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RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala (Radiometer Physics GmbH)
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AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

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Page 1: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling

Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala (Radiometer Physics GmbH)

Page 2: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Motivation

2

• Accurate LWP (liquid water path) and IWV (integrated water vapour) with high temporal resolution

• Tropospheric temperature profiles (0-10000 m)

• High resolution boundary layer temperature profiles (0-1000 m)

• Tropospheric humidity profiles

Existing instruments too expensive!

CLIWA-NET Study Work Package (2000-2003):“Design of a Low Cost LWP/Profiling Radiometer for Operational Networks“

Page 3: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

General Instrument Concept

Optimization for Operational Networks:

3

Requirements:

Wide operating temp. range

(-30 to +40 C)

Precipitation detection and protection

Portability

Low maintenance level for instrument support

Data interface connection to INTERNET or other network

Automatic built-in retrieval of atmospheric parameters

Page 4: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

General Instrument Concept

4. Expandable Functionality:

4

• Master/Slave Configuration

• Automatic Detection

• Retrieval Support

Page 5: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

General Instrument Concept

Weather Station and Time Reference:

5

Rain Sensor: Provides rain flag for measurement documentation, control of shutter system

GPS-Clock: Provides time reference standard for synchronization to satellite dataHumidity Sensor: Provides input data for retrievals, Dew Blower heating

Temperature Sensor: Provides input data for retrievals Pressure Sensor: Provides input data for retrievals, LN-target calibration

Humidity Sensor

Temp. Sensor

Optional IR-Radiometer: Cloud base height detection

Page 6: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

General Instrument Concept

3. Rain, Hail, Snow and Dew Protection System:

6

Optional Automatic Shutter System:

Controlled by Rain Sensor

Dew Blower:

• Removable

• Heater controlled by H.-Sensor

Page 7: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Utilized Microwave Frequencies

7

RPG-LWP

RPG-HATPRO

RPG-TEMPRO90

23.8 GHz

36.5/31.4 GHz

90 GHz

Frequencies:

Humidity Profiling (Trop): 22-31.4 GHz Band (7 chan.)LWP/IWV, Wet/Dry Del.: 23.8/36.5 (31.4) GHzTemp. Profiling (Trop&BL):

50-59 GHz Band (7 chan.)

LWP-Improvement: 90 GHz Channel

Humidity Profiling (BL): 183 GHz Channel

Page 8: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Principle System Layout

8

Scanningparaboloidmirror

ambienttemperaturetarget

beam combiner(wire grid) humidity profiler

temperature profiler

Page 9: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Optical Performance

9

23.8 GHz, HPBW = 3.9°, Sidelobes: <-30 dB 55.0 GHz, HPBW = 1.9°, Sidelobes: <-30 dB

Page 10: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Receiver Thermal Stabilization

10

Page 11: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Receiver Thermal Stabilization

11

0.1 K

-30°C

+40°C

8 hours

Page 12: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Calibration and Error Sources

12

ALL lossy receiver components should be thermally stabilized!

Tsys= 1T +T2

1G 1G3T

+2G 2G1G

+T4

3G. . .

N-1G1GTN...

T1 1G

Optics LNA Mixer

T2 2G GT3 3 GT4 4

IF chain

. . .

Detector

NT GN...

N-1GTN-1

Receiver Noise Errors

Scene

TB

BrightnessTemp.

+=Ttotal

1T = physicalT 1G1

1

typical optical Losses: G = -1.0 dB = 0.8 (20%)1

physicalT = 10 °C T1 = 2.5 °C !!

Page 13: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Calibration and Error Sources

13

Ambient Temperature Calibration Target

Cancellation of thermal gradients across the target in vertical and horizontal directions by venting

Self-heating of temperature sensor avoided by airflow

Precision calibrated temperature sensor

Page 14: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Calibration and Error Sources

14

Liquid Nitrogen Cooled Calibration Target

no humidity formation on styrofoam surfaces

Calibration of reflector losses and reflection from liquid surface

Barometric Pressure correction of boiling temperature

Page 15: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

New HATPRO Receiver Design

15

Dual Profiler Direct Detection Filterbank Receivers based on MMIC Technology:

Antenna

Directional Coupler

Pin-Switch

Noise Diode

Noise Injection

LNA

Splitter

DetBPF

Isolator

LNA

50-60 GHz Band

or22-32 GHz Band

Page 16: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Conventional Frequency Sweeping

16

Based on Synthesizer sequential frequency sweeping (“Spectrum Analyzer”):

SubharmonicMixer

20.0-24.0 GHz Synthesizer

PLLVCO

X 8

InternalPC

Page 17: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

New HATPRO Receiver Design

17

Compact Layout

Splitter and Filter Section Boosters and

Detectors

Video Amps,MUX, 16 Bit ADC

55 dB Pre-Amplifier

Noise InjectionCoupler

51- 59 GHz 7 ChannelFilterbank Receiver Corrugated

Feedhorn

Page 18: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

New HATPRO Receiver Design

18

Compact Layout

Page 19: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Direct Detection Receiver Components

19

45-65 GHz LNAs, 2.5 dB NF

Power Splitter + Bandpass-Filters

Page 20: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

HATPRO Receiver Design

20

Summary of Benefits of Direct Detection Filterbank Design: Simultaneous measurements of all frequency channels

Much higher temporal resolution for all products (LWP/IWV: 1sec, profiles: 20 sec) compared to single detection receivers

5 times faster calibration procedures than with sequentially scanning receivers

Feasibility of individual channel bandwidth selection (important for boundary layer profiling). One broad band 58 GHz channel to give high radiometric accuracy for boundary layer profiling

No mixer sideband filtering required, no LO drifts

Reduced sensitivity to interfering external signals (mobile phones etc.) due to avoidance of frequency down conversion

Page 21: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Accurate Boundary Layer Profiling

58/54.8 GHz Elevation Scanning

Page 22: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Accurate Boundary Layer Profiling

58/54.8 GHz is ideal for 0-1000 m range:

Page 23: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Boundary Layer Temperature ProfilingInfluence of 58 GHz channel sensitivity

58 GHz Receiver with 300 MHz BW

58 GHz Receiver with 2 GHz BW

58 GHz Receiver with 2 GHz BW

58 GHz Receiver with 300 MHz BW

Determined by environm. Sensor

Determined by environm. Sensor

Bri

gh

tne

ss T

em

pe

ratu

re [

K]

Bri

gh

tne

ss T

em

pe

ratu

re [

K]

Alt

itu

de

[m

]

Alt

itu

de

[m

]

E levation Angle [DEG] Elevation Angle [DEG]

Temperature [K ] Temperature [K ]

Integr. Time: 30 s/angle

Integr. Time: 30 s/angle

Page 24: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

50-60 GHz Channel Bandwidth

24

Radiosonde (Liebe 93)

Radiosonde (Rosenkranz)

RPG-HATPRO

Wide bandwidth required (Boundary Layer Profiling)

Narrow bandwidth required

Page 25: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Verification with Radiosonde Data

25

BBC2 Measurement Campaign in Cabauw/NL (2.5.2003 –

23.5.2003)

Water Vapour Line (Clear Sky)

Liebe 93

Rosenkranz

RPG-HATPRO

Oxygen Line (Clear Sky)

Liebe 93

Rosenkranz

RPG-HATPRO

Page 26: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Verification with Radiosonde Data

26

Temperature Profiles

RSNLR

Humidity Profiles

RSNLR

BBC2 Measurement Campaign in Cabauw/NL

Clear Sky Conditions

Page 27: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

HATPRO LWP & IWV Charts

27

LWP-Time Series on 21 May 2003

RadiosondeMICCY

RPG-HATPRO

Page 28: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

HATPRO Humidity Profile Charts

28

Time Series

9600 m

220 m

Humidity Profiles

night daydawn

Page 29: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Humidity Fluctuations

29

VAPIC Campaign in Pallaiseau/France, May 2004

Page 30: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Humidity Fluctuations

30

22.35 GHz

31.4 GHz

1 K

4 K

RMS Noise0.05 K

Page 31: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Humidity Fluctuations

31

Altitude:1560 m

Radiosonde

Page 32: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

HATPRO Brightness Temp. Time Series

32

Radiosonde (Rosenkranz)

HATPRO BT @ 22.4 GHz

Water Vapour Line Center Channel Time Series

VAPIC Campaign in Pallaiseau/France, May 2004

Page 33: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Verification with Radiosonde Data

33

VAPIC Campaign in Pallaiseau/France, May 2004 (Clear Sky)

---- Radiosonde

19. May, 2004, 6:00 UTC

---- HATPRO(physical model

U. Löhnert, LMU Munich)

Page 34: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

RPG Instruments for Atmospheric Remote Sensing

HATPRO Spin-Off Radiometer Models:

34

• RPG-LWP: 23.8 +31.4 GHz channels for LWP and IWV monitoring, Wet/Dry Delay (available)

• RPG-LWP-U: 23.8 +31.4 + 90.0 GHz channels for improved LWP and IWV monitoring, Wet/Dry Delay (available)

• RPG-TEMP90: Tropospheric/Boundary Layer Temperature Profiler + 90 GHz channel (available)

• RPG-TEMPRO:Tropospheric/Boundary Layer Temp. Profiler (available)

• RPG-HUMPRO: Tropospheric Humidity Profiler, LWP, IWV, Wet/Dry Delay (available)

• RPG-HATPRO: Tropospheric/Boundary Layer Temp. Profiler + Tropospheric Humidity Profiler, LWP, IWV, Wet/Dry Delay (available)

• RPG-TEMP-BL: Boundary Layer Temperature Profiler based on 54.8, 58 GHz channels (available)

• (RPG-PRR): Polarized Rain Radiometer for Rain Remote Sensing, 19+37 GHz v/h Pol. (under

development, Nov. 2004)

Page 35: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

• Instrument optimized for operational networks in terms of maintenance level and operating temp. range

Summary

35

• Direct Detection Filterbank Design offers superior performance for tropospheric and boundary layer profiling of atmospheric temperature

• Low Cost due to integrated receiver design

• High temporal and spatial resolution for LWP cloud observations

• 100% duty cycle for all channels

Page 36: AOGS 1 st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH Filterbank Radiometers for Atmospheric Profiling Thomas Rose, Harald Czekala.

RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH AOGS 1st Annual Meeting – Singapore, 6. 7. 2004

Detailed Instrument Description

www.radiometer-physics.com

Download of instrument manual available from: