Top Banner
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN What is ahead of us? Terminologies Creating a System Design Components of an Information System Categories of Companies Characteristics of Information System
52
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

What is ahead of us?

Terminologies

Creating a System Design

Components of an Information System

Categories of Companies

Characteristics of Information System

Page 2: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

What is ahead of us?

Characteristics of a System

Types of System

Kinds of System

Organizational Structure

Systems Development Techniques and Tools

Systems Development Life CycleNext

Page 3: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Terminologies:

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY(IT)It is a combination of hardware, software and telecommunications systems that support business operations, improve productivity and help managers make decisions.

It is any system designed to gather, process, or distribute information.

SYSTEM

It is an inter-related set of components with an identifiable boundary, working together to produce a specific result.

Page 4: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Terminologies:

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

It is a complex organizational process whereby a computer-based information systems are developed and maintained.

ORGANIZATION

It consists of the whole enterprise, specific departments or individual workgroups.

Home

Page 5: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

So how are you going to create a system design?

BUSINESS PROFILE

It is a company’s overall functions, processes, organizations, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints and future direction.

BUSINESS MODEL

Graphically represents business functions that consists of business processes, such as sales, accounting, and purchasing, which perform specific tasks.

BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERINGIt is when the company attempts to simplify operations or reduce costs.

Home

Page 6: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Information System Components

Hardware

People

Process

Software Data

Page 7: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Information System Components

Where:

HARDWARE

Refers to the physical layer of the information system.

Computers

Networks

Communications Equipment

Scanners Digital Capture Devices Technology-based infrastructure

Page 8: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Information System Components

SOFTWARE

Refers to programs and instructions.

TWO TYPES OF SOFTWARE:

SYSTEM SOFTWARE – controls the computer and includes the operating system, device drivers that communicate with hardware, and utilities that handle tasks such as converting data into different form, virus protection and creating backups.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE – consists of programs that support users and enable companies to carry out business functions.

Page 9: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Information System Components

DATA

An information system transforms data into useful information.

PROCESS

Sometimes called as procedures, describe the tasks that users, managers, and IT staff members perform.

PEOPLE

Provide valuable information to managers and users within and outside the company.

Home

Page 10: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

CATEGORIES OF COMPANIES

PRODUCTION-ORIENTED

Primarily manufacture and sell products, such as the microchips.

SERVICE-ORIENTED

Primarily offer information and services, or sell goods produced by others.

INTERNET-DEPENDENT FIRM

Often called as dot-com companies.

Primarily transacts their business on a commercial website.

Home

Page 11: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

CHARACTERISTICS OF IS

INTERFACE

BOUNDARY

SPECIALIZED BUSINESS NEEDS

SIZE, GROWTH FORECAST OF THE COMPANY

SYSTEM BOUNDARY – indicates where one system ends and another system begins.

Home

Page 12: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYSTEM

COMPONENTSIt is an irreducible part or aggregation of parts that make up a system, also called a subsystem.

INTER-RELATED COMPONENTSDependence of one subsystem on one or more subsystem.

BOUNDARYIt is the line that marks the inside and outside of a system and which sets off the system from its environment.

PURPOSEIt is the overall goal or function of a system.

Page 13: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYSTEM

OUTPUTIt is whatever a system returns to its environment in order to fulfill its purpose.

CONSTRAINTSIt is a limit to what a system can accomplish.

Home

Page 14: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

TYPES OF A SYSTEM

OPEN SYSTEMInteracts freely with their environment, taking in input and returning output.

CLOSED SYSTEMIt does not interact with the environment.

Home

Page 15: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

KINDS OF SYSTEMS

TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM(TPS)It is a computerized information systems developed to process large amounts of data for routine business transaction.

OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS(OAS)It supports data workers who do not usually create new knowledge but rather use information for analysis to transform data or manipulate it in some way and then share it or formally disseminate it throughout the organization.

KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMSIt supports professional workers such as scientists, engineers, and doctors by aiding them to create new knowledge and contribute it to their organization or to the society at large.

Page 16: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

KINDS OF SYSTEMS

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMComputerized information systems that work because of the purposeful interaction between people and computers. By requiring people, software and hardware to function in concert. MIS support a broader spectrum on organizational tasks than transaction processing systems, including decision analysis and decision making.

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMIt is a higher-level class of computerized information systems. It is similar to the traditional management information systems in that they both depend on a database as a source of data.

Page 17: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

KINDS OF SYSTEMS

EXPERT SYSTEM

It is also called knowledge-based system. It captures and uses knowledge of an expert for solving a particular problem experienced in an organization.

Home

Page 18: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

TOP MANAGEMENT MIDDLE MANAGEMENT

Develops long-range plans, called strategic plans that define the company’s overall mission and goals. Usually answers the question HOW.Strategic Planning focuses on issues that affect the company’s future survival and growth, including long-term IT plans.

Focuses their goals on a shorter time frame and develops plans to achieve business objectives in a process called tactical planning.They delegate authority and responsibility to team leaders or supervisors and then provide direction, necessary resources, and feedback on performance as tasks are completed.

Page 19: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

LOWER MANAGEMENT OPERATIONAL EMPLOYEES

Supervisors and team leaders oversee operational employees and carry out day-to-day operational plans. They coordinate operational tasks, make necessary decisions, and ensure that the right tools, materials and trainings are available.

Primarily use TP systems to enter and receive data they need to perform their jobs.Empowerment gives employees more responsibility and accountability.

Home

Page 20: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS

MODELING

It produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that systems developers can analyze, test and modify.

BUSINESS MODEL/REQUIREMENTS MODEL – describes business functions that an information system must support.

DATA MODEL – describes data structures and design.

NETWORK MODEL – portrays the design and protocols of telecommunications links.

PROCESS MODEL – describes system logic and processes that programmers use to develop necessary code modules.

Page 21: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS

PROTOTYPING

It involves the creation of an early working version of the information system or its components. It tests system concepts and provides an opportunity to examine input, output, and user interfaces before final decisions are made. It can serve as an initial model that is used as a benchmark to evaluate the completed system, or the prototype itself can develop into the final version of the system. Disadvantage: Important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood. If a prototype is based on careful fact-finding and modeling techniques, however, it can be an extremely valuable tool.

Page 22: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS

COMPUTER-AIDED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

It is a technique that uses powerful programs, called CASE TOOLS – helps systems analysts develop and maintain information systems. It provides an overall framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies, including structured analysis and object-oriented analysis.

Page 23: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS

CASE CATEGORIES:

UPPER CASE TOOLS - support the modeling process and produce a logical design of the information system.

LOWER CASE TOOLS – speeds the development process by generating source code based on the logical model.

Page 24: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS

JOINT APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT AND RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

JAD – involves team-based fact-finding techniques.

RAD – speeds the development process by generating source code based on the logical model.

Home

Page 25: APDCOMP3Lecture1

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

Page 26: APDCOMP3Lecture1
Page 27: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

To generate a high-level view of the intended project and determine the goals of the project. The feasibility study is sometimes used to present the project to upper management in an attempt to gain funding. Projects are typically evaluated in three areas of feasibility: economical, operational, and technical. Furthermore, it is also used as a reference to keep the project on track and to evaluate the progress of the MIS team. The MIS is also a complement of those phases. This phase is also called the analysis phase.

INITIATION/PLANNING

Page 28: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

The goal of systems analysis is to determine where the problem is in an attempt to fix the system. This step involves breaking down the system in different pieces and drawing diagrams to analyze the situation. Analyze project goals, break down functions that need to be created, and attempt to engage users so that definite requirements can be defined. Requirement Gathering sometimes require individual/team from client as well as service provider side to get a detailed and accurate requirements.

REQUIREMENTS GATHERING AND ANALYSIS

Page 29: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

In systems design functions and operations are described in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams and other documentation. The output of this stage will describe the new system as a collection of modules or subsystems.

The design stage takes as its initial input the requirements identified in the approved requirements document. For each requirement, a set of one or more design elements will be produced as a result of interviews, workshops, and/or prototype efforts.

DESIGN

Page 30: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

Design elements describe the desired software features in detail, and generally include functional hierarchy diagrams, screen layout diagrams, tables of business rules, business process diagrams, pseudocode, and a complete entity-relationship diagram with a full data dictionary. These design elements are intended to describe the software in sufficient detail that skilled programmers may develop the software with minimal additional input.

DESIGN

Page 31: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

Modular and subsystem programming code will be accomplished during this stage. Unit testing and module testing are done in this stage by the developers. This stage is intermingled with the next in that individual modules will need testing before integration to the main project. Planning in software life cycle involves setting goals, defining targets, establishing schedules, and estimating budgets for an entire software project.

BUILDING/CODING

Page 32: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

The code is tested at various levels in software testing. Unit, system and user acceptance testing are often performed. This is a grey area as many different opinions exist as to what the stages of testing are and how much if any iteration occurs.

TESTING

Page 33: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

TYPES OF TESTING:

Data Set Testing Unit Testing System Testing Integration Testing Module Testing Automation Testing User Acceptance Testing

Page 34: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

The deployment of the system includes changes and enhancements before the decommissioning or sunset of the system. Maintaining the system is an important aspect of SDLC. As key personnel change positions in the organization, new changes will be implemented, which will require system updates.

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE

Page 35: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

SDLC Phases Related to Management Controls Home

Page 36: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

What is ahead of us?

Systems Analyst

Roles of Systems Analyst

Qualities of Systems Analyst

The Interview

Search Procedure

Page 37: APDCOMP3Lecture1

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

SYSTEMS ANALYST – is an individual charged with the responsibility of accessing business data flow problems, planning, modifying, evaluating, and implementing systems.

Back to Main Menu

Page 38: APDCOMP3Lecture1

ROLES OF SYSTEMS ANALYST

1. AS A CONSULTANT – an analyst maybe hired specifically to address information systems issues within a business.

Page 39: APDCOMP3Lecture1

ROLES OF SYSTEMS ANALYST

2. AS A SUPPORTING EXPERT – an analyst is drawing upon professional expertise concerning computer hardware and software and their uses in the business. It is a small modification or decision that is being made in a single department. An analyst here is not managing the project but merely serving as a resource for those who are.

Page 40: APDCOMP3Lecture1

ROLES OF SYSTEMS ANALYST

3. AS A CHANGE AGENT – he is a person who serves as a catalyst for change, develops a plan for change, and works with others in facilitating that change.Back to Main Menu

Page 41: APDCOMP3Lecture1

QUALITIES OF A SYSTEMS ANALYST

1.Analyst is a problem solver2.Views the analysis problem as

a challenge3.Enjoys devising workable

solutions4.Must be a communicator5.Must be self-discipline6.Must self-motivated7.Must be effective and efficientBack to Main Menu

Page 42: APDCOMP3Lecture1

THE INTERVIEW

INTERVIEWING – is a continuous that is used by the analyst to gradually build a model of the system and to gain understanding of any system problems.

Page 43: APDCOMP3Lecture1

THE INTERVIEW

2 Key Factors in Successful Interview1. Choose people to

interview.

2. Finding the right way to conduct an individual interview.

Back to Main Menu

Page 44: APDCOMP3Lecture1

THE INTERVIEW

Interview Plan

a. Users to be interviewed

b. Sequence in which the users are interviewed

Page 45: APDCOMP3Lecture1

THE INTERVIEW

TIPS: The interview plan is often based on the

current organizational structures, which is made of organizational units.

In both the initial and later interviews, the analyst should always endeavor to find leads on where to get more information.

The interview process follows a fairly structured path.

Do not expect to obtain all of the information required from one user in the course of one interview.

Page 46: APDCOMP3Lecture1

THE INTERVIEW(PREPARATION)

Begin by defining the purpose of the interview.

Select the person/group to be interviewed.

Do your homework.

Prepare specific questions aimed at the individual/group you are planning the interview.

Page 47: APDCOMP3Lecture1

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

OPENING Establish rapport.

Identify yourself, the topic you plan to discuss, the purpose of the interview.

Be honest.

Tell the interviewee why he was chosen for the interview.

Begin with a brief period of small talk.

Page 48: APDCOMP3Lecture1

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

THE BODY Have your first question prepared –

open question

Concentrate on how and why

Begin with relatively broad, open questions and specific follow-up questions

Listen to the answers

Try to stick to the subject

Page 49: APDCOMP3Lecture1

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

THE BODY Delete questions that seem

unimportant

Bypass questions that have already been answered

Avoid needlessly complex questions

Avoid attacks

Avoid excessive use of technical jargon

Page 50: APDCOMP3Lecture1

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

THE BODY

Ask probing questions but do not cross examine

Avoid attacking the other person’s credibility

Jot down key notes

Do not be a compulsive note taker

Page 51: APDCOMP3Lecture1

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

CLOSING

Pay attention to the time

Ask permission to continue

Thank the subject for cooperating

Page 52: APDCOMP3Lecture1

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

FOLLOW-UP

Identify the person, the date, the place and the topic of the interview.

Back to Main Menu