AP Review Chapters 7-12

AP Review Chapters 7-12 Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The former

Soviet Union adopted _______________ as its official religious policy.a. Orthodox Christianityb. secular separation of church and statec. atheismd. official state Protestant churche. Roman Catholic

2. Religion persists in regions of the former Soviet Union with Azerbaijan seeing the continuation today ofa. Orthodox Christianity.b. Roman Catholicism.c. Shiite Islam.d. Sunni Islam.e. none of the above.

3. Ethnic strife in former Soviet regions reflects the legacy of the Soviet policy ofa. atheism.b. divide-and-diminish.c. multiculturalism.d. secular neglect of religion.e. ethno-centrism.

4. Persuasion will not lead people to change the language they speak, but it can induce them toa. profess adherence to a new faith.b. abandon their culture.c. abandon their economic activities.d. move to a new region.e. discard their linguistic features.

5. In the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the government in 1991 proclaimed that a condition for a judge to be appointed to the country’s Islamic courts would be to weara. a turban.b. a beard.c. sandals.d. a veil.e. a hat.

6. The belief that inanimate objects (e.g. trees, mountains, boulders) contain spirits isa. atheism.b. agnosticism.c. agrarianism.d. animism.e. monotheism.

7. Zoroastrianism is similar to Islam and Christianity in that it isa. a world religion.b. monotheistic.c. a missionary religion.d. polytheistic.e. theocratic.

8. Which of the following is not generally a characteristic of an ethnic religion?a. found in a particular cultureb. always polytheisticc. spatially concentrated

d. does not seek outside convertse. may be monotheistic

9. The faith that is most widely dispersed over the world isa. Christianity.b. Islam.c. Judaism.d. Buddhism.e. Hinduism.

10. The Hindu religion is one of the oldest of the great religions and may have begun ______ years ago.a. 6,000b. 4,000c. 3,000d. 1,500e. 10,000

11. Hinduism arose in the _____________ River valley.a. Indusb. Gangesc. Brahmaputrad. Krishnae. Nile

12. One of the unique characteristics of Hinduism is that ita. is so young.b. is a very simple religion.c. emerged without a prophet, book of scriptures, and without evolving a

bureaucratic structure comparable to those of the Christian religions.d. has so few followers.e. polytheistic.

13. The fundamental doctrine of the Hindu faith isa. karma.b. monotheism.c. a detailed book of scripture.d. a violent ideology.e. belief in one god.

14. Sikhism is a small compromise religion that arose from the confrontation between Hinduism anda. Buddhism.b. Islam.c. Christianity.d. British colonial officials.e. Confucianism

15. The Indonesian island of Bali became a refuge for Hindu holy men, nobles and intellectuals during the sixteenth century becausea. volcanic eruptions drove them out of neighboring islands.b. droughts and famines swept India.c. Buddhism engulfed neighboring Sumatra.d. Islam engulfed neighboring Java.e. Alexander the Great conquered the area.

16. Hinduism has not spread by expansion diffusion in modern times, but at one time it did spread by relocation diffusion as a result ofa. the transportation of Indian workers abroad during the colonial period.

b. conquest by military groups.c. forced relocation by Islamic invaders.d. missionary activities overseas.e. migration to the United States.

17. Buddhism has its source ina. India.b. Japan.c. China.d. Thailand.e. Europe.

18. The founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, who came to be known as the Buddha (enlightened one) was perhaps the first prominent Indian religious leader toa. reject the eating of meat.b. acknowledge sacred animals, such as cattle.c. speak out against the Hindu caste system.d. accept Karma.e. practice non-violent resistance.

19. Buddhism thrives in all of the areas listed below excepta. Sri Lanka.b. Nepal.c. Korea.d. India.e. Tibet.

20. Tibetan Buddhism is of the ___________ type.a. Mahayanab. Lamaismc. Theravadad. Zene. Monkish

21. Geomancers, those who know the desires of the spirits of ancestors, dragons and tigers occupying the natural world are associated witha. karma.b. feng-shui.c. Lamaism.d. monotheism.e. Shintoism.

22. The Confucian Classics were the 13 texts that were the focus of education for 2,000 years ina. Japan.b. Afghanistan.c. China.d. India.e. Mongoilia.

23. Under Chinese communist rule (1949-present), Confucianism hasa. been returned to after the colonial period.b. been used as the basis of an egalitarian Marxist civil service.c. been banned and suppressed.d. been limited to areas with non-Han minority populations.e. been diffused over the Asian continent.

24. The Jews of Central Europe are known as

a. Ashkenazim.b. Sephardim.c. Zionists.d. Orthodox.e. Hasidic.

25. The diaspora of the Jews resulted froma. Moses decision to leave Egypt.b. the Arab-Israeli conflict.c. the European holocaust of the Nazis.d. ethnic conflict in Europe.e. the Roman destruction of Jerusalem.

26. The ideology of Zionism has as its goala. the merger of Judaism with other religions.b. the merger of the three modern divisions of Judaism.c. a homeland for the Jewish people.d. the elimination of the Orthodox division within the faith.e. the return of Jerusalem to the Palestinians.

27. The largest constituency of Christianity isa. Protestant.b. Eastern Orthodox.c. Coptic.d. Roman Catholicism.e. Baptist.

28. The African country where a major cluster of Eastern Orthodox churches survive isa. Nigeria.b. Ethiopia.c. Algeria.d. Angola.e. Egypt.

29. Roman Catholic Christianity was spread to Middle and South America bya. England.b. Spain.c. Portugal.d. Italy.e. Belgium.

30. The youngest major religion isa. Hinduism.b. Judaism.c. Islam.d. Christianity.e. Buddhism.

31. Modern-day Shiah Islam dominates a region centered ona. Pakistan.b. Arabia.c. Iran.d. Indonesia.e. Saudi Arabia.

32. The Hajj, one of the “pillars of Islam,” isa. charitable giving.

b. fasting during the holy month.c. the veil worn by Muslim women.d. the pilgrimage to Mecca.e. repetition of the Islamic creed.

33. The world’s largest dominantly Islamic state isa. Iran.b. Pakistan.c. Egypt.d. Indonesia.e. Saudi Arabia.

34. Shamanism is a traditional religion, and an intimate part of local culture and society. But not all traditional religions are shamanist. In which of the following regions have both Christianity and Islam failed to convert most of the people practicing a traditional religion?a. Southwest Asiab. Asiac. Africad. South Americae. Indonesia

35. The rise of secularism and decline of religious membership are found ina. Europe.b. Africa.c. Southwest Asia.d. Southeast Asia.e. South Asia.

36. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem marks the site of Christ’sa. birth.b. first miracle.c. last supper.d. tomb.e. crucifixion.

37. Jerusalem is a sacred place fora. Jews.b. Muslims.c. Christians.d. all of the abovee. none of the above.

38. Buddhist pilgrimages to Bodh Gaya is focused ona. the birthplace of Sidharta Gautama.b. a Bhodi tree under which the Buddha taught.c. a Shrine to Krishna.d. the grave of the Buddha.e. the largest stupa.

39. The pagoda is the style of building most often associated witha. the Buddhist faith.b. the Jain faith.c. early Islam, prior to the mosque.d. the Parsee faith.e. Tibetan monks.

40. Which of the following U.S. regional association is incorrect?

a. New England—Catholicb. South—Baptistc. Upper Midwest—Lutherand. Utah—Mormone. Northwest—Methodist

41. Which is not a feature of Islamic sacred architecture?a. Minaretsb. adoption of Roman models of designc. Frescoes depicting the life of the prophetd. geometric and calligraphic ornamentatione. the dome of the mosque

42. Which is an example of an intrafaith (boundary) conflict?a. Israel—Palestineb. Former Yugoslaviac. Northern Irelandd. Nigeriae. Kenya

43. The vote to partition Palestine was taken bya. Israel.b. the United Nations.c. Britain.d. the Ottoman Empire.e. the European Union.

44. The revolution that destroyed the old order in Ethiopia created a new state on the African map called _____________, dominantly Muslim and culturally distinct from the old empire of which it had been a part.a. Eritreab. Botswanac. Sudand. Ugandae. Chad

45. Which of the following Balkan association is incorrect?a. Slovenian—Catholic c. Serbian—Cyrilic alphabetb. Croat—Orthodox d. Montenegrans—Orthodox

46. Northern Ireland, scene of Catholic—Protestant conflict, was partitioned bya. the United Nations.b. mutual agreement of the two conflicting parties.c. the Catholic Church through a Papal Nuncio.d. Britain.e. the Orthodox church

47. Mel Gibson is a member of a movement which rejectsa. developments in Catholicism resulting from the Second Vatican Council.b. the notion of the resurrection of Christ.c. the use of Latin in the Mass.d. movie-going as a sinful activity.e. birth control.

48. Rabbi Kahane and his followers are examples ofa. Christian converts.b. peace activists.c. Jewish extremists.

d. followers of the peaceful, syncretic Bahai faith.e. Hinduist practitioners.

49. At the global scale, political geographers study the spatial manifestations of political processes expressed in the organization of territories with permanent population, defined territory and a government. These spatial units are calleda. countries. c. nations.b. states. d. regions.

50. The present number of countries and territories in the world is arounda. 400. c. 300.b. 350. d. 200.

51. In The Territorial Imperative, Robert Ardery argued that humans are concerned witha. collecting and securing territory.b. concerned only with the securing of food.c. avoiding confrontation with different groups.d. unconcerned with securing territory.

52. Robert Sack’s view of human territorial behavior implies an expression of control over space and time. This control is closely related to the concept ofa. nationhood. c. sovereignty.b. colonialism. d. warfare.

53. The Peace of Westphalia is the seminal moment in the emergence of the European state. This marked the end ofa. WW I. c. the Napoleonic Wars.b. the Thirty Years War. d. the War of the Roses.

54. The promotion of the acquisition of wealth through plunder, colonization, and the protection of home industries and foreign markets during Europe’s rebirth was calleda. imperialism. c. mercantilism.b. neo-imperialism. d. new colonialism.

55. What ultimately proved to be the undoing of monarchical absolutism and its system of patronage during Europe’s rebirth?a. the re-emergence of church power c. an increasing populationb. growing economic power of

merchantsd. colonization

56. The rise of the modern state idea, where territory defined society rather than society defining territory, swept through Europe in thea. Middle Ages. c. 1800s.b. 1600s. d. Twentieth Century.

57. When not all people within a state identify with the dominant sense of nationality, movements for separation of nation and territory may arise. For example the ______in ___________.a. English, Great Britain c. Waloons, Belgiumb. Basques, Spain d. Irish, Ireland

58. Yugoslavia was a prime example of aa. multi-state nation. c. stateless nation.b. nation-state. d. multi-nation state.

59. Which is an example of a stateless-nation?a. Korea c. Hungaryb. Kurds d. Switzerland

60. The European state idea spread throughout the world througha. European colonialism. c. League of Nations planning.b. economic development. d. contagious diffusion.

61. One of the most powerful impacts of colonialism was the construction of global order characterized by great differences in

a. population. c. economic and political power.b. military and political power. d. military and economic power.

62. The highly uneven distribution of economic and political power that developed from colonialism was due to the concentration of wealth brought toa. North America. c. Asia.b. Europe. d. Europe and North America.

63. Wallerstein’s views expressed in world systems theory hold that the global integrating force has beena. capitalism. c. socialism.b. the rise of the U.N. d. colonial independence movements.

64. The emergence of a global capitalistic economy began to develop abouta. 1350. c. 1550.b. 1450. d. 1650.

65. __________ is an example of a core country which was never a classical colonial power.a. Singapore c. Belgiumb. Netherlands d. Germany

66. The boundaries of independent African states were drawn at the Berlin Conference and were essentially drawna. arbitrarily. c. along religious lines.b. along ethnic lines. d. along ecological lines.

67. Which is not characteristic of unitary state governments?a. highly centralizedb. capital city functions as core of powerc. suppression of regional subculturesd. concerned with fostering diversity of regional cultural expression

68. Nigeria is a state with a federal system of government. This fact is reflected in the adoption of _________ law in the states of the Muslim North.a. British Common c. Shariab. Nigerian Federal d. local tribal

69. The movement of power from the central government regional governments is referred to asa. revolution. c. supranationalism.b. pluralism. d. devolution.

70. Which country has experienced violent devolution?a. Yugoslavia c. Czechoslovakiab. Ukraine d. Lithuania

71. In 1997 Scotland took a major devolutionary step with the establishment ofa. Independence from Britain. c. the Scottish Parliament.b. its own currency and passports. d. the Scottish National Party.

72. In Italy, the Northern League’s desire for independence was based on the economic difference between the northern Po region and the southern Mezzogiorno. These differences are attributed toa. regional ethnic differences.b. religious differences between north and south.c. core-periphery processes.d. ecological differences.

73. Distance, remoteness and marginal location enhance the potential for devolution. This form of devolution is referred to asa. ethnic devolution. c. economic devolution.b. spatial devolution. d. economic marginalization.

74. The process of adjustment of the number of representatives in the U.S. House of Representatives to reflect shifts in population patterns is known asa. gerrymandering. c. electoral geography.b. territorial representation. d. reapportionment.

75. A series of concrete pillars _________ the northern boundary of Kuwait with Iraq.a. defines c. demarcatesb. delimits d. determines

76. A boundary between countries is aa. line on the ground only.b. line shown only on maps.c. point of separation on and below the surface only.d. vertical plane that cuts through the rocks below and air above.

77. The boundary between the United States and Canada west of the Great Lakes is an example of a(n)a. physical-political boundary. c. mountain crest boundary.b. geometric boundary. d. administrative boundary.

78. Which is an example of an allocational boundary dispute?a. dispute over the interpretation of boundary treaty terminologyb. dispute over boundaries not covered by a treaty (e.g. Yemen-Saudi Arabia)c. dispute over the function of a boundary with regard to migrationd. dispute over rights to resources (e.g. oil, water) crossed by international

boundaries 79. Geometric boundaries, totally unrelated to any aspects of the cultural or physical landscape, were made

considerable use of by the colonial powers ina. Asia. c. Central America.b. South America. d. Africa.

80. The first political geographer who studied the state in detail was Friedrich Ratzel who postulated that the state resembles a biological organism. His organic theory identified ______________ as a state’s essential life giving force.a. population c. spaceb. a strong military d. mobility

81. Ratzel’s organic theory was converted into a subfield of political geography called geopolitics which was subsequently translated into practical national policies by some of his students. What country used geopolitics as a philosophy of expansion?a). Japana. Nazi Germany c. Franceb. Britain

82. Sir Halford Mackinder developed what would become known as the heartland theory which suggested that interior Eurasia contained a critical “pivot area” that would generate a state capable of challenging for world domination. The key to the area according to Mackinder wasa. natural protection. c. natural resources.b. distance. d. Eastern Europe.

83. In 1943 Mackinder wrote about his concerns over the potential of Stalin’s control of the countries of Eastern Europe. His views led to the development of the United States’s containment policy and to the establishment ofa. friendly relationships with China. c. N.A.T.O.b. the United Nations. d. the Berlin Wall.

84. Recent geopolitical theory emphasizes the “deconstruction” of spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of leading western politicians and analysis of the way their ideas are used to manipulate public opinion. This field of research is calleda. Heartland theory. c. Critical geopolitics.b. Marxian geopolitical theory. d. British/American school of geopolitics.

85. Following the disintegration of the former Soviet Union the only surviving superpower wasa. China. c. Great Britain.b. the United States. d. France.

86. Technically supranationalism refers to efforts by ______ or more states to forge associations for common advantage and in pursuit of common goals.a. 2 c. 5b. 4 d. 3

87. The League of Nations was created in 1919 as the first international organization that would include all nations of the world. Its success was dealt a serious blow by the failure of what country to join?a. Britain c. the United Statesb. Russia d. Canada

88. One move by the old League of Nations that would have a critical impact in the second half of the twentieth century involveda. maritime boundaries.b. refugee questions.c. atmospheric boundaries.d. mineral resources underlying two or more countries.

89. Participation in the United Nations serves the useful purpose of committing states toa. loan money to poorer ones.b. agreeing to world laws.c. international standards of behavior.d. respect and accept present political boundaries.

90. The United Nations is not a world government, but in recent years individual states have asked the United Nations to do a number of different things, the most expensive of which isa. peacekeeping. c. providing for refugees.b. monitoring elections. d. setting maritime boundaries.

91. The first major experiment in regional supranationalism was undertaken in Europe before World War II and involved the three countriesa. the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.b. Belgium, Germany, and France.c. Britain, Belgium, and Norway.d. France, Poland, and Germany.

92. The Marshall Plan was a post-WW II endeavor by the United States to economically revivea. Europe. c. sub-Saharan Africa.b. Japan. d. South America.

93. What country do members of the European community worry will dominate the entire group?a. France c. the United Kingdomb. Germany d. Turkey

94. As of 2005, which major European Union nation has not entered the Euro Monetary Zone?a. Great Britain c. Italyb. Germany d. France

95. The European Union’s future expansion into the Muslim realm by the inclusion of __________ is highly controversial and strongly opposed by Greece.a. Saudi Arabia c. Algeriab. Bosnia d. Turkey

96. According to Alexander Murphy, attachment to region and to the European Union is greater than attachment to the state ina. Britain.b. Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg).c. Switzerland.d. Yugoslavia.

97. Listed among the challenges to the state in the twenty-first century are all the following excepta. nuclear weapons. c. increased cultural communication.

b. economic globalization. d. the United Nations. 98. Which of the following is either believed to have or to be actively developing nuclear weapons?

a. Israel c. North Korea, Iranb. India, Pakistan d. all of the above

99. The layout of a city, the physical form and structure, is referred to asa. urban morphology.b. urban grid.c. city plan.d. urban street pattern.e. urban landscape

100. Which of the following countries is least urbanized?a. the United Statesb. Australiac. Japand. Chinae. Canada

101. Human communities have existed for 100,000 years, but some did not start to grow into larger places until about _______ years ago.a. 5,000b. 8,000c. 10,000d. 15,000e. 20,000

102. The very early developing agricultural societies werea. divided according to amount of land possessed.b. ruled by the elite.c. egalitarian.d. dominated by larger urban centers.e. mostly ruled by the military.

103. Where did the first urban development originate?a. Southeast Asiab. Southwest Asiac. North Africad. Western Europee. Central America

104. Which is not among the components which enabled the formation of the first cities?a. agricultural surplusb. social stratificationc. invention of the wheeld. none of the abovee. all of the above

105. Ancient towns and cites owed much of their success and growth to certain site advantages. Which of the following was not one of these advantages?a. proximity to productive farmlandsb. good supplies of coal and ironc. availability of water suppliesd. good defensibilitye. trade locations

106. What structures dominated the urban landscape of the ancient Mesopotamian cities?

a. templesb. multiple dwellingsc. business buildingsd. educational institutionse. thick walls

107. In which of the following regions did urbanization develop first?a. Mesopotamiab. Nile River Valleyc. Indus River Valleyd. Chinae. Meso-America

108. Which feature typical of ancient urbanization was not present in the Nile River Valley hearth?a. system of writingb. defensive wallsc. urban elited. religious structurese. agricultural surplus

109. Ancient cities were not large by modern standards. The cities of Mesopotamian and the Nile Valley probably had populations ofa. 5,000 to 7,000.b. 7,000 to 9,000.c. 10,000 to 15,000.d. 20,000 to 30,000.e. 50,000+

110. Urban places in the ancient world werea. numerous and hierarchical.b. exceptions in an overwhelmingly rural society.c. part of a generally urban society.d. more common than today.e. large in comparison to today’s cities.

111. Athens may have been the largest city in the world at the time of its existence, with a population estimated ata. 250,000.b. 100,000.c. 500,000.d. 750,000.e. 1,000,000.

112. The Parthenon of Athens is a structure typical of ancient Greek cities. It is a(n)a. aqueduct.b. protective wall.c. drainage/sewer system.d. acropolis.e. agora.

113. Rome created a huge urban system. The integration of the Roman Empire was greatly facilitated by aa. transportation system.b. lack of different languages.c. good postal system.d. lack of foreign enemies.e. large armies.

114. Expanding on the Greek city’s theater, the Romans built the world’s first

a. opera house.b. stadium.c. amphitheater.d. acropolis.e. public houses

115. The relative location of a city refers to itsa. site.b. situation.c. genealogy of development.d. approximate latitude and longitude.e. urban morphology.

116. The manufacturing city (post Industrial Revolution) first emerged ina. the British Midlands.b. central Italy.c. the French coastal region.d. the Ruhr.e. the Northeastern United States.

117. Which is not related to urbanization processes of the second urban revolution?a. urbanization of societyb. second agricultural revolutionc. energy resources (water power, coal) as a site featured. cities as theocratic centerse. mushrooming populations

118. In a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city, town or village is inversely proportional to its rank in the system (i.e. if the largest city is 4 million the second will be 2 million or 1/2 , the third will be 1/3 and so on). This is known asa. central place theory.b. rank-size rule.c. trade area ordering.d. a statistical coincidence.e. urban hierarchy

119. A hinterland reveals the _________ of each settlement.a. total populationb. working populationc. economic reachd. aggregate purchasing powere. site

120. Paris and Mexico City are many times larger than the second-ranked city in their respective countries. Their disproportionate size illustratesa. the concept of the primate city.b. the fact that capital cities are always very large.c. the rank-size rule.d. the effects of suburbanization.e. urban hierarchy.

121. The response of the urban system of the American South and Southwest to the influx of migrants over the past three decades conforms with predictions of central place theory. This is called the ________ phenomenon.a. hexagonalb. rank-size reorderingc. Sunbelt

d. central placee. hinterland

122. In Burgess’ concentric zone model, the zone of transition becamea. a suburb.b. deteriorated with more CBD encroachment.c. a working class area.d. a gentrified upscale new urban neighborhood.e. a commuter zone

123. Peter Muller’s analysis of suburbanization indicated that suburbs werea. losing their appeal to home buyers.b. primarily “bedroom suburbs” with only a residential function.c. evolving into a self sufficient urban entity with its own economic and cultural

components.d. becoming a smaller proportion of the total American population.e. losing population due to urbanization.

124. The multiple nuclei model of urban structure developed by Harris and Ullman arose from the idea that _______ was losing its dominant position in the metropolitan city.a. the CBDb. the inner cityc. public transportationd. the suburbe. the automobile

125. The core of a city is called thea. central city.b. exurb.c. urban zone.d. central business district (CBD).e. middle city

126. What term came into use to describe the spatial components of the metropolis of the late twentieth century?a. exurbb. urban realmsc. central cityd. conurbatione. megalopolis

127. After 1970, new suburban downtowns (edge cities) were spawned in the outer city of Los Angeles, with their leading concentrationsa. near key freeway intersections.b. along the coast.c. near hubs of public transportation.d. at the approaches to key bridges.e. in high tech corridors

128. Mexico City and Sao Paolo are examples ofa. South American cities.b. capital cities.c. mega cities.d. colonial cities.e. gateway cities.

129. In Latin America, which of the following does not accurately describe the typical CBD?a. the primary business focus

b. principal entertainment centerc. main area of employmentd. an area of out-migration to suburbse. divided into a traditional market sector and more modern high rise sector

130. In the Latin American city, where are the homes of the most impoverished and unskilled residents?a. in the city centerb. immediately surrounding the city centerc. on the outermost zone or peripheral fringed. along the major access highwayse. in the zone of maturity

131. A structural element of many Latin American cities, the disamenity sector, is illustrated by thea. mall.b. barrios or favelas.c. commercial spine.d. industrial park.e. the metes.

132. Which of the following is both the least urbanized and the most rapidly urbanizing realm of the world?a. Middle Americab. Africa south of the Saharac. East Asiad. South Asiae. Saharan Africa

133. Most African central cities actually have how many CBD’s?a. oneb. twoc. threed. foure. five

134. The focal point of the Southeast Asian city is thea. old colonial port zone.b. CBD.c. alien commercial zone.d. suburbs.e. squatter settlements

135. In Southeast Asian cities the alien commercial zone is dominated bya. American corporations.b. Europeans.c. Chinese.d. Lebanese traders.e. Saudi Arabian oil princes

136. Comparing Luanda, Angola to a suburb of Tokyo one is struck by the fact that the urban morphology reflects the fact that Angola lacks a __________ class.a. workingb. middlec. leadershipd. lowere. upper

137. The huge influx of population from rural to urban areas in peripheral or semi-peripheral areas find housing ina. public housing.

b. edge cities.c. deteriorating CBD’s.d. shantytowns.e. tenements

138. If cities in the poorer parts of the world share a common characteristic, it may result froma. an absence of enforced zoning regulations.b. a total lack of industry.c. acute water shortages.d. poor public transportation.e. abundance of affordable housing

139. Segregation in the United States was reinforced by the financial practice known asa. redlining.b. community block grants.c. land use zoning.d. tax increment financing.e. blockbusting

140. In core area cities the practice of buying up and rehabilitating deteriorating housing which resulted in the raising of housing values and a social change in neighborhoods is calleda. public housing.b. gentrification.c. white flight.d. urban renewal.e. invasion and succession

141. The core area suburbs are experiencing a process of the tearing down of existing suburban homes and the building of very large, standardized looking homes known asa. McMansions.b. upper class housing.c. gentrified housing.d. suburban palaces.e. gated communities.

142. The decline in density and the spread of cities associated with the building of freeways in the second half of the twentieth century has been pejoratively referred to asa. suburbanization.b. urban sprawl.c. exurbanization.d. new urbanism.e. urban realms.

143. Marxist geographer David Harvey is one of the strongest critics of _____________, the privatization of public space and loss of “character” of neighborhoods.a. gentrificationb. new urbanismc. urban sprawld. affordable housinge. McMansions

144. Gated communities have __________ as their chief objective.a. moderately priced housingb. ample open spacec. social integrationd. safetye. privacy

145. Ethnic neighborhoods in European cities reflect migrants froma. Eastern Europe.b. poor Mediterranean Europe.c. former colonies.d. Latin America.e. Asian countries.

146. The growth of ethnic neighborhoods in _________ is less than in other European countries.a. the Netherlandsb. Belgiumc. Germanyd. Francee. England

147. Housing in the slum area, Kiberia in Nairobi, Kenya is occupied by Luo and Luhya peoples of western and northwester Kenya and is owned bya. British landlords.b. Indian merchants.c. Nairobi’s public housing agency.d. Nubians of Sudanese descent.e. Kenyan businessmen.

148. New York’s Times Square and Berlin’s Potzdammer Platz are examples of giant media reshaping cities intoa. theme parks.b. entertainment districts.c. planned communities.d. spaces of consumption.e. urban megalopolis’.

149. Quarry workers, quarry owners, stone cutters, exporters, designers and architects, builders, tile and stone distributors, etc. represent an example of the links connecting producers and consumers in a world market. This is an example ofa. an export-import model.b. a commodity chain.c. globalization theory.d. a core-periphery model.e. commodification.

150. ________________ processes in the commodity chain involve technology, education, research and development, and high wages.a. Coreb. Value-addedc. Neo-coloniald. Peripherye. Semi-Periphery

151. Which of the following is not associated with core production processes?a. technologyb. low-wage laborc. educationd. research and developmente. institutions of higher learning

152. The word “development” impliesa. progress.b. colonialism.c. lowering of wages through mechanization.

d. technology.e. primary activities.

153. Modern ideas of development are related toa. the Industrial Revolution.b. the Agricultural Revolution.c. gross domestic product.d. religious views of equity.e. the Green Revolution.

154. Gross national product (GNP) measures the total value of goods and services produced by a country’s corporations and individuals. It is standardized bya. being calculated in Euros.b. by measuring the informal as well as informal economy.c. by being calculated on a per capita basis.d. by adjusting for differences in attitude toward “progress.”e. by adding in the informal economy of a country.

155. Gross domestic product measures onlya. home-based output.b. the informal economy.c. the productivity of individuals.d. production only within a country.e. the total production of a country’s economy.

156. Which of the following has the highest per capita GNP?a. Japanb. United Statesc. European Uniond. Canadae. Mexico

157. Which does not make up a portion of Colombia’s GNP?a. professional sports franchisesb. tourismc. coffee productiond. drug traffickinge. banking and finance

158. Which Asian nation listed below has a per capita GNP above the world average?a. Vietnamb. Chinac. South Koread. North Koreae. Malaysia

159. A large component of survival in countries with low per capita GNP isa. foreign aid.b. the sale of resources.c. the informal economy.d. tourism.e. transnational corporations.

160. High levels of development can be determined by measurement of access to railways, roads, airline connections, telephones, radio and television, etc. These are collectively referred to asa. infrastructure.b. dependency measures.

c. formal economy.d. commodity connections.e. technology.

161. Dependency ratio measures:a. family sizeb. percent of the population dependent on welfarec. the number of young plus the number of elderly per 100 workersd. average number of hours of work to feed a family of foure. the amount of trade between colonies and colonizers

162. Which is not among the five stages of Rostow’s development model?a. traditionalb. take-offc. high-mass consumptiond. collapse-declinee. drive to maturity

163. Rostow’s model, developed in the early 1960s, was based upon the experience ofa. financial economists.b. Latin American countries.c. China.d. Western modernization.e. the demographic transition model.

164. Even if the Gross National Product (GNP) index is used to measure the well-being of a country, it will fail to showa. growth in secondary industries (manufacturing).b. the distribution of wealth.c. growth within tertiary industries (services).d. growth within primary industries (mining, forestry, agriculture, fishing).e. the total values of goods and services produced by an economy.

165. The principal structuralist alternative to Rostow’s model of economic development is known asa. the “takeoff” model.b. the liberal model.c. the modernization model.d. dependency theory.e. neocolonialism.

166. The continuation of economic dependence even after political independence is referred to asa. precondition to take-off.b. modernization model.c. neocolonialism.d. independence movement.e. post-colonialism.

167. Theories which hold that economic disparities are built into the global economic system are referred to asa. structuralist theories.b. modernization theories.c. liberal theories.d. neo-capitalist theories.e. dependency theories.

168. El Salvador abandoned its currency, the Colon, in favor of the U.S. dollar. This process is referred to asa. re-structuration.b. re-colonization.

c. international monetizing.d. dollarization.e. purchasing power parity.

169. Wallerstein’s three-tier regionalization of the world includes all of the following excepta. core.b. semi-core.c. periphery.d. semi-periphery.e. outside periphery.

170. Countries in which tier of the world economy (region) have high birth and death rates and low life expectancy at birth?a. post-industrialb. corec. semi-peripheryd. peripherye. semi-core

171. Young girls trafficked from the periphery to wealthier regions most often work asa. domestic workers/street vendors.b. industrial labor.c. agricultural labor.d. prostitutes.e. nannies.

172. Which organization is headed by a U.S. citizen, is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and is charged with combating poverty in peripheral countries?a. IMFb. World Bankc. Washington Federal Savings and Loand. United Nationse. Red-Cross

173. Argentina’s severe economic crisis in 2001 was triggered by economic decisions madea. in Brazilb. in Washington, D.C.c. by the United Nationsd. Spaine. in Europe

174. Economic development in some African states (e.g. Malawi and Zimbabwe) is hampered bya. drought.b. religions intolerance.c. corrupt governments.d. drop in the price of oil.e. neo-colonialism.

175. Most victims of malaria area. agricultural workers.b. women in childbearing years.c. the elderly.d. children under 5.e. teenage boys.

176. Mexico has established export processing zones with special tax, trade and regulatory arrangements for foreign firms. This phenomena is referred to as

a. maquiladoras.b. haciendas.c. border cities.d. NAFTA zones.e. Mercosur zones,

177. Subsistence forms of agriculture in peripheral areas produce little in the way ofa. protein.b. grain crops.c. root crops.d. foodstuffs.e. seed crops.

178. Desertification in Africa is a particular problem as ____ of the continent is arid or semiarid.a. 2/3b. 1/2c. 1/3d. 1/4e. 1/8

179. In peripheral countries it is not unusual for hotels in tourist areas to be owned bya. worker’s cooperatives.b. local governments.c. local owner operators.d. multinational corporations.e. regional governments.

180. Many tourist areas in peripheral regions are beach resorts. In 2004 Thailand’s beach resort areas were ravaged bya. cockroach infestations.b. a tsunami.c. prolonged drought.d. terror attacks.e. labor strike.

181. The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the United States with 80% unemployment and per capita income around $6,000 illustrates __________________________ within a core area country.a. cultural choicesb. peripheral processesc. core processesd. preconditions for takeoff stagee. mass consumption

182. Core area agriculture is characterized bya. mechanization.b. high levels of farmer education.c. scientific agronomy.d. high levels of technology.e. all of the above

183. Establishment of government quotas on imports (e.g. cotton shirts or steel) to the U.S. has led toa. a decrease in Chinese shirt production.b. an increase in Chinese wages.c. a collapse of the U.S. market for shirts.d. a shifting of production from country to country in the periphery and semi-

periphery.

e. an increase in the price of shirts in the U.S. markets. 184. Governments in both core and periphery often create wealth by focusing well paid government jobs

a. in the capital city.b. in underdeveloped areas.c. in port cities.d. offshore in third world countries.e. in rural areas.

185. A look at the maps of Nigeria, Pakistan and Brazil would show that when governments established new post-colonial capitals, they moved away froma. swamps.b. deserts.c. areas of ethnic discord.d. coastal port areas.e. rural areas.

186. Port Gentile, Gabon was built bya. an ancient Gabonese civilization.b. British colonizers.c. European oil companies.d. migrants fleeing the Congo.e. NGOs.

187. Twenty thousand nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Bangladesh constitute what can be calleda. a parallel state.b. colonial enclaves.c. development islands.d. subversive zones.e. zones of opportunity.

188. Microcredit programs have been successful in many places with the exception ofa. tropical regions.b. places with high AIDS mortality rates.c. areas with male dominance.d. desert regions.e. areas with a percentage of female entrepreneurs.

189. Bio-genetically engineering now allows the growing of new strains in more arid regions of the Plains States to meet the demand of the ___________ industry.a. cattle feed c. tofu/organic foodb. bio-diesel fuel d. grain export

190. Organic food in the United States now constitutes _____ percent of the total food production.a. 50 c. 10b. 25 d. 2

191. Organic food is found in _____ areas.a. core c. peripheryb. semi-periphery d. all

192. Demand for organic foods is greatest ina. core regions. c. periphery regions.b. semi-periphery regions. d. spread equally among all regions.

193. Which is not an example of a primary economic activity?a. corn flake production c. lobster fishingb. iron ore production d. forestry

194. Guatemala’s agricultural sector produces 22.7% of the country’s GDP and employs _____% of the labor force.

a. 10 c. 25b. 22.7 d. 50

195. The ratio of percent of labor force to percent of GDP in the agricultural sector of Canada (3% of labor force : 2.3% of GDP) indicates that Canada’s agricultural sector is ______________ intensive.a. labor c. subsistenceb. machine d. small scale

196. Hunter-gatherers living in the vicinity of the Pacific Ocean specialized ina. salmon fishing. c. deer hunting.b. bison hunting. d. acorn collection.

197. According to Carl Sauer, the earliest plant domestication wasa. prompted by scarcity. c. associated with seed crops.b. probably involved planting root crops. d. occurred in tropical middle America.

198. Most scholars believe that seed cultivation (First Agricultural Revolution) occurred ina. Asia. c. tropical Africa.b. the Fertile Crescent. d. the Nile Valley.

199. According to Spencer and Thomas, each agricultural hearth was associated with a local grouping of plants. For example, taro. yams, and bananas are associated with the _______________ hearth.a. Meso-American c. Southwest Asianb. Southeast Asian d. Ethiopia-East African

200. Often crops are associated with regions other than the one in which they were developed. For example, the “Irish” or “Idaho” potato originated in the Andean Highlands. Corn of the American “Corn Belt” originated ina. West Africa. c. Central America.b. the Fertile Crescent. d. Southeast Asia.

201. Goats were domesticated 10,000 years ago in the Zagros Mountain region ofa. Southeast Asia. c. the Fertile Crescent.b. North Africa. d. Greece.

202. Cattle were domesticated in and came to be an important cultural feature ofa. Southeast Asia. c. South Asia.b. Central Asia. d. North Africa.

203. Of the 148 species of large herbivore (over 100 lbs.) _______ have been domesticated and all of these were domesticated over 4,500 years ago.a. 75 c. 26b. 52 d. 14

204. Which of the following is not an example of a hunting and gathering group that still existed in the early 2000s?a. the San of Southern Africa c. aboriginal people of interior Australiab. the Bantu of Southern Africa d. Native Americans of Brazil

205. A form of tropical subsistence agriculture in which fields are rotated after short periods of crop production isa. subsistence rice cultivation. c. shifting cultivation.b. subsistence wheat cultivation. d. nomadic herding.

206. Milpa agriculture involves the _________ method of clearing fields.a. use of natural herbicides c. burningb. intensive hoeing d. use of bulldozers

207. About how many people practice shifting cultivation in the world today?a. between 50 million and 100 million c. between 150 million and 200 millionb. between 100 million and 150 million d. over 300 million

208. In areas of shifting cultivation the populationa. increases significantly.b. cannot have a high density.

c. must be large enough to provide surplus labor.d. never lives in permanent settlements.

209. Colonial powers would make subsistence farmersa. grow cash crops only.b. farm on plantations in addition to farming their own land.c. grow cash crops in addition to food crops the farmer needed to survive.d. buy commercial fertilizer at fixed prices.

210. Before the intervention of Europeans, the societies practicing subsistence framing were quite equal becausea. populations were small.b. the farmers did not live in villages or other settlements.c. land was held in communal ownership.d. money was equally divided.

211. The Second Agricultural Revolution can generally be traced to Europe within what time frame?a. nineteenth and twentieth century c. fourteenth and fifteenth centuryb. twelfth and thirteenth century d. seventeenth and eighteenth century

212. Which commodity would be found closest to the market town in von Thunen’s model?a. beef c. wheatb. firewood d. milk

213. In von Thunen’s model there was a concentric circle of forest around the city becausea. it would provide lumber and firewood. c. it provided a recreation area.b. it would filter out pollution. d. it would contain the growth of the

city. 214. Geographer Lee Liu studying the spatial patterns of agriculture in parts of China, found soils in intensively used

fields near villages werea. polluted. c. fertile and productive.b. overused and of poor fertility. d. not used.

215. By 1992, the most widely grown crop variety on Earth was a product of the Green Revolution called IR36, which was a variety ofa. rice. c. maize.b. wheat. d. potatoes.

216. In the 1940s, American philanthropists funded research on this crop. By 1960, Mexico no longer depended on imports as production had risen dramatically. The crop is:a. coffee. c. wheat.b. corn (maize). d. tomatoes.

217. The average size of a family farm in China is ________ acres.a. 75 c. 5b. 10 d. .5

218. The rectangular land division scheme in the United States adopted after the American Revolution is quite unique. Its correct name is:a. long-lot system. c. township-and-range system.b. metes and bounds system. d. Franklin’s system.

219. The basic unit of the township-and-range system, the section, has an area ofa. 1 acre. c. 1 square mile.b. 160 acres. d. 36 square miles.

220. The most prevalent rural residential pattern in the world’s agricultural areas isa. dispersed. c. spaced.b. nucleated. d. hierarchical.

221. The form of villages still existing in many rural landscapes that are reminders of a of a turbulent past isa. walled. c. round.

b. linear. d. grid. 222. The Spanish invaders of Middle America, centuries ago, laid out villages and towns in what form?

a. round c. linearb. grid d. oval

223. In villages everywhere, social stratification is reflected bya. the dress of the population. c. the range and quality of village

houses.b. the street pattern. d. commercial buildings.

224. The functional differentiation of farm villages world-wide are toa. traditional cultures. c. African cultures.b. Asian cultures. d. Western cultures.

225. Poorer countries, producing such cash crops as sugar,a. set the market price themselves.b. are at the mercy of the purchasing countries that set the prices.c. plant less in order to drive up the prices.d. cooperate with each other to determine global prices and demand.

226. Twenty-five percent of world sugar production takes place outside of the tropical plantation region (U.S.A. Western Europe, Russia) and is produced froma. genetically-modified, cold-tolerant sugar cane.b. sugar beets.c. wood cellulose.d. artificial food chemical processes.

227. Much of the cotton purchased by the United Kingdom, Western Europe, and Japan is grown ina. Egypt. c. India.b. the United States. d. Sudan.

228. Rubber trees were first tapped ina. eastern Venezuela. c. Malaya.b. northern South America’s Amazon

Basin.d. Indonesia.

229. The colonial powers transplanted rubber trees to _________ from Brazil.a. Southeast Asia c. East Africab. West Africa d. East Asia

230. Coffee was domesticated in Ethiopia. Today, 70% of production is ina. Southeast Asia.

b) South Asia.b. East Africa.c. Middle and South America.

231. Fair trade coffee buyers certify that ____ % of the retail price of their coffee goes to the coffee growers.a. 80 c. 40b. 100 d. 5

232. Which of the following agricultural activities is widespread in the northeastern U.S. and northwestern Europe?a. dairying c. citrus productionb. cotton growing d. sugar beet production

233. Which of the following are fairly small areas of wheat production still have major export trade?a. Canada and United States c. Russian and Canadab. Ukraine and Kazakhstan d. Argentina and Australia

234. The world’s leading exporter of rice isa. China. c. the United States.b. Vietnam. d. Thailand.

235. Rice cultivation in Southeast Asia is largely a ________________ activity.a. part-time c. subsistenceb. commercial d. mechanized

236. The form of agriculture that refers to a particular climate isa. dairying. c. shifting cultivation.b. Mediterranean. d. livestock ranching.

237. Which of the following areas does not have a Mediterranean-type climate?a. central Chile c. southern Floridab. southern Australia d. South Africa’s Cape

238. In recent years, many wooded areas in ___________ have been deforested to provide beef for hamburgers for fast-food chains in the United States.a. East and South Asia c. East Africab. West Africa d. Central and South America

239. Nike, headquartered in Oregon, employs 20,000 people in that state. What percentage are employed in shoe manufacture/assembly?a. 90b. 5c. 25d. 0e. 20

240. In 1925, one area of Boston had sales offices for over _____ shoe factories.a. 300b. 100c. 25d. 3e. 0

241. In the early eighteenth century, British textiles were manufactureda. in India.b. early rural factories.c. in large urban factories.d. in homes on hand looms.e. in America

242. Who actually laid the groundwork for the colonial expansion of Europe?a. the British Governmentb. the French Governmentc. Europe’s commercial companiesd. Europe’s military forcese. European farmers

243. The first power source of the Industrial Revolution wasa. foot pedals.b. steam engines.c. electricity.d. windmills.e. running water.

244. Burning coal in a near vacuum produced a much hotter burning, pure carbon fuel calleda. super coal.b. coke.c. charcoal.d. Bessemer fuel.

e. brickettes. 245. The first railroad in England was opened in

a. 1790.b. 1810.c. 1820.d. 1825.e. 1830.

246. England not only held a monopoly over products that were in world demand at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, but also a monopoly ona. international transportation.b. the sources of raw materials.c. the skill necessary to make the machines that manufactured the products.d. the high seas.e. all available labor.

247. In Britain, the proximity of what three things gave an unsurpassed advantage to the development of early industry?a. forests for charcoal, domestic markets, and iron oresb. coal fields, iron ores, and coastal portsc. an internal railroad system, cotton for textiles, and domestic marketsd. good highways, coal fields, and coastal portse. cotton fields, international markets, rivers

248. Industry diffusing to Western Europe involved, as in Britain, the locational criteria: coalfields, water communication, and ____________.a. iron oreb. marketsc. labord. portse. capital

249. The Ruhr industrial area is connected to its port bya. railroads.b. cart roads.c. Rhine River.d. North Sea.e. Rhone River.

250. Some industrial regions emerge because of their raw materials combinations. Which of the following is not an example of such a region?a. the Ruhrb. Saxonyc. the Donbasd. Londone. Netherlands

AP Review Chapters 7-12Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. C 46. D 91. A 136. B 180. B 225. B 2. C 47. A 92. A 137. D 181. B 226. B 3. B 48. C 93. B 138. A 182. D 227. B 4. A 49. B 94. A 139. A 183. D 228. B 5. B 50. D 95. D 140. B 184. A 229. A 6. C 51. A 96. B 141. A 185. D 230. C 7. B 52. C 97. D 142. B 186. C 231. C 8. B 53. B 98. D 143. B 187. A 232. A 9. A 54. C 99. A 144. D 188. B 233. D 10. B 55. B 100. D 145. C 189. B 234. C 11. A 56. B 101. B 146. A 190. D 235. C 12. C 57. B 102. C 147. D 191. D 236. B 13. A 58. D 103. B 148. D 192. A 237. C 14. B 59. B 104. C 149. B 193. A 238. D 15. D 60. A 105. B 150. A 194. D 239. D 16. A 61. C 106. A 151. B 195. B 240. A 17. A 62. B 107. A 152. A 196. A 241. D 18. C 63. A 108. B 153. A 197. B 242. C 19. D 64. B 109. C 154. C 198. B 243. A 20. B 65. A 110. B 155. D 199. B 244. B 21. B 66. A 111. A 156. A 200. C 245. D 22. C 67. D 112. D 157. D 201. C 246. C 23. C 68. C 113. A 158. C 202. C 247. B 24. A 69. D 114. B 159. C 203. D 248. D 25. E 70. A 115. B 160. A 204. B 249. C 26. C 71. C 116. A 161. C 205. C 250. D 27. D 72. C 117. D 162. D 206. C 28. B 73. B 118. B 163. D 207. C 29. B 74. D 119. C 164. B 208. B 30. C 75. C 120. A 165. D 209. C 31. C 76. D 121. C 166. C 210. C 32. D 77. B 122. B 167. A 211. D 33. D 78. D 123. C 168. D 212. D 34. C 79. D 124. A 169. C 213. A 35. A 80. C 125. D 170. D 214. C 36. D 81. A 126. B 171. A 215. A 37. D 82. D 127. A 172. B 216. B 38. B 83. C 128. C 173. A 217. D 39. A 84. C 129. D 174. C 218. C 40. E 85. B 130. C 175. D 219. C 41. C 86. D 131. B 176. A 220. B 42. C 87. C 132. B 177. A 221. A 43. B 88. A 133. C 178. A 222. B 44. A 89. C 134. A 179. D 223. C 45. B 90. A 135. C 224. D