Approaches to treatment and therapy. Biological Treatments.

Approaches to Approaches to treatment and therapytreatment and therapy

Biological TreatmentsBiological Treatments

Biological Biological treatmenttreatment [p406][p406]

Attempting to reduce or Attempting to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by psychological disorders by altering the way an individual’s altering the way an individual’s body functions.body functions.

PsychopharmacologyPsychopharmacology: The study : The study of the effects of drugs on mind of the effects of drugs on mind and behaviorand behavior

Drug therapyDrug therapy(medication)(medication)

The most common form of biological The most common form of biological treatment.treatment.

4 Main Classes of Drugs4 Main Classes of Drugs

Antipsychotic drugsAntipsychotic drugs: : Diminish agitated behavior, Diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations and delusions, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations and delusions, and help regulate sleep and help regulate sleep [p406][p406]

Antianxiety drugs (tranquilizers)Antianxiety drugs (tranquilizers): : Reduce Reduce anxiety by making individuals less excitable and more anxiety by making individuals less excitable and more calm calm [p407][p407]

Antidepressent drugsAntidepressent drugs: : Regulate mood Regulate mood [p407][p407]

Lithium carbonate:Lithium carbonate: Used to treat bipolar Used to treat bipolar disorderdisorder[p408][p408]

Psychosurgery Psychosurgery [p410][p410]

Surgery that removes or destroys Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change brain tissue in an effort to change behaviorbehavior

Lobotomy: Lobotomy: A now-rare A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patientsemotional or violent patients

Electroconvulsive Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) therapy (ECT) [p411][p411]

A biomedical therapy for severely A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent brief electric current is sent through the brain of an through the brain of an anesthetized patientanesthetized patient

The Psychological The Psychological TherapiesTherapies

Psychotherapy Psychotherapy [p412][p412]

An emotionally charged, An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological who suffers from psychological difficultiesdifficulties

Psychodynamic therapies Psychodynamic therapies [p412][p412]

the unconscious mindthe unconscious mind early childhood experiencesearly childhood experiences therapist interpretationtherapist interpretation

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis [p412][p412]

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis A method of psychotherapy A method of psychotherapy developed by Freud emphasizing the exploration of developed by Freud emphasizing the exploration of unconscious motives and conflictsunconscious motives and conflicts

Free associationFree association In psychoanalysis, a method In psychoanalysis, a method of uncovering unconscious conflicts by saying freely of uncovering unconscious conflicts by saying freely whatever comes to mindwhatever comes to mind

Dream analysisDream analysis The technique used by The technique used by psychoanalysts to interpret a person’s dreamspsychoanalysts to interpret a person’s dreams

InterpretationInterpretation

In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insightbehaviors in order to promote insight

TransferenceTransference The patient’s transfer The patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) hatred for a parent) [p412][p412]

Behavior therapyBehavior therapy [p413][p413]

Therapy that applies learning Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviorunwanted behavior

Systematic Systematic desensitization desensitization [p414][p414]

A type of A type of counterconditioningcounterconditioning that that associates a pleasant relaxed state associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimulitriggering stimuli

++ ++

Aversive conditioningAversive conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)drinking alcohol)

++ = =

Cognitive therapy Cognitive therapy [p415][p415]

Therapy that teaches people new, Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking more adaptive ways of thinking and acting by:and acting by:

Examining the evidence for beliefs.

Considering other explanations for the behavior of other people.

Identifying assumptions and biases.

Humanist therapies Humanist therapies [p416][p416]

Encourage people to understand Encourage people to understand themselves and to grow personallythemselves and to grow personally

Client-centered therapyClient-centered therapy, developed by , developed by Carl RogersCarl Rogers, uses techniques such as , uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, active listening within a genuine, accepting environment to facilitate accepting environment to facilitate clients’ growthclients’ growth– Unconditional positive regardUnconditional positive regard improves self- improves self-

esteem.esteem.– The therapist’s role must be The therapist’s role must be non-directivenon-directive..

Therapy FormatsTherapy Formats

Conducted by a Conducted by a licensed licensed therapist:therapist:– Individual therapy Individual therapy – Group therapy Group therapy – Family therapyFamily therapy– Couple therapyCouple therapy

Conducted by Conducted by group members:group members:– Self-help support Self-help support

groupsgroups

Eclectic approachEclectic approach

An approach to psychotherapy An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapyvarious forms of therapy

Successful therapy depends Successful therapy depends on on therapeutic alliancetherapeutic alliance[p419][p419]

chapter 12

Guidelines for Seeking Guidelines for Seeking HelpHelp Identify the professional’s Identify the professional’s

credentialscredentials When starting therapy, give it When starting therapy, give it

some time before judging its some time before judging its usefulnessusefulness

Be a thoughtful and careful Be a thoughtful and careful consumer of mental health consumer of mental health services.services.