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APA CitationFormatting Guidelines

OverviewAPA citation is a specific set of guidelines for acknowledging information that you have

found in books, articles, newspapers, magazines, etc whenever you need to use that information in a professional, academic assignment.

This handout includes many resources to assist you in understanding APA citation, previewing APA citation, and using APA citation.

Table of ContentsWhat is APA Citation?.............................................................................................................2

Terms you need to know:...............................................................................................2How to do In-text Citation & References list entries for the most commonly used reading materials..................................................................................................................................4

Books ...........................................................................................................................4News Articles (online)* .......................................................................................................5News Article (online) – author unknown .............................................................................5Newspaper Article ...........................................................................................................6Chapter of a Book* ..........................................................................................................6No Author? Look here! .....................................................................................................7No date? Look here! .........................................................................................................7Korean-language (or other foreign language) texts .............................................................7Journal Article .................................................................................................................8Webpage .......................................................................................................................9Video .............................................................................................................................9Video (TED talks [online]) .................................................................................................10Gov't organization authors................................................................................................11

Quotations ........................................................................................................................121. SR Writing .................................................................................................................122. Direct Quotations .......................................................................................................133. Indirect Quotations .....................................................................................................15

References List (sample)......................................................................................................16

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What is APA Citation?

APA stands for “American Psychological Association.” This organization publishes journals and decided to make a standard set of guidelines regarding citation for authors who wanted to put an article in an APA journal.

What is APA citation?In university, you often gather information when preparing presentations, reports,

essays, etc. Of course, you also use your own ideas, too. When you use information you gathered from another person (or, from a website, etc.), professors & other expect you to admit that you borrowed that information. You can admit that you borrowed information from someone by using in-text citation & a references list (in the APA style). Otherwise, it's considered stealing someone else's idea & you are committing plagiarism.

What is plagiarism?Plagiarism is “the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them

off as one's own [ideas]” (Oxford American Dictionary, n.d.). Plagiarism is a form of dishonesty and is considered a very serious problem. If you

commit plagiarism, your professor will probably reduce your grade, or even give you a zero.

How can I do “in-text citation” or “references list”? Continue browsing this handout for more information.

1. First, you'll need to know where the information you borrowed came from. Was it on a website? Was it in a book? Was it in a magazine?

2. After you know where it came from, find that type of material in the list (the list starts at: “How to do in-text citation..” - see the Table of Contents).

N.B. Although there are many different sources of information you might need to use, only the most commonly used ones for our course are included in this handout. For example, if you need to acknowledge information you heard in a speech, the guidelines for how to do that are not in this handout. Ask your instructor for more information.

Terms you need to know:

surname(family name)

for most Westerners:the 2nd name is their surname:Georgeanna Hall --> Hall is my surname

for most Koreans, their first syllable is their surname:이효리 (Lee Hyori) --> Lee is her surname.

given name

for most Westerners:the 1st name is their given name:Georgeanna Hall --> Georgeanna is my given name

for most Koreans, their 2nd & 3rd syllables are their given name:

이효리 (Lee Hyori) --> Hyori is her given name.

initial the first letter of someone's for Koreans, it depends on

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(given) name(s):for Westerners:Georgeanna Hall --> G. Mark Anthony Leiden --> M. A.

how the person writes their name:Hyori --> H.Jeong Ho --> J. H.

date (year) of publication

for books, the copyright date (year).for news articles, the date the article was published (or posted online)

cite to quote someone (directly or indirectly) as a source of information (i.e. to show evidence)

in-text citation

something you add inside a sentence to show that information used in the sentence came from another author. It includes author's surname, date of publication, and page number only if you are using a direct quote.For example:Wilkes (1998) reports that bees are harmless if you first spray smoke at them.Bees are harmless if they have first been sprayed with smoke, which disorients them (Wilkes, 1998).According to Hwang (2001), the taste of honey “depends on the bees' sources of pollen;” sunflowers make excellent honey (p. 123).

references list entry

a line of specially formatted information which tells the author, date of publication, title, source (book, magazine title, etc.), and other important information which tells exactly what you read while writing your essay.For each book/article/etc. which you cite while writing your assignment, there is one references list entryHwang, J. H. (2001). Bees in their natural habitat: revisiting the field. Journal of the Natural Sciences, 32 (1), 120-127.

references list

a list – located at the end of your document – of all the sources you have cited. The list must be organized alphabetically according to the (first) author's surname. If a citation takes up 2 lines of text, the second line (and all subsequent lines) should be indented.

paraphrased (verb: paraphrase)

written entirely in your own words and writing style – that is, not copying the original author's words or writing style

N.B. This guide will show you how to write an in-text citation and a references list entry for several types of document (such as book, journal article, news article, and so on).

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How to do In-text Citation & References list entries for the most commonly used reading materials

Books For a book with one author:

in-text citation

Surname (date of publication)or(surname, date of publication)

Gladwell's (2008) book discusses specific factors which contributed to Christopher Langan's current situation.

Christopher Langan's life is less well known than J. Robert Oppenheimer because of Langan's environment when he grew up (Gladwell, 2008).

references list entrySurname, initial. (date of publication). Book title. City: Publisher.

Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: the story of success. New York: Little, Brown, and Company.

For a book with 2 or more authors:in-text citation

Surname & surname (date of publication)or(surname & surname, date of publication)

Tapscott & Williams (2006) describe techniques for enabling businesses to keep up with the changing economic landscape.

The prosumer is a unique type of character which modern business are taking advantage of (Tapscott & Williams, 2006).

references list entrySurname, initial., Surname, initial. (date of publication). Book title. City: Publisher.

Tapscott, D., & Williams, A. D. (2006). Wikinomics: how mass collaboration changes everything. New York: Penguin Group.

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News Articles (online)*

in-text citation

Surname (date of publication)or(surname, date of publication)

Choe (2010) reports that the increase in charcoal use for cooking has brought with it a rise in the popularity of kilns for hot, purifying saunas.A recent report in the NY Times describes the resurgence in kilns' popularity – and not just for charcoal (Choe, 2010).

references list entrySurname, initial. (year, date of publication). Article title. News source title. Retrieved date you viewed the article, from URL

Choe, S. (2010, August 26). Kiln saunas make a comeback in South Korea. New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2010 from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/27/world/asia/27iht-kiln.html

News Article (online) – author unknown in-text citation

Article title (date of publication)or(Article title, date of publication)

Space race over before it began? (2010) discusses the recent fallout of the NASA budget cuts.

NASA's recent budget cuts are a cause for concern (Space race over before it began?, 2010)

references list entryArticle title. (year, date of publication). News source title. Retrieved date you viewed the article, from URL

Space race over before it began? (2010). Space-X Frontlines. Retrieved October 30, 2010 from http://space-x-front.com/space-race-over-early.html

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Don't worry if it's not possible to indent

the URL.Just leave it as is.

Newspaper Article

in-text citation

Surname (date of publication)or(surname, date of publication)

Lee (2009) discusses the new policy from Seoul designed to encourage more children.

The mayor of Seoul announced new government subsidies to encourage families to have more children (Lee, 2009).

references list entrySurname, initial. (date of publication). Article title. Newspaper name, p. page number.

Lee, J. (2009, September 1). Childbirth incentives to be expanded. The Korea Herald, p. 3.

Chapter of a Book*Note: Use this if you are citing a chapter of a book where the chapters of the book are written by different authors!in-text citation

Surname (date of publication)or(surname, date of publication)

Hardy's (2008) work discusses recent research into Mongshell's effectiveness against cancer.

Mongshell has recently been illuminated as an alternative cancer-prevention therapy (Hardy, 2008).

references list entrySurname, initial. (date of publication). Chapter title. In Initial. Surname (Ed.) Book title (p. pages-of the chapter). City: Publisher.

Hardy, G. (2008). Mongshell: the new kid on the block?. In G. Hong (Ed.), Advances in non-standard cancer therapy. (p. 23-77). New York: Ronald House.

* this type of citation is only necessary if the chapter is part of an edited book (that is, not a book written by one author only)

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We needthe book

editor's name.

No Author? Look here!If there is no author (check carefully!), then use one of these options instead of the author:

the title an abbreviated (shortened) form of the title

in-text citation

Title (date of publication)or(Title, date of publication)

The Oxford American Dictionary (2007) discusses specific situations in which “responsible” is a proper word choice.

At times, “accountable” is a preferred alternative to “responsible” (The Oxford American Dictionary, 2007).

references list entryTitle. (date of publication). City: Publisher.

The Oxford American Dictionary. (2007). Boston: Oxford Publishing.

No date? Look here! If there is no date (check carefully!) then use this instead of a date:(n.d.)

Korean-language (or other foreign language) texts

in-text citation

Surname (date of publication)or(surname, date of publication)

Rulfo (2006) discusses Hispanic culture and society through literature.

The literature of the time revolved around social upheavals (Rulfo, 2006).

references list entrySurname, initial. (date of publication). Original book title [translated book title in English]. City: Publisher.

Rulfo, J. (2006). Pedro Paramo: Colleccion letras Hispanicas [Hispanic Writings] (J. Gonzalez, Ed.) Mexico: Catedra.

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If there was aneditor or translator,

put that in parenthesis.

Journal Article

For an article with one author:in-text citation

Surname (date of publication)or(surname, date of publication)

Bowen (2009) gives a handy new pattern which is hampered by its poorly written directions.

We noted a few mis-measurements in the pattern which were not covered in the instructions (Bowen, 2009).

references list entrySurname, initial. (date of publication). Article title. Journal title, volume number, first page number-last page number.

Bowen, M. E. (2009). Crafty capes for winter. Sew Stylish, 23, 45-47.

For an article with 2 or more authors:in-text citation

Surname (date of publication)or(surname, date of publication)

Dolce & Gabanna (2008) presents a strong case for the invisible zipper in silk clothing.

Silk clothing required the extra work of installing invisible zippers to keep the fabric smooth (Dolce & Gabanna, 2008).

references list entrySurname, initial., & Surname, initial. (date of publication). Article title. Journal title, volume number, first page number-last page number.

Dolce, X. & Gabanna, V. (2008). Merits of invisible zippers. Fashionista, 88 (1), 77-87.

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Webpage

in-text citation

Surname (date of publication)or(surname, date of publication)

According to Fadeyev (2009), web design requires considering the user; form fields should be large and clearly labeled.

Making form fields large and located below their titles helps your sign-up page appear clean and easy to navigate (Fadeyev, 2009).

references list entrySurname, initial. (date of publication). Page/article title. Website name. Retrieved date you visited the webpage from URL

Fadeyev, D. (2009). 10 useful usability findings and guidelines. Smashing Magazine. Retrieved October 3, 2009 from http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/09/24/10-useful-usability-findings-and-guidelines/

Video

in-text citation

Surname of produce & Surname of director (date of production)or(surname, date of production)

or* If no author known: A shortened form of the title of the video (date of production)

The situation regarding Khampa nomads in Tibet is displayed in all its heart-breaking reality in The last black tents (2009), which briefly describes the nomads' forced relocation.

Making people aware of, among other things, the forced relocation of the Khampa of Tibet is a step towards solving the Mekong River's problems (The last black tents, 2009).

references list entryProducer's surname, initial. (Producer), & Director's surname, initial. (Director). (date of production). Video's title. [Video] Country of

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production: studio/news company which produced the video.or* If no author known: Shortened form of video's title. [Video] (date of production). Country of production: studio/news company which produced the video.

The last of the black tents [Video]. (2009). Radio Free Asia.

(In this example, we don't know exactly where the video was produced; probably China, but - as far as we know – that was only where the recording was done. If we could be sure, we'd write:The last of the black tents [Video]. (2009). China/Radio Free Asia.

Video (TED talks [online] ) N.B. This uses APA formatting rules for video Weblog posts.in-text citation

Surname (date of publication)or(surname, date of publication)

According to (Sandberg, 2010), women haven't been welcomed into leadership positions very warmly.

Women haven't been welcomed into leadership positions (Sandberg, 2010).

references list entryAuthor. (Year, Month Date). Title [Video file]. Retrieved from URL

Sandberg, S. (2010, December 21). Sheryl Sandberg: Why we have too few women leaders [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/sheryl_sandberg_why_we_have_too_few_women_leaders.html

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Gov't organization authors

in-text citation – first time you mention it

Full name of gov't organization [Abbreviated name] (date of publication)or(Full name of gov't organization [Abbreviated name], date of publication)

Ministry of Education [MOE] (2009) published new guidelines for English textbooks that include an emphasis on creative writing activities.

It was discovered that these writing guidelines included an increased onus on instructors to provide feedback (Ministry of Education [MOE], 2009).

in-text citation – any subsequent mentionsAbbreviated name (date of publication)or(Abbreviated name, date of publication)

MOE (2009) forces instructors to fetch their dusty thesauruses and make use of these aged tomes.

The new guidelines were met favorably by students (MOE, 2009).

references list entryFull name of gov't organization [Abbreviated name]. (date of publication). Title. City: Publisher.

Ministry of Education [MOE]. (2009). Late 2000s guidelines for writing instruction: secondary education level. Seoul: Author.

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QuotationsQuotations will be discussed in the following 3 categories:

1. SR writing2. direct quotations3. indirect quotations

1. SR Writing Note: This SR writing section only applies to students in Ms. Hall's Academic Writing courses.

When you write an SR (Summary & Response), you are paraphrasing, which means you are describing the article's major ideas using your own words (not the author's words). Ideally, you will write the entire summary paragraph using your own words.

To do this, you need to follow these guidelines:A. In the first (or second, but first is usually preferred) sentence, be sure to name the

source of the article – this means you'll include an in-text citation.B. Don't include an in-text citation in any of the following sentences.C. Include an in-text citation for the final sentence of the summary paragraph.

An example is here – this summary is entirely paraphrased:Choe (2010) describes the recent resurgence in kiln saunas’ popularity. Although

originally a traditional form of relaxation and restorative treatment in Korea, the kiln sauna fell out of common use when alternative forms of heating and electricity generation came into vogue. However, due to the trend of visiting jjimjilbangs, kiln saunas are seeing a sharp uptick in their patronage. Even companies that do not produce charcoal have opened kilns in an effort to snare a share of the business. Kiln saunas have reinstated their position as a Korean institution (Choe, 2010).

N.B. Some professors may require more information in the first sentence, such as the newspaper's name. An example is below: (imagine this sentence replacing the first sentence of the paragraph above)

An article in the New York Times by Choe Sang-hun entitled “Kiln saunas make a comeback in South Korea” discusses the recent resurgence in kiln saunas’ popularity (August 26, 2010).

N.B. The following sections are suitable for essay writing.

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2. Direct QuotationsSometimes an author has written a very appealing, fantastic, amazing sentence! In this case, you may wish to copy part of – or all of – the sentence and put it in your paragraph (or, sentence).

Example:

This sentence is rather amazing. It has visual elements (light of hope, flames...) and shows how eloquent (expressive, articulate) Dr. King was.

For a direct quotation, you need:A. the author/speaker's exact wordsB. “ “ (around the author/speaker's words)C. an in-text citation

Here are the possibilities:Example A Martin Luther King Jr. said of the Emancipation Proclamation, "This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice" (1963).

Example B Of the Emancipation Proclamation, it was famously said, "This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice" (King Jr., 1963).

Example C ( part of the original sentence) The Emancipation Proclamation has been famously characterized as a “great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves,” uplifting them from “ the flames of withering injustice” (King

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Jr., 1963).

N.B. That example is from a speech. If the sentence is from a book or article (with page numbers), you need to include the page number!

Example:

Here are the possibilities:

Example A Dawkins writes that “The potential people who could have been here in my place but who will in fact never see the light of day outnumber the sand grains of Arabia” (1998, p. 7).

Example B It can be said that “The potential people who could have been here in my place but who will in fact never see the light of day outnumber the sand grains of Arabia” (Dawkins, 1998, p. 7).

Example C ( part of the sentence) Dawkins writes that DNA allows for an amazing number of different possibilities, though so few are ever realized; unborn potentialities “outnumber the sand grains of Arabia” (1998, p. 7).

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3. Indirect QuotationsWhen the language isn’t very fancy, and you can write it just as nicely by yourself, use an indirect quotation. This means you use your own words.

You need to follow these guidelines:A. Use entirely your own words & writing style.B. Include an in-text citation

Example sentence from a book: Plane crashes rarely happen in the same way they happen in movies.

Example A Movies do not often depict plane crashes with any semblance of truthfulness (Gladwell, 2008).

Example B According to Gladwell (2008), movies do not often depict plane crashes with any semblance of truthfulness.

Example C Gladwell writes that movies do not often depict plane crashes with any semblance of truthfulness (2008).

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References List (sample)Bowen, M. E. (2009). Crafty capes for winter. Sew Stylish, 23, 45-47.

Choe, S. (2010, August 26). Kiln saunas make a comeback in South Korea. New York Times.

Retrieved September 8, 2010 from

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/27/world/asia/27iht-kiln.html

Dolce, X. & Gabanna, V. (2008). Merits of invisible zippers. Fashionista, 88 (1), 77-87.

Fadeyev, D. (2009). 10 useful usability findings and guidelines. Smashing Magazine. Retrieved

October 3, 2009 from http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/09/24/10-useful-

usability-findings-and-guidelines/

Rulfo, J. (2006). Pedro Paramo: Colleccion letras Hispanicas [Hispanic Writings]. (J.

Gonzalez, Ed.) Mexico: Catedra.

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