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2005-2006 AP Biology Human Reproduction
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AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones Testosterone from testes functions sperm production 2° sexual.

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Page 1: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006 AP Biology

Human Reproduction

Page 2: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Reproductive hormones Testosterone

from testes functions

sperm production 2° sexual

characteristics

Estrogen from ovaries functions

egg production prepare uterus

for fertilized egg 2° sexual

characteristics

LH &FSH

testesor

ovaries

Page 3: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Sperm production over 100 million produced per day! ~2.5 million released per drop!

Male reproductive system

Page 4: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Male reproductive system Testicles

produces sperm & hormones Scrotum

sac that holds testicles outside of body Epididymis

where sperm mature Vas deferens

tubes for sperm to travel from testes to penis Prostate, seminal vesicles,

Cowper’s (bulbourethal) glands nutrient rich fluid to feed & protect sperm buffer to counteract acids in vagina

Page 5: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Male reproductive system

Testes & epididymis sperm production &

maturation

Glands seminal vesicles,

prostate, bulbourethal produce seminal fluid =

nutrient-rich

seminiferous tubule

sperm

spermatocytes

Page 6: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

SpermatogenesisEpididymis Testis

Coiledseminiferoustubules

Vas deferens

Cross-section ofseminiferous tubule

Spermatozoa

Spermatids(haploid)

2°spermatocytes

(haploid)

1°spermatocyte

(diploid)

Germ cell (diploid)

MEIOSIS II

MEIOSIS I

Page 7: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Female reproductive system

Page 8: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Female reproductive system Ovaries

produces eggs & hormones Uterus

nurtures fetus; lining builds up each month Fallopian tubes

tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus

Cervix opening to uterus, dilates 10cm (4 inches)

for birthing baby Vagina

birth canal for birthing baby

Page 9: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Female reproductive system

Page 10: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

LH

FSH

estrogen

progesterone

lining of uterus

egg development ovulation = egg release

corpus luteum

0 7 14 21 28days

Menstrual cycle

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Ovaries

Body cells

GnRH

FSH & LH

estrogen

Page 11: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Egg maturation in ovary Corpus luteum

produces progesterone to maintain uterine lining

Page 12: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Female hormones FSH & LH

release from pituitary stimulates egg development & hormone release peak release = release of egg (ovulation)

Estrogen released from ovary cells around developing egg stimulates growth of lining of uterus lowered levels = menstruation

Progesterone released from “corpus luteum” in ovaries

cells that used to take care of developing egg stimulates blood supply to lining of uterus lowered levels = menstruation

Page 13: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Oogenesis

Meiosis 1 completedduring egg maturation

Meiosis 2 completedtriggered by fertilization

ovulation

What is the advantage of this development system?

Page 14: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Fertilization

Page 15: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Fertilization Joining of sperm & egg

sperm head enters egg

Page 16: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Cleavage Repeated mitotic divisions of zygote

1st step to becoming multicellular unequal divisions establishes body plan

different cells receive different portions of egg cytoplasm & therefore different regulatory signals

Page 17: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Cleavage zygote morula blastula

establishes future development

Page 18: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Gastrulation Establish 3 cell layers

ectoderm outer layers

skin, nails, teeth, nerves

mesoderm blood, bone & muscle

endoderm inner lining

digestive system

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

Page 19: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Neurulation 1st organ to form is notochord &

nerve chord develop into nervous system

Neural groove

Notochord

Neural tube

Page 20: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

OrganogenesisUmbilical blood vessels

Chorion

Amnion

Yolksac

AllantoisFetal blood vessels

Maternal blood vessels

Bird embryo

Mammalian embryo

Placenta

Page 21: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Placenta Materials exchange across membranes

Page 22: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Human fetal development

7 weeks4 weeks

Page 23: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Sex determination

XY

XX

TestesY

Sperm Zygote

Zygote

Ovum

Sperm

Ovum

X

X

X

Indifferentgonads

SRY

No SRYOvaries

(Follicles do notdevelop until

third trimester)

Seminiferoustubules

Develop inearly

embryo

Leydig cells

Page 24: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Human fetal development10 weeks

Page 25: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Human fetal development

12 weeks 20 weeks

Page 26: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Human fetal development The fetus just spends much of the 2nd & 3rd

trimesters just growing …and doing various flip-turns & kicks inside amniotic fluid

Week 20

Page 27: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Human fetal development 24 weeks (6 months; 2nd trimester)

fetus is covered with fine, downy hair called lanugo. Its skin is protected by a waxy material called vernix

Page 28: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Human fetal development 30 weeks (7.5 months)

umbilical cord

Page 29: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Getting crowded in there!! 32 weeks (8 months)

The fetus sleeps 90-95% of the day & sometimes experiences REM sleep, an indication of dreaming

Page 30: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Birth

Hormone induction

positive feedback

Page 31: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

Intestine

Placenta

Umbilicalcord

Wall ofuterus

VaginaCervix

Birth (36 weeks)

Bladder

Page 32: AP Biology 2005-2006 Human Reproduction. AP Biology 2005-2006 Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual.

2005-2006AP Biology

The end of the journey!