manufactures several inflatable vests including “Airline style” and quick donning pouch
vests.
EAM - Eastern Aero Marine Manufactures several inflatable vests including “Airline style” and quick donning pouch
vests.
Cold Water is a Big Hazard!Cold Water is a Big Hazard!Now that you’ve survived the ditching,
and have gotten out of the aircraft and are afloat, you still have a big problem.
You have to get out of the water, or stop the heat loss, or you will die.
The clock is running . . . Your remaining lifespan depends on the
temperature of the water and how you can stop your heat loss.
Now that you’ve survived the ditching, and have gotten out of the aircraft and are afloat, you still have a big problem.
You have to get out of the water, or stop the heat loss, or you will die.
The clock is running . . . Your remaining lifespan depends on the
temperature of the water and how you can stop your heat loss.
When Immersed in Cold Water:When Immersed in Cold Water:
Hypothermia can begin within 10-15 minutes.
Hypothermia can cause death, or contribute to drowning.
Unconsciousness occurs when core temp. is 89.6 degrees. (Normal 98.6)
Death likely when core cools below 86 degrees.
Hypothermia can begin within 10-15 minutes.
Hypothermia can cause death, or contribute to drowning.
Unconsciousness occurs when core temp. is 89.6 degrees. (Normal 98.6)
Death likely when core cools below 86 degrees.
Under good conditions (life jacket, light clothing, staying still)
--
Under good conditions (life jacket, light clothing, staying still)
--
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours 50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours40 degree water - survival time 2 hours32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours 50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours40 degree water - survival time 2 hours32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
Survival Factors in Cold Water Survival Factors in Cold Water
Will to Live - Most important in all survival situations.
Flotation - Personal Flotation Device (PFD) essential.
Heat Retention - Clothing / Raft / Survival Gear
Will to Live - Most important in all survival situations.
Flotation - Personal Flotation Device (PFD) essential.
Heat Retention - Clothing / Raft / Survival Gear
"STAY" Rules for Cold Water Survival "STAY" Rules for Cold Water Survival
Stay AfloatStay DryStay StillStay WarmStay with Aircraft / Boat
Stay AfloatStay DryStay StillStay WarmStay with Aircraft / Boat
Stay AfloatStay AfloatMust breathe to prevent drowningMust control panic to breathe.Panic decreases ability to float.Lifejacket / PFDNon-swimmers need assistance of PFD.Provides advantage recovering from cold
shock and allows better breath control.Without PFDFlotation is possible even with heavy
clothes.Trapped air in clothing assists flotation.Hold onto floating debris.
Must breathe to prevent drowningMust control panic to breathe.Panic decreases ability to float.Lifejacket / PFDNon-swimmers need assistance of PFD.Provides advantage recovering from cold
shock and allows better breath control.Without PFDFlotation is possible even with heavy
clothes.Trapped air in clothing assists flotation.Hold onto floating debris.
Stay DryStay DryGet out of water ASAP.If that’s impossible, get main heat loss
areas out of water (hang on to floating object).
Get head dry and out of water.Head in water increases heat loss by 80%
over head out of water.A dry suit is best protection, but not as
good as being out of the water.
Get out of water ASAP.If that’s impossible, get main heat loss
areas out of water (hang on to floating object).
Get head dry and out of water.Head in water increases heat loss by 80%
over head out of water.A dry suit is best protection, but not as
good as being out of the water.
Stay StillStay Still
Movement increases circulation and heat exchange in extremities.
Staying still decreases heat loss by 30% over swimming or treading.
It is difficult to float motionless with out Lifejacket / PFD
Movement increases circulation and heat exchange in extremities.
Staying still decreases heat loss by 30% over swimming or treading.
It is difficult to float motionless with out Lifejacket / PFD
Stay WarmStay Warm
Main Heat Loss Areas Head & NeckGroinSides of Chest
Protect main heat loss areas Wear coat & hat
Main Heat Loss Areas Head & NeckGroinSides of Chest
Protect main heat loss areas Wear coat & hat
Stay WarmIf getting out of water is If getting out of water is
impossible, assume impossible, assume HELP, HELP, HUDDLE, Human CarpetHUDDLE, Human Carpet or or Human ChainHuman Chain positions. positions.
These positions double survival These positions double survival time over swimming or time over swimming or treading.treading.
These positions are impossible These positions are impossible without a PFD.without a PFD.
Stay Warm Stay Warm
H.E.L.P.Heat Escape Lessening Posture
Impossible without a PFD
H.E.L.P.Heat Escape Lessening Posture
Impossible without a PFD
HUDDLEA “group hug” to conserve heat
Impossible without a PFD
HUDDLEA “group hug” to conserve heat
Impossible without a PFD
STAY WARMSTAY WARM
Human Chain
Human Chain
Human CarpetHuman Carpet
Stay with Aircraft / BoatStay with Aircraft / BoatMay be possible to get out of water.Better chance of being spotted - larger
target.Success in swimming to shore depends
on many variables. Swimming increases heat loss.
In 50 degree water, average person wearing PFD and light clothing can cover a distance of only .85 mile before being incapacitated by hypothermia.
May be possible to get out of water.Better chance of being spotted - larger
target.Success in swimming to shore depends
on many variables. Swimming increases heat loss.
In 50 degree water, average person wearing PFD and light clothing can cover a distance of only .85 mile before being incapacitated by hypothermia.
Life RaftsLife Rafts
Patten Group
1 Man LRU-18/U Raft
This is the “One Man Yacht” used by the Coast Guard
Also available with protective covers
Patten Group
1 Man LRU-18/U Raft
This is the “One Man Yacht” used by the Coast Guard
Also available with protective covers
Life RaftsLife Rafts
The Patten Group one person raft is also available in a wearable package. This insures that the raft goes out of the plane when you do.
The Patten Group one person raft is also available in a wearable package. This insures that the raft goes out of the plane when you do.
Life RaftsLife Rafts
Winslow Life Raft
Manufactures a wide variety of excellent quality rafts,suitable for boats, aircraft, off shore, etc.
Winslow Life Raft
Manufactures a wide variety of excellent quality rafts,suitable for boats, aircraft, off shore, etc.
ADCAviation Dry Suit Coverall
Worn with special undergarments, ADCs are expensive, require training and maintenance. But for pilots who spend a lot of time over water, they may be lifesavers.
Aviation Dry Suit Coverall
Worn with special undergarments, ADCs are expensive, require training and maintenance. But for pilots who spend a lot of time over water, they may be lifesavers.
So now you’re floating around in your little boat. Now what?
So now you’re floating around in your little boat. Now what?
Assess your situation – what shape are you in – breathing, injured, warm, dry?
Do you have an ELT, or PLB?Are there any vessels or aircraft nearby?How can you attract attention?
Assess your situation – what shape are you in – breathing, injured, warm, dry?
Do you have an ELT, or PLB?Are there any vessels or aircraft nearby?How can you attract attention?
How long is it going to take to be rescued?
How long is it going to take to be rescued?
That depends a great deal on your prior planning!
Does anyone know that you’re in trouble?Did you file a Flight Plan? Did you send a MAYDAY?Were you in communication w/ ATC, an
AFSS, or anyone else?Did your ELT automatically activate or did
you manually activate your ELT, or PLB?If no one knows you’re there, get comfy.
It’ll be a while!
That depends a great deal on your prior planning!
Does anyone know that you’re in trouble?Did you file a Flight Plan? Did you send a MAYDAY?Were you in communication w/ ATC, an
AFSS, or anyone else?Did your ELT automatically activate or did
you manually activate your ELT, or PLB?If no one knows you’re there, get comfy.
It’ll be a while!
How long. . . ?How long. . . ?
If in contact w/ ATC, rescue services will be notified immediately.
Accurate position info greatly expedites recovery.
A 406 MHz ELT or PLB gives immediate notification, accurate location.
If in contact w/ ATC, rescue services will be notified immediately.
Accurate position info greatly expedites recovery.
A 406 MHz ELT or PLB gives immediate notification, accurate location.
What about Flight Plans?
Search process begins 30 minutes after flight Search process begins 30 minutes after flight plans expire, if not cancelled, plans expire, if not cancelled,
BUT:BUT:The initial search is by radio & phone, to see The initial search is by radio & phone, to see
if you have landed along your route.if you have landed along your route.
When a Flight Plan Expires…When a Flight Plan Expires…At ETA +30 min an INREQ -Information
Request - is sent by FSS or ARTCC to begin a PRECOM - phone calls to enroute airports and quick ramp checks.
ALNOT - ALERT NOTICE - sent 1 hour after an INREQ. EXCOM begins – All ATC Facilities are notified. Search area is up to 50 miles either side of route.
1 hour after ALNOT, (if not before) Rescue Coordination Center is notified, then SAR services. Search area is expanded to maximum range of aircraft.
At ETA +30 min an INREQ -Information Request - is sent by FSS or ARTCC to begin a PRECOM - phone calls to enroute airports and quick ramp checks.
ALNOT - ALERT NOTICE - sent 1 hour after an INREQ. EXCOM begins – All ATC Facilities are notified. Search area is up to 50 miles either side of route.
1 hour after ALNOT, (if not before) Rescue Coordination Center is notified, then SAR services. Search area is expanded to maximum range of aircraft.
SAR Response Time LineSAR Response Time LineETA + 30 Minutes INRQ 30 minALNOT + 1 hour 1+30 minRCC notified + 1 hour ~2+30 minSAR forces are activated ~3+00 min
THESE TIMES ARE ONLY IF YOU FILE A FLIGHT PLAN!
See why we don’t want to depend on THAT?
ETA + 30 Minutes INRQ 30 minALNOT + 1 hour 1+30 minRCC notified + 1 hour ~2+30 minSAR forces are activated ~3+00 min
THESE TIMES ARE ONLY IF YOU FILE A FLIGHT PLAN!
See why we don’t want to depend on THAT?
How long. . . ?How long. . . ?The less info SAR units have about your
location, the larger the Search Area.The larger the Search Area, the longer
the search until you are located.The more accurately you communicate
position information, the more accurate your flight plan is regarding time and route, and if your 406 MHz ELT registration information is complete and current, the better your chances for a speedy recovery.
The less info SAR units have about your location, the larger the Search Area.
The larger the Search Area, the longer the search until you are located.
The more accurately you communicate position information, the more accurate your flight plan is regarding time and route, and if your 406 MHz ELT registration information is complete and current, the better your chances for a speedy recovery.
How long. . . ?How long. . . ?ELT searches initially require location
processing by Satellites. 121.5 MHz beacons can take one hour or
more to alert (due to satellite positions).These are subject to a high false alarm rate
(97%), so confirmation is required before SAR forces are deployed.
406 MHz emergency beacons are vastly superior to 121.5 MHz units, and result in a much faster, more accurate response.
ELT searches initially require location processing by Satellites.
121.5 MHz beacons can take one hour or more to alert (due to satellite positions).
These are subject to a high false alarm rate (97%), so confirmation is required before SAR forces are deployed.
406 MHz emergency beacons are vastly superior to 121.5 MHz units, and result in a much faster, more accurate response.
Why You May Need A New ELT.“The International Cospas-Sarsat
Program will terminate satellite processing of distress signals from 121.5 and 243 MHz emergency beacons on February 1, 2009.
After this date, mariners, aviators and other persons will have to switch to emergency beacons operating at 406 MHz in order to be detected by satellites.” - - - USCG Office of Search and Rescue
What’s the difference in . . . Coverage?
406 MHz406 MHz
Global coverage with Geostationary satellites and MEOSATS
121.5 MHz121.5 MHz
Ground station dependent Ground stations have about
1800 mile radiusOnly 1/3 of the globe coveredWaiting time increases closer
to Equator (can be > 2 hrs)No immediate alerting
capability unless satellite directly over distressed vessel.
What’s the difference in . . . False Alarms?
406 MHz406 MHz
All alerts from beacons1 in 10 alerts are
actual distressBeacon registration
allows rapid verification
80% of false alerts are resolved by phone w/o launching SAR responders
121.5 MHz121.5 MHz
1 in 8 alerts from beaconsNon-beacon interferers have
included ATM machines, pizza ovens, and stadium scoreboards!
Less than 2 in 1000 alerts are actual distress
Analog signal only: no digital ID code to let SARSAT system know signal is from a beacon
No way to verify alerts
What’s the difference in . . . Alerting?
406 MHz406 MHz
SAR assets launch on first alert.
Average 2.5 hrs saved in maritime, 6 hrs in inland.
Assets on scene earlierVessel/aircraft ID, POC
with alerts allows rapid corroboration or stand-down.
Near instantaneous detection
5.0 Watt output
121.5 MHz121.5 MHz
High false alarm rate makes first-alert launch unfeasible.
Absent independent distress corroboration, RCCs must wait for additional alert info.
Alerts are anonymous.
No instantaneous detection.
0.1 Watt output
Let’s see what that looks like.
406 MHz406 MHz
1-3 nm accuracy100 yard accuracy with
GPS-equipped beaconNon-GPS initial search area
about 12.5 sq nm GPS-equipped
beacons reduce search area to a negligible area
Search area reduced 97% vs 121.5 beacons
121.5 MHz121.5 MHz
12-16 nm accuracy 450 sq nm initial search
area on average
What’s the difference in . . . What’s the difference in . . .
Position Information?Position Information?
121.5 Beacon – 450 Sq Mi Search Area
21.2 NM
21.2 NM
406 Beacon w/o GPS 12.5 Sq MI Search Area
3.5 NM
3.5 NM
406 Beacon w/ GPS100 Yard Accuracy
406 Beacon w/ GPS100 Yard Accuracy
100 YD
100 YD
What’s the difference in Cost?406 MHz406 MHz
Starting at $1000GPS units $1500
121.5 MHz121.5 MHz
Starting at $500
Ask yourself . . . Ask yourself . . .
• What’s your life worth? What’s your family’s life worth?• If you ever really need it, won’t it be worth whatever it cost to have it work?
Other voices . . . ““It is important to note that It is important to note that
after 2009, existing 121.5-MHz after 2009, existing 121.5-MHz ELTs, although still legal from ELTs, although still legal from the FAA's perspective, will the FAA's perspective, will provide extremely limited provide extremely limited assistance if an aircraft assistance if an aircraft crashes, especially in a remote crashes, especially in a remote location.” location.” - - - AOPA Regulatory Brief- - - AOPA Regulatory Brief
Other voices . . . ““134 extra lives and millions 134 extra lives and millions
of dollars in SAR resources of dollars in SAR resources could be saved per year if could be saved per year if aircraft switched to 406 MHz aircraft switched to 406 MHz ELTs.” ELTs.”
- - - NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center- - - NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center
Other voices . . . ““Due to the obvious advantages Due to the obvious advantages
of 406 MHz beacons and the of 406 MHz beacons and the significant disadvantages of the significant disadvantages of the older 121.5 MHz beacons, . . . older 121.5 MHz beacons, . . . all pilots are highly encouraged all pilots are highly encouraged to consider making the switch to to consider making the switch to 406!”406!”
- - - US Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue - - - US Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue
So how long. . . ?So how long. . . ?Unless your MAYDAY call was heard . . .Unless you have a 406 MHz ELT . . .. . . it will likely be several hours before
anyone starts looking for you.Then, SAR units have to plan a search and be
deployed.And then, you still have to be found!You may have drifted with the wind or waves,
enlarging the search area.Care to look at those cold water survival
times again?
Unless your MAYDAY call was heard . . .Unless you have a 406 MHz ELT . . .. . . it will likely be several hours before
anyone starts looking for you.Then, SAR units have to plan a search and be
deployed.And then, you still have to be found!You may have drifted with the wind or waves,
enlarging the search area.Care to look at those cold water survival
times again?
Remember, this is under good conditions!
Remember, this is under good conditions!
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours 50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours40 degree water - survival time 2 hours32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
This is why getting out of cold water is a big, big deal!
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours 50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours40 degree water - survival time 2 hours32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
This is why getting out of cold water is a big, big deal!
What are my chances of surviving any of this?
What are my chances of surviving any of this?
Very good, IF you are prepared.A ditching is an intentional water
touchdown under control, not an uncontrolled crash.
Of the 179 ditchings reviewed, only 22, or 12 percent, resulted in fatalities.
The overall general aviation ditching survival rate is 88 percent.
Very good, IF you are prepared.A ditching is an intentional water
touchdown under control, not an uncontrolled crash.
Of the 179 ditchings reviewed, only 22, or 12 percent, resulted in fatalities.
The overall general aviation ditching survival rate is 88 percent.
From Ditching Myths Torpedoed! By Paul Bertorelli, Aviation Safety1999 Belvoir Publications Published on Equipped To Survive™ From Ditching Myths Torpedoed! By Paul Bertorelli, Aviation Safety1999 Belvoir Publications Published on Equipped To Survive™
Now, we go to work!
Signaling DevicesSignaling DevicesMirrorFlaresWhistleELT (or PLB can be carried as extra equipment) Dye - SeeRescue DeviceChemical Light SticksStrobeCell Phone or Aviation Handheld Radio if
in waterproof bag
MirrorFlaresWhistleELT (or PLB can be carried as extra equipment) Dye - SeeRescue DeviceChemical Light SticksStrobeCell Phone or Aviation Handheld Radio if
in waterproof bag
Where is the person ?
Where’s the person?Where’s the person?
Signaling Gear Be Seen to Be Rescued
Signaling Gear Be Seen to Be Rescued
SeeRescue® Streamer
Replaces dye markers
Doesn’t disperse in strong winds or currents
Very conspicuous from the air
SeeRescue® Streamer
Replaces dye markers
Doesn’t disperse in strong winds or currents
Very conspicuous from the air
Signaling Gear - ELTSignaling Gear - ELTEmergency Locator Transmitter
Most U.S. civil aircraft are required to carry ELTs by congressional mandate.
406 MHz ELTs are required to be registered. This registration is free and can be done on line at http://www.beaconregistration.noaa.gov/
ELTs should only be tested according to the manufacturers instructions.
Emergency Locator Transmitter
Most U.S. civil aircraft are required to carry ELTs by congressional mandate.
406 MHz ELTs are required to be registered. This registration is free and can be done on line at http://www.beaconregistration.noaa.gov/
ELTs should only be tested according to the manufacturers instructions.
Signaling Gear - PLBSignaling Gear - PLBPersonal Locator Beacon
Optional distress alerting satellite beacon.
--Like a “personal” ELT except that it must be manually activated. --PLBs operate on 406 MHz. --Some include GPS. --About the size of a cell phone.
If you don’t get a new ELT, at least get one of these!
Personal Locator Beacon
Optional distress alerting satellite beacon.
--Like a “personal” ELT except that it must be manually activated. --PLBs operate on 406 MHz. --Some include GPS. --About the size of a cell phone.
If you don’t get a new ELT, at least get one of these!
Signaling GearSignaling Gear
Signal Mirror and Whistle – Two very basic, very inexpensive and very effective signaling devices, which could save your life.Signal Mirror and Whistle – Two very basic, very inexpensive and very effective signaling devices, which could save your life.
Signaling GearSignaling Gear
Strobe lights – Inexpensive and essential for recovery at night.Strobe lights – Inexpensive and essential for recovery at night.
Survival Gear PouchSurvival Gear Pouch
A pouch like this can be used to carry essential signaling and survival gear, when attached to PFDs without built in equipment pouches.
A pouch like this can be used to carry essential signaling and survival gear, when attached to PFDs without built in equipment pouches.
Have a plan!Have a plan!
Actors and athletes practice over and over to get their actions correct.
Isn’t survival more important than a show or a game?
Plan, and practice the plan.Don’t let an emergency be the first time
you practice survival skills.You practice flying. Practice surviving.
Actors and athletes practice over and over to get their actions correct.
Isn’t survival more important than a show or a game?
Plan, and practice the plan.Don’t let an emergency be the first time
you practice survival skills.You practice flying. Practice surviving.
Practice your PlanPractice your PlanMake Ditching / Egress procedures part
of every pre-flight briefing.Include:Emergency callsDitching proceduresBrace PositionsRemoval of restraintsEgress proceduresSurvival equipment
Make Ditching / Egress procedures part of every pre-flight briefing.
Include:Emergency callsDitching proceduresBrace PositionsRemoval of restraintsEgress proceduresSurvival equipment
Pilot / Crew Egress Exercise Pilot / Crew Egress Exercise
Make radio callsSecure ‘stuff’ in the
cockpit Tighten restraints Don’t inflate PFD yetWho opens doors Door opening
procedureHow to jam doors open How to move the seats What is the alternate
egress pathBrace positions
Make radio callsSecure ‘stuff’ in the
cockpit Tighten restraints Don’t inflate PFD yetWho opens doors Door opening
procedureHow to jam doors open How to move the seats What is the alternate
egress pathBrace positions
Who takes out the raft / signaling gear
Bring hats, coats, wear shoes
Order of egressWhat to do after egressHow to inflate PFD /
RaftWhere to meetWho does head countTie rafts together
Who takes out the raft / signaling gear
Bring hats, coats, wear shoes
Order of egressWhat to do after egressHow to inflate PFD /
RaftWhere to meetWho does head countTie rafts together
Practice your PlanPractice your PlanWhile practicing egress, check position of
flaps vs. doors. In some high wing planes lowered flaps block the doors.
Add to survival equipment – Orange stocking (watch) cap- keeps head warm,
increases visibility. Large Industrial Strength Trash Bags – can
provide thermal protection if worn in water.Practice estimating swells and wind
speed by observing the water surface.Practice Soft Field Landings.
While practicing egress, check position of flaps vs. doors. In some high wing planes lowered flaps block the doors.
Add to survival equipment – Orange stocking (watch) cap- keeps head warm,
increases visibility. Large Industrial Strength Trash Bags – can
provide thermal protection if worn in water.Practice estimating swells and wind
speed by observing the water surface.Practice Soft Field Landings.
Plan to avoid mishaps!Plan to avoid mishaps!Safety isn’t an event, it’s an attitude!Avoid long flights over water if you aren’t
properly equipped.Check your aircraft, check your survival
equipment, check your planning, check yourself.
Check your fuel quality, fuel quantity, and know how to use all of the fuel you carry.
Check the weather, then check the fuel again. One more time, check the fuel.
Safety isn’t an event, it’s an attitude!Avoid long flights over water if you aren’t
properly equipped.Check your aircraft, check your survival
equipment, check your planning, check yourself.
Check your fuel quality, fuel quantity, and know how to use all of the fuel you carry.
Check the weather, then check the fuel again. One more time, check the fuel.
Plan your Flight, Fly your Plan!Plan your Flight, Fly your Plan!No one plans to have a mishap.But lots of mishaps occur from lack of
proper planning.The best way to avoid using Water
Survival skills is to plan to avoid a mishap.
But plan to use those skills in the event of an un-planned event.
Even the best of plans can go awry.Plan on it happening to you!See a pattern here?
No one plans to have a mishap.But lots of mishaps occur from lack of
proper planning.The best way to avoid using Water
Survival skills is to plan to avoid a mishap.
But plan to use those skills in the event of an un-planned event.
Even the best of plans can go awry.Plan on it happening to you!See a pattern here?
Let’s not meet by accident!Let’s not meet by accident!
Questions?Questions?
Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
H. Previous Aircraft Accidents/Incidents
1) NTSB accident report reviews2) Human factors/considerations3) NASA reporting system4) Ditching
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
I. Crewmember Incapacitation
1) Company procedures2) Reporting requirements (NTSB)3) Interference with crewmembers
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
J. Hijacking and Other Unusual Situations
1) Hijack procedures2) Bomb threat procedures3) Security coordinator responsibilities4) In flight intercept signals and procedures
Oral Quiz only (no examination required)
Examination
Student Fill-out Student Feedback Form Sign Training Record (if applicable)
Instructor Sign Class Roster Fill-out Instructor Feedback Form Sign Training Record (if applicable)
Completion of Paperwork
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