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APA and MLA formatting guide Análisis de textos en lengua inglesa I Prof. Manuel Sánchez García
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APA and MLA Formatting Guide

Sep 24, 2015

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Chapter 1. Introduction

APA and MLA formatting guideAnlisis de textos en lengua inglesa IProf. Manuel Snchez GarcaWriting Your Own Academic EssayAim of this section:Giving your essays a format that follows a number of widely accepted conventions.

Anglosaxon teaching system: few lessons, frequent essays assigned.Spanish teaching system: many lessons, few essays.

Since essays and presentations are so common in the Anglosaxon academic tradition, many convention systems are available for students: American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association of America (MLA), Chicago Manual of Style, American Sociological Association (ASA)2The format of an academic essayIn order to assure the homogeneity and readability of all academic papers, a number of general rules regarding format and presentation are necessary. We will use those offered by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association (MLA).3APA Style: General formatYour essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper with 2.5 cm. margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable such as Times New Roman, Arial or Calibri. Font size should be 12 pt. in all cases.Include a page headeror running head at the top of every page. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.The running head must appear flush left using all capital letters. Insert page numbers flush right. 4MLA Style: General formatYour essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper with 2.5 cm. margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable such as Times New Roman, Arial or Calibri. Font size should be 12 pt. in all cases.Include a page headeror running head at the top of every page. The running head must include your surname(s), followed by a space and the page number, both elements flush right. The running head and page number are optional for the first page.5Paper sectionsIn APA style, your essay should include four major sections:Title PageAbstractMain BodyReferences

In MLA style, no separate page is devoted to the title page, and there is no abstract page either. The essay is divided in just two sections, then: the main body and the Works Cited section.6APA Style: Title pageThe title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. Include the running head flush left with the page number flush right at the top of the page. Please note that on the title page, your running head should look like this:Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER

Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:TITLE OF YOUR PAPER7APA Style: Title pageType your title, with all main words beginning with upper case letters, centered in the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.

Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name.

Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.8MLA Style: First pageIn the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Be sure to use double-spaced text.

Center the title. Do not underline it, italicize it, or place it in quotation marks. Use capital letters for all main words. Double space between the title and the first line of the text.9APA Style: AbstractBegin a new page. On the first line of the abstract page, center the word Abstract (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotation marks).

Beginning with the next line, write a single, double-spaced, 150-to-250-word paragraph with a concise summary of the key points of your research. Do not indent. Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions.

You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent a new line, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords separated by commas.10APA Style: Main body. Headings.APA Style uses a unique 5-heading-level system to separate and classify paper sections. Notice that the Introduction section never gets a heading and that headings are not indicated by letters or numbers.

Centered, boldface, uppercase for all main words.Left-aligned, boldface, uppercase for all main words.Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period. Begin body text after the period.11MLA Style: Main body. Headings.MLA does not have a prescribed system for headings, but recommends whatever system of formatting that works best for individual authors as long as it remains consistent throughout the document. Some possibilities are:Numbered headings

1. Early Writings2. The London Years2.1. Marriage2.2. Life as a Widower3. Travelling the Continent3.1. Adventures in Spain3.1.1. Seville3.1.2. Barcelona4. Final Years Formatted, unnumbered headings

Early WritingsThe London YearsMarriageLife as a WidowerTravelling the ContinentAdventures in SpainSevilleBarcelonaFinal Years 12Citing in the main textWhen you use some authors idea in your own text, no matter if you quote word by word or if you rephrase that idea in your own words, youll need to signal the origin of the idea in your text.This is done by inserting some key information (namely, author, date and page) next to where the idea appears. Then, this key information is expanded in the reference list at the end of the paper.Although APA and MLA do this differently, they pay attention to basically the same details.13Avoiding plagiarism Authors need toBUTthey also mustDevelop a topic on what has already been said by otherswrite something new and originalRely on experts former opinionsimprove upon, and even disagree with, those opinionsGive credit to previous researchersmake their own contributionLook for accurate expression in the works of previous authorsuse their own words most of the time14Avoiding plagiarismPlagiarism is the uncredited use (both intentional and unintentional) of somebody else's words or ideas (Purdue OWL). Nowadays, a charge of plagiarism can have severe consequences for students (ranging from failing a subject to being expelled from university) and academics (loss of credibility and even of a job).15Avoiding plagiarismGiving credit to our sources by no means diminishes the value of our work. Quite to the contrary, it proves that a necessary process of data- and opinion-gathering has taken place prior to writing our own essay.The number and length of ideas from our sources, however, must not obscure our own contribution.16APA style: Quotations in the main bodyLiteral quotation, author mentioned in text:According to Jameson (1997, p. 19), "Students often had difficulty speaking in public, especially when it was their first time". Literal quotation, author not mentioned in text:She stated, "Students often had difficulty speaking in public" (Jameson, 1997, p. 19), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.Paraphrase, author mentioned in text:According to Jameson (1997, p. 19), speaking in public is difficult for young learners.Paraphrase, author not mentioned in text:Speaking in public is a difficult experience for young learners (Jameson, 1997, p. 19).17APA style: Quotations in the main bodyFor direct quotations longer than 40 words, a separate double-spaced paragraph with no quotation marks is used. The whole paragraph should be indented, not just the first line. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

In a recent study about the habits of freshmen in American universities, Jameson found a number of interesting details about the hopes and fears of these students. Here are some of the main ones:It may come as a surprise that American college students are particularly afraid of making a fool of themselves in the classroom when asked by a professor to give their opinion on any subject. When in this situation, most of them will just look down and not say a word until the professor gives up and asks a different student. (1997, p. 19)18MLA style: Quotations in the main bodyLiteral quotation, author mentioned in text:According to Jameson, "Students often had difficulty speaking in public, especially when it was their first time" (19). Literal quotation, author not mentioned in text:She stated, "Students often had difficulty speaking in public" (Jameson 19), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.Paraphrase, author mentioned in text:According to Jameson, speaking in public is difficult for young learners (19).Paraphrase, author mentioned in text:Speaking in public is a difficult experience for young learners (Jameson 19).19MLA style: Quotations in the main bodyFor direct quotations longer than four lines of prose or three lines of verse, a separate double-spaced paragraph with no quotation marks is used. The whole paragraph should be indented, not just the first line. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

In a recent study about the habits of freshmen in American universities, Jameson found a number of interesting details about the hopes and fears of these students. Here are some of the main ones:It may come as a surprise that American college students are particularly afraid of making a fool of themselves in the classroom when asked by a professor to give their opinion on any subject. When in this situation, most of them will just look down and not say a word until the professor gives up and asks a different student. (19)20Adding or omitting words in quotationsIf you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text.Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states, "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).

If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or words by using ellipsis marks: full stops preceded and followed by a space ( . . . ) or three consecutive full stops inside square brackets []. For example:In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).21Footnotes and endnotesBecause long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, most academic style guidelines recommend limited use of endnotes/footnotes. They are allowed, however, for bibliographic notes, which refer to other publications your readers may consult. Examples:1. See Blackmur, especially chapters 3 and 4, for an insightful analysis of this trend.2. On the problems related to repressed memory recovery, see Wollens 120-35; for a contrasting view, see Pyle 43; Johnson, Hull, Snyder 21-35; Krieg 78-91.

Or, you can also use endnotes/footnotes for occasional explanatory notes (also known as content notes), which refers to brief additional information that might be too digressive for the main text:3. In a 1998 interview, she reiterated this point even more strongly: "I am an artist, not a politician!" (Weller 124).22The reference list (APA) or works cited list (MLA)Your reference/works cited list provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.Your list should begin on a separate page at the end of your paper. Label this page "References (APA) or Works Cited (MLA) centered at the top of the page (do not bold, underline, or use quotation marks). All this section should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay. Do not skip spaces between entries. Use hanging indentation (all lines indented except the first one) for all entries.Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. For multiple articles by the same author, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.23APA Style: Reference listAuthors' names are inverted (last name first, then the initial). For more than one author, use & between the last two.

Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. London: Penguin Books.24MLA Style: Works cited listThe first authors name is inverted (last name first, then the name or initial). For more than one author, use and between the last two.

Berndt, Thomas. Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science 11 (2002): 7-10. Print.Wegener, Daniel, and Rachel Petty. Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. London: Penguin Books, 1994. Print.25MLA Style: Works cited listIf you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by title, and use three hyphens in place of the author's name for every entry after the first:Burke, Kenneth. A Grammar of Motives. [...]---. A Rhetoric of Motives. [...]

When an author or collection editor appears both as the sole author of a text and as the first author of a group, list solo-author entries first:Heller, Steven, ed. The Education of an E-Designer. [...]Heller, Steven, and Karen Pomeroy. Design Literacy: Understanding Graphic Design. [...]

26Italics and quotation marks for titlesUse italics (or underlining) for the following:Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (book)Nature (journal)The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (film)True Blood (TV series)Queen: Greatest Hits I (music album)

Put the following between double quotation marks:The Importance of Shakespeares Wordplay (chapter of book or article in journal)The Authority Always Wins (TV episode)We Will Rock You (song)27MLA Style: Works cited listFor every entry, you must determine the medium of publication. Most entries will likely be listed as Print or Web sources, but other possibilities may include Film, CD-ROM, or DVD.28APA Style: Articles in the reference listAuthors surname followed by a comma and the authors initial(s). For the second and subsequent authors, keep surnames before initials. Use ampersand (&) between the last two authors names. Full stop.Publication year between parentheses. Full stop.Title of the article. Only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized. Full stop.Title of periodical in italics. All main words are capitalized. Comma.Volume number, also italicized. Comma [no comma or blank space if issue number is also given]Issue between parentheses. Comma.Inclusive page numbers (no omissions). Full stop.

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.Scruton, R. & Smith, F. (1996). The great eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.

29MLA Style: Articles in the reference listAuthors surname followed by a comma and the authors name or initials. For the second and subsequent authors, type the name first and then the surname. Use and between the last two authors names. Full stop.Title of the article between inverted commas. All main words are capitalized. Full stop.Title of periodical in italics. All main words are capitalized. Space.Volume number + full stop + issue number. Space.Year of publication between parentheses. Colon.Inclusive page numbers (functional omission needed). Full stop.Medium of publication. Full stop.

Harlow, Henry. Fundamentals for Preparing Psychology Journal Articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55 (1993): 893-96. Print.Scruton, Ray and Frank Smith. The Great Eclipse of Listening. The New Criterion 15.3 (1996): 5-13. Web.

30APA Style: Books in the reference listAuthors surname followed by a comma and the authors initials. For the second and subsequent authors, keep surnames before initials. Use ampersand (&) between the last two authors names. Add the corresponding abbreviation if the person is not the author but the editor (Ed.) or the translator (Trans.). Full stop.Publication year between parentheses. Full stop.Title of the book in italics. Only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized. Full stop.Location. Colon.Publisher.Full stop.

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.31MLA Style: Books in the reference listAuthors surname followed by a comma and the authors name or initials. For the second and subsequent authors, type the name first and then the surname. Use and between the last two authors names. Add the corresponding abbreviation if the person is not the author but the editor (Ed.) or the translator (Trans.). Full stop.Title of the book in italics. All main words are capitalized. Full stop.Location. Colon.Publisher.Comma.Publication year. Full stop.Medium of publication. Full stop.

Calfee, Ralph, and Elizabeth Valencia. The Guide to Preparing Manuscripts for Journal Publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2007. Print.Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee, eds. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004. Print.32APA Style: Book chapters in the reference listAuthor of chapters surname followed by a comma and the authors initials. For the second and subsequent authors, keep surnames before initials. Use ampersand (&) between the last two authors names. Full stop.Publication year between parentheses. Full stop.Title of the chapter. Only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized. Full stop.In + Initials and surname of editor(s) + (Ed.) or (Eds.). Comma.Title of book in italics. Only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized. Space.Inclusive page numbers between parentheses and preceded by pp.. Full stop.Location. Colon.Publisher.Full stop.

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: A metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York, NY: Springer.33MLA Style: Book chapters in the reference listAuthor of the chapters surname followed by a comma and the authors name or initials. For the second and subsequent authors, type the name first and then the surname. Use and between the last two authors names. Full stop.Title of the chapter between inverted commas. All main words are capitalized. Full stop.Title of book in italics. All main words are capitalized. Full stop.Ed. or Eds. + Name or initials and surname of editor(s). Full stop.Location. Colon.Publisher.Comma.Publication year. Full stop.Inclusive page numbers. Full stop.Medium of publication. Full stop.

Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One. Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth: Heinemann, 2000. 24-34. Print.34APA Style: Electronic sources in the reference listArticle from an online periodicalBernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/Newspaper articleParker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved fromhttp://well.blogs.nytimes.comOnline encyclopedias and dictionaries [(n.d.) means no date is present in the entry]Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopdia Britannica online. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/35MLA Style: Electronic sources in the reference listArticle from an online periodicalDolby, Nadine. Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions. Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal 6.2 (2008): n. pag. Web. 20 May 2009.Newspaper articleBernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 16 Aug. 2002. Web. 4 May 2009.Online encyclopedias and dictionariesShakespeares Tragedies. Wikipedia. Web. 36Practice: From MLA to APAShaw Fairman, Patricia. English Humour in English Literature. Jan: Universidad de Jan, 1995. Print.Brandt, Peter. "In Search of the Eighth Man: A Study of John Fowles." Canadian Journal of English Studies, 7 (1983): 39-60. Print.Helling, William and David Scott. The Category of Gender in English. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 2013. Print.Dorao Ordua, Marisol. "E. Nesbit's Smile. The Touch of Humour in Three Fairy Tales by E. Nesbit", Actas del VI Congreso Nacional de AEDEAN. Ed. Walter White. Barcelona: Universidad Central de Barcelona, 1983. 125-32. Print.37Practice: From APA to MLASnchez Prez, A. (1991). Keys for an investigation into the origins of the communicative methodology in language teaching" English Studies in Spain, 4(2), 133-144.Martnez Cuenca, C., & Johnson, K. (2002). Simulation: Who's to blame: Mercedes or Gonzalo? Teaching English, 5(1), 10-13.Brady, S. (2009). Using texts in the degree in English philology. In M. T. Caneda Cabrera & J. Prez Guerra (Eds.), English studies in the context of new technologies (pp. 332-361). Amsterdam: Muyton Gruyter.Davies, E. (2013). On the relevance of stylistics for university students of English as a foreign language. Anglo-American Studies, 10, 99-108.38Present the following texts both in APA and MLA styleYear1974Journalcollege literatureArticlecommonplace costumes and essential gaudiness: Wallace Steevens poetryPagesfrom 230 to 235AuthorJohn Warren CarrierVolume1339Present the following texts both in APA and MLA styleTitleEngland and always: Tolkiens world of the ringsYear1981CityGrand RapidsAuthorJared LobdellPublisherEerdmans40Present the following texts both in APA and MLA styleEditorMercedes OrtegaPublisherOxford University PressPagesfrom 157 to 176AuthorJayne BaconBookJane Austens influence on modern writersYear1992CityOxfordChapterfeminist criticism in the wake of Jane Austen41ReferencesAngeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/Russell, T., Brizee, A.,& Angeli, E. (2010). "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/1/ 42