Application of functional lipids to improve milk production, reproduction and health of dairy cows.

Application of functional lipids to improve milk production, reproduction

and health of dairy cows

The most crucial period--Transition and Early lactation

Fat accumulation in liver

mobilization of body tissue

Limited oxidation of fatty acids

Limited export of fatty acid oxidation

DecreaseIn feed intake

Impair on glucose synthesis

DeductionIn performance

Increase In disease

Grummer, 1993; Gerloff, 1986; Emery, et al, 1999; NRC, (2001); Overton et al, 1999; Overton & Piepenbrink, 2002;

Effects of NEB on milk yield, reproduction & health

Dry matter intakeNegative

energy balance

Milk yield

Displaced abomasum

Milk fever Ketosis and fat liver Reproductive efficiency

Economic longevity

Retained palcenta

Production during peak lactation & economic loss

Deduction per day during peak lactation

Deduction per a whole lactation of 305 days

1kg Milk yield 200-250 kg milk

Loss of T 500 Loss of T 100,000 ~125,000

Metabolic disorders and economic loss

Metabolic disorder

Economic loss (US$)

Incidence(Hoard’s

Dairyman)

Incidence in 61 highest milking herds in USA

Ketosis 145 5% 3.7%

Milk fever 334 8% 7.2%

Displaced abomasum

340 >3% 3.3%

Placental retention

285 5-10% 9.0%

28

3844

65

53

17

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Days to Ovul ati on Concepti on Rate %

BCS Loss < 0. 5 BCS Loss 0. 5-1. 0 BCS Loss > 1

Bulter & Smith (1989)

BCS loss affects days to 1st ovulation and conception rate

Effects of rumen bypass fats on production and reproduction

Rumen bypass fat 2 to 5 % of dry matter

milk yield 1,8 to 3,5 kg more milk per day

milk fat 2 to 15% improved

milk protein 0~ 6% reduced, depending on fats

protein output unchanged / increased

optimal efficiency 1st 120 days of lactation

conception rate + 26% (1st Ser.)/+74% (2nd Ser.)

pregnancy rate +27%

open days less 6.8 days

AI per conception - 0.4 service

Authors Dose of inert fats

cows Conception rate (service order)

Conception /pregnancy rate

Open days

Services per conception

Schneider et al., 1988

0 g 500 g/d

54 54

43 (1) 60 (1)

72 (PR) 87 (PR)

2.3 1.8

Sklan et al., 1989

0 g 500 g/d

54 54

28 (1) 44 (1)

58 (CR) 76 (CR)

86 74

Ferguson et al., 1990

0 2%DM

138 115

43 (1) 59 (1)

86 (CR) 93 (CR)

96 92

1.96 1.57

Sklan et al., 1991

0 2.6%DM

48 51

42 (1), 25 (2-4) 39 (1), 43 (2-4)

62 (PR) 82 (PR)

149 115

2.9 2.4

Garcia & Bojalil 1998

0 2.2%DM

21 22

33 (1), 31 (2) 45 (1), 75 (2)

52 (PR) 86 (PR)

76 84

1.35 1.45

Scott et al., 1995

0 g 450 g/d

223 220

49 (1), 39 (2) 46 (1), 42 (2)

93 (CR) 98 (CR)

138 146

1.2 0.5

Treatment - control

+ 26% (1) + 74% (2)

+ 27 % (PR/CR)

-6.8 - 0.4

× × DM： dry matter；CR：conception rate, PR: pregnancy rate

Effects of supplemental fats on reproduction (mu yuyun 2004)

Responses of milk yields to supplemental fats

Drackley, 1999

Importance of β-carotene in milk production, reproduction and health

β-carotene deficiency causes unobvious heat ， delayed ovulation ， less secretion of progesterone ， poor conception, embryo death, etc.

β-carotene supplementation improves cell barrier of and immune responses of mummary gland, decrease mastitis and somatic cell counts

β-carotene decreases incidence of placental retention and metritis

Supplementation of β-carotene increases milk yields

Heifer cows With β-carotene (0.3 mg β-carotene +

100 IU Vit A/Kg B.W./day)

Without β-carotene (220 IU vit A/kg

B.W./day) P

Luteal cysts, % 0 30 <0.01

Follicular cysts, % 5 10 >0.05

Conception rate, %After 1st inseminationAfter 2nd insemination

68.489.5

40.055.0

<0.01<0.05

Nos. of insemination per head

1.4 2.0 <0.05

Lotthammer, Ahlswede, and Meyer (1976)

40 black-and white heifers, 56 weeks study

Feeding β-carotene in heifers to reduce fertility disorder incidence

Reproductive performances of dairy cows supplemented with beta-carotenes (400 mg/day) for first 90 days after calving under heat stress

Multiparous cows Control β-carotene

Days-open 140 126

Pregnancy rate, % 48 59

Data are adapted from Rodrigues-Martinez et al., 2002, J. Dairy Sci. suppl.1. p 306.

Feeding Βeta-carotene increases fertility of dairy cows

Effects of β-carotene supplements in dairy cows (Huszenicza 1984)

17.5

4.3

35

47

0

10

20

30

40

50

60F

req

uen

cy ，

%

Retained placenta, % Pregnance 90 days aftercalving

control 250 mg b-carotene per day

Frequency of mastitis in the first 3 weeks of lactation as a function of vitamin A and β-carotene supply (Chew, 1985 USA)

49 50

27

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency， %

53,000 IU Vit A 173,000IU VitA 53,000IU Vit A+300 mg b-carotene

1815

7

0

5

10

15

20

Frequency， %

control 120,000IU VitA 300 mg b-carotene

Metritis frequency bas a function of vitamin A and β-carotene supply （ Michal et al ， 1994)

Supplementation of β-carotene decreases mastitis and metritis

Supplementation of β-carotene more significantly decreases somatic cell counts in milk

Data are adapted from Rodrigues-Martinez et al., 2002, J. Dairy Sci. suppl.1. p 306.

Feeding 400 mg/day beta-carotenes after calving for 60-90 days significantly improved milk yields of dairy cows at DIM 120

Feeding Feeding ΒΒeta-carotene increases milk yields of dairy cowseta-carotene increases milk yields of dairy cows

28.7

31.6 31.0

32.7

34.0

37.2

26.0

28.0

30.0

32.0

34.0

36.0

38.0

milk

yie

ld (

kg

/da

y)

Exp. 1, Hot months Exp. 2, Hot months Exp. 3. Cool months

Effects of supplemental beta-carotenes on milk yields

Control B-carotene

Plasma β-carotene level should be min 3000 ug/l

适宜水平

Maintenance : min. 100 mg /day

Gestation: min. 200 mg /day

Lactation: 10 -20 mg /kg milk yield

Requirements of Requirements of ΒΒeta-carotene in dairy cowseta-carotene in dairy cows

Ruiter, 1998

Transition period : min. 600 mg /day

Lactation: min. 300 mg/day

BASF, 1998

Vitamin E key functions

Biological antioxidant, necessary for cell membrane integrity and cell metabolism

Regulation of development and function of gonads, preparation and protection of pregnancy, ,hormone metabolism

Stimulation of antibody formation, antitoxic action in cellular metabolism

Control of glucose metabolism, creatine metabolism and glycerol balance

Antioxidation model of Vitmin E

Effects of supplemental Vit E on health after calving

Supplementation of Vit E at 1000 IU/day decreased placental retention incidence during last 40 days of progency （ Millet et al, 1990)

26.7

34.40

52.9

6.910.8

22

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1988 1989 1990

12.415.00

18.5

25.3

21.1

26.3

5

10

15

20

25

30

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3

Supplementation of Vit E at 1000 IU/day improved udder shrink during last 40 days of progency （ Millet et al, 1991)

Author Treatment Results

Weiss et al , 1997

Supplementation of Vit E at 1000, 4000 and 2000 IU/day during first 46 dasy , and late 14 days of dry period and after calving, respectively

Mastitis of first 7days after calving significantly reduced from 25 ％ to 2.6% 。

Baldi, et al, 2000

Daily supplement of vitamin E 1000 IU /head during dry period

Somastic cell counts in milk reduced and reproduction improved significantly

Wang et al ， 2004

Daily supplement of vitamin E 300 IU /head Milk yield increased by 1.85 kg

Supplemental E improves performances and health

Treatment control Vitamin E 1000IU P

12WK milk yield, Kg/day 21.1 25.6 0.02

Days to 1st estrous 73.8 54.2 0.07

Days to 1st breeding 87.8 76.4 0.15

Days open 106.8 89.1 0.12

Services per conception 1.8 1.4 0.05

Effects of vit E on milk yield and reproduction

Dairy cows with or without supplemental vitamin E 1000 IU during the last 40 days of gestation (Miller et al 1991)

BASF (2002) Dairy cow: 500-1000 IU/day

Seymour (2004)

Dairy cow : 500-1000 IU/day

NRC (2001) Pregnant cow ： 80 IU /Kg DMI/dayMilking cow ： 20 IU /Kg DMI/day

Requirements of Vitamin E in dairy cowsRequirements of Vitamin E in dairy cows

Main rumen inert fat products in the international markets

hydrogenated fat ： 1st generation, hydrogenation of animal and vegetable oils

CaSFA ： 2nd generation, calcium salt of fatty acids

stable fats ： 3rd generation, hydrolyzed and fractionated fats

functional fats ： 4th generation, vitamins-enriched stable fats

GranulePowder

small granuleSmall granule

Powder

Small granuleAppearanceAppearance

40-502-1020-3012-18Iodine value,Iodine value,

mg I /100gmg I /100g

80-84> 99.5> 99.5> 99.5Fat, %Fat, %

9------calcium, %calcium, %

< 0.5

52-58

yellowish

Bergaplus-D

（ new ）Products Normal SFA

hydrogenated

Fat powderCaSFA

ColorColor white white brownish

MP, MP, CC 56-60 58-62 --

moisturemoisture ， ， %% < 0.5 < 0.5 5

Comparison among rumen bypass fat products

5.3-5.45.2-5.36.26.2-6.3NEL, Mcal /kg NEL, Mcal /kg

87708786Fat digestibility, %Fat digestibility, %

>95

<1.5

70

5

18

5

Bergaplus-D

（ new ）Product

Normal SFA Hydrogenated

Fat powderCaSFA

Fatty acid comFatty acid com

C12:0&C14:0C12:0&C14:0

C16:0C16:0

C18:0C18:0

C18:1C18:1

C18:2 & C18:3C18:2 & C18:3

<1.5

80

5

10

3

<2

45

45

6

2

<2

45

5

40

8

Bypass ratio, %Bypass ratio, % >97 > 99 83-95

Comparison among rumen bypass fat products

Berg + Schmidt provides 3rd/4th generation of bypass fats

55 years old, a well-known manufacturer of special feed fats and phospholipids in the world

• currently provide 4th generation of rumen stable products: Bergaplus D

BergaPlus -D All-In-One Solution

• The matrix of rumen stable fats and multi-vitamins

• Providing essential nutrients for metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrates simultaneously in small intestines.

• Synergetic actions of nutrients improve milk yield , reproduction, and decreases incidences of metabolic disorders

Per kg product BergaPlus –D Normal SFA

Fat 920 g 1000 g

Protein > 12 g 0

β-carotene > 250 mg 0

Vitamin E > 500 IU 0

NEL 6.2 Mcal 6.2-6.3 Mcal

Nutrients from supplemented B’Plus –D and T 300

Multiparous Cows

33.78

37.38

30

32

34

36

38

40

Bergaplus D Rumen Bypass Fat

Milk

Yie

ld (

kg

/da

y)

Milk yields of Chinese dairy cows fed Bergaplus D and competition fa powder 2007)

Transition (21 days) Early lactation (first 90 days)

Cows No. 26 26

Fat powder 125 g/day 350 g/day

Bergaplus D 125 g/day 350 g/day

+10.6%

Transition (21 days ）

Early lactation (the first 30 days)

Heifer no. 26 26

Competition fat powder 0 g/day 250 g/day

Bergaplus D 125 g/day 250 g/day

Primiparous cows

30.3

32.0

26.0

28.0

30.0

32.0

34.0

36.0

Bergaplus D Control

Milk

Yie

ld (

kg/d

ay)

+5.6%

Chinese dairy heifers fed Bergaplus Dand competition fat powder (2007)

1st AI of Chinese Hosltein cows fed with or without Bergaplus D (2007)

Control Bergaplus D

Initial date 13 Feb 2007

Final date 31 May 2007

Cow numbers 22 21

Dose during transition (21 days) 0 125 g/day

Dose during early lactation (first 90 days) 0 250 g/day

40.91

85.71

10

30

50

70

90

Bergaplus D Control

Interval days between calving and 1st AI (d)

<45d 46 ～ 60d 60 ～ 75d >75d No-estrous

Cow no.s ( %), control 2 (9.09%) 3 (13.64%) 3 (13.64%) 1 (4.55%) 13 (59.09%)

Cows No. (%), Bergaplus D 1 (4.76%) 4 (19.04%) 13 (61.90%) 0 (0%) 3 (14.29%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

<45 46～60 60～75 >75

Interval days between the calving and 1st AI （d）

Co

ws

ControlBergaplus D

Interval days between calving and 1st AI of dairy cows fed with or without Bergaplus D (2007)

Dairy farms and herds BergaPlus –D Normal Fat Powder

Long calving interval, low conception, unobvious estrous reproductive disorders

Frequently observed

Less often observed

Metabolic disorders ， ketosis ， high somatic cell count ， placental retention, milk fever, metritis ， mastitis

Frequently observed

Less often observed

DMI, milk yield, milk fat content, milk protein content

All to be increased

--

DMI, milk yield, milk fat content -- To be increased

Targets of supplementing B’Plus –D and T 300

Feeding 250 g /day during 1st 120 days of lactation

BergaPlus –D SFA

Daily milk yields Increase 1.5 - 2.5 kg Increase 1.0 - 2.0 kg

Milk yield of whole lactation Increase 350 - 600 kg Increase 200 - 500 kg

Milk fat percent Increase 0.15 - 0.30 Increase 0.10 - 0.20

Milk protein percent Increase 0.05 - 0.15 No change /slight increase

Somatic cell nos. Significant deduction Deduction

Conception rate in 120 days after calving

Significant increase Increase

calving interval days Shorten by > 10 days Shorten by > 5 days

Metabolic disorder Significant decrease Decrease

Benefits from feeding Bergaplus D & Bergafat T 300

Middle lactation

-21 0 120 240

Transition Early and peak Lactation

Recommendations

Dose (g/day) Transition Early & peak lactation Middle Lactation

Bergaplus D 100-150 200-500 --

Normal Fat Powder

-- -- 200-500

Dry period

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