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Anurag BSNL Report

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    2011

    ANURAG SINGH

    ELECTRONICS &

    INSTRUMENTATION FINAL

    YEAR

    BBS COLLEGE OF

    ENGGINEERING &

    TECHNOLOGY, ALLAHABAD

    12/9/2011

    BSNL TRAINING REPORT

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    Acknowledgement

    I acknowledge my gratitude and thank to all the well knowledge

    persons for giving me opportunity to avail all the best facilities available at

    this telecom centre through which I have gained knowledge thinking so as

    too just in the environment suitable for harmonic adjustment. I am

    grateful to the following persons for various help rendered by them during

    the training period.

    Mr. Vikash Mishra (JTO)

    finally, a deep thanks to

    Mr. Rajaram Yadav

    (General Manager)

    Last but not the least; I thank my teacher, friends and my familymembers for their constant encouragement.

    SUBMITTED BY:

    ANURAG SINGH

    B.TECH

    EIE-FINAL YEAR

    BBS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

    TECHNOLOGY, ALLAHABAD

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    PREFACE

    B.TECH program is one of the most reputed professional courses in the

    Industry. There is an Industrial Training as an integral part of B.TECH. As a

    complementary to that everyone has to submit a report on the work

    conducted in the industry.

    This report is thus prepared for the training done at Bharat Sanchar

    Nigam Limited (B.S.N.L). The organization shall make all possible efforts to

    have a secure and safe domain. The data/information is very important and

    most critical to the business requirements; therefore proper measures should

    be adopted so that the information is well secured and protected.

    SUBMITTED BY:

    ANURAG SINGH

    B.TECH

    EIE-FINAL YEAR

    BBS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

    TECHNOLOGY, ALLAHABAD

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    INTRODUCTION

    Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest

    public sector undertaking of India and its responsibilities includes

    improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion

    of telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among its customers.

    Apart from vast network expansions, especial emphasis has given for

    introducing latest technologies and new services like I-NET, INTERNET, ISDN

    (INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK), IN (INTELLIGENT NETWORK),

    CDMA, GSM and WLL (WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP), BROADBAND, 3G services

    etc. Now BSNL has also entered in mobile communication. BSNL has all the

    new services send technological advantages, which are available with any well,

    developed Telecom network anywhere else in the country.

    Full credit for all above achievement goes to the officers and staff of the

    BSNL. The administration is fully aware of the challenges lying ahead and quite

    committed to provide the latest and best telecom services by their continued

    support and active co-operation.

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    COMPANY PROFILE

    BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

    Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is India's leading

    telecommunications provider and the country's largest public-sector firm. BSNL

    provides local-exchange access and domestic long-distance services through a

    network of more than 45 million access lines covering most of India. It also

    offers wireless communications, data and Internet services, as well as business

    voice and data services. The company is still controlled by the government, as

    is one of India's other large phone companies, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam

    Limited (MTNL). Plans to merge the two companies have been discussed but

    seem to be on hold.

    HIGHLIGHTS

    Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited has a vast reservoir of highly skilled and

    Experienced work force of about 3,57,000 personnel.

    We believe that our staff, which is one of the best trained manpower in

    the telecom sector, is our biggest asset.

    To meet the technological challenges, employees are trained for

    technology up-gradation, modernization, computerization etc in BSNL'straining Centers spread across Country.

    To apex training centers of BSNL i.e. Advance level Telecom Training

    Center (ALTTC) at Ghaziabad and Bharat Ratna Bhimrao Telecom

    Training Center At Jabalpur are comparable to any world class Telecom

    Training Center.

    Moreover, 43 zonal training centers and a National Academy of Telecom

    Finance and Management have been running for several years now.

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    Different curriculums run in these centers to impart technology based

    training, Training for Attitudinal change, basic educational and skill

    development Program etc.

    DOT:Till 31st December, 1984, the postal, telegraph and telephone

    services were managed by the Posts and Telegraphs Department. In

    January 1985, two separate Departments for the Posts and the

    Telecommunications were created. The accounts of the department,

    initially, were maintained by the Accountant General of the P&T.

    However, by April 1972, the telecommunications accounts wereseparated. Simultaneously the department also started preparing the

    balance sheet annually. With the takeover of the accounts from the audit

    and delegation of larger financial powers to the field units, internal

    Financial Advisers were posted to all the circles and units.

    The Telecommunication Board consisted of the Secretary

    Telecommunications, who was the Chairman with Member (Finance), Member

    (Operations), Member (Development), Member (Personnel) and Member

    (Technology). The Telecom Commission was constituted in 1989. TheCommission has the DoT Secretary as its Chairman with Member (Services),

    Member (Technology) and Member (Finance) as its full time members. The

    Secretary (Finance), Secretary (DoE), Secretary (Industries) and Secretary

    (Planning Commission) are part time members of the Commission. The

    Department in 1986 reorganised the Telecommunication Circles with the

    Secondary Switching Areas as basic units. This was implemented in a phased

    manner. Bombay and Delhi Telephones were separated to create the new

    entity called Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. (MTNL). On 1st October 2000,

    Department created BSNL, a new entity to operate services in different partsof the country as a public sector unit.

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    SERVICES

    BSNL provides almost every telecom service in India. Following are the

    main telecom services provided by BSNL:

    Universal Telecom Services : Fixed wireline services & Wireless in

    Local loop (WLL) using CDMA Technology called bfone and Tarang

    respectively. As of December 31, 2007, BSNL has 81% market share of

    fixed lines.

    Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major provider ofCellular Mobile Telephone services using GSM platform under the

    brand name BSNL Mobile[2]. As of March 31, 2007 BSNL has 17%

    share of mobile telephony in the country.

    Internet: BSNL provides internet services through dial-up

    connection (Sancharnet) as Prepaid, (NetOne) as Postpaid and ADSL

    broadband (BSNL Broadband). BSNL has around 50% market share in

    broadband in India. BSNL has planned aggressive rollout in broadband

    for current financial year.Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL provides IN services like televoting,

    toll free calling, premium calling etc.

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    SECTIONS

    The BSNL is divided into following sections:

    I. MOBILE SECTION

    II. E-10B SWITCHING

    III. OCB SWITCHING

    IV. MDF

    V. TRANSMISSION SECTION

    VI. MICROWAVE

    VII. POWER STATION

    VIII. BROAD BAND

    IX. COSTUMER CARE

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    Mobile Section

    In this section we learnt how mobile

    communication takes place.

    There are two ways by which mobile communication takes place,

    GSM

    CDM A

    The Basic Transmission Procedure:

    1. BSC: Base Station Controller

    2. BTS: Base Station TRANSCEIVER

    3. MSC: Mobile Switching Center

    4. HLR: Home Location Register

    5. VLR: Visitor Location Register

    6. AUC: Authentication Center

    7. EIR: Equipment Identity Register

    8. SC: Short Message Center

    9. OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center

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    E-10B (ELECTRONICS - 10 BINARY)Here we came to know about function of:--

    OMC: -- Operation maintenance centre.

    OC:--Monitoring unit.

    ETA:--Frequency sender and receiver.

    URM:--Multiplex connection unit.(5 unit)

    CSE:--Subscriber connection unit.

    DSF:--Stand by charge unit.

    MR:--Multiresistor (5 unit)

    MQ:--Marker (2 unit)

    TR:--Translator (2 unit)

    TX:--Tax (charging unit) (2 unit)

    RLM:--Remote lining unit.

    COM:--Switching module.

    CX: -- Switching unit.

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    TAX (Trunk auto exchange)This section deals when a caller picks up the receiver, gets the dial tone

    and how the call is made and processed.

    Transmission

    The call is transmitted from telephone to:

    Caller

    D.P Receiver

    Pillar D.P

    MDF Pillar

    Exchange MDF

    Tax Exchange

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    There are two types of media:

    Guided Media (OFC)

    Un-Guided Media.

    BROADBANDA trend of changes in telecommunication technology is very fast.The

    need of hour is large bandwidth and its optimum utilization at reasonable cost.

    Any data access rate more than 2Mbps is considered as broadband access.

    As per the recent broadband policy of govt. of India, access rate

    over 256kbps will come under category of broadband access.

    Equipment's required in customer premises are

    Filter:-The filter separates out the signal for telephone. (Called as

    Splitter)

    Modem:-The modem directs the signal to PC and TV.

    Set Top Box (STB)-The STB converts the digital IP based signal to a

    form compatible with the TV set.

    PC and TV

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    What is DSL ?

    A high speed digital communication line

    Have several advantages over other high speed communication

    solutions.

    DSL runs on existing copper

    DSL helps carriers reduce congestion on their voice-switching systems

    Very high speed.

    Data Card

    There are two type of data card:

    1. IX data card (speed -144kbps (max))

    2. E-VDO data card (speed - 2Mbps)

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    OCB EXCHANGE SYSTEM

    Salient Features:

    OCB stands for organ control bhersion.

    Digital switching system developed by CIT ALCATEL of France.

    OMC & S/N duplicated.

    Varieties of service provided are: basic telephony, ISDN, Mobile,

    Videotext etc.

    Supports different types of signaling system.

    Max. no. of junctions may be 60000 and 35 types of cards can be used.

    Less space requirement.

    Automatic fault recovery and remote monitoring.

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    Environmental requirement is not very stringent.

    MAJOR UNITS OF OCB SYSTEM:

    Subscriber Connection Unit (CSN)

    A CSN basically consists of 1 basic rack and 3 extension racks capacity of

    CSN is 5000.Subs may be analog and digital.

    TRUNK & JUNCTION CONNECTION UNIT (SMT)

    It is the interface between switching network and junctions from other

    exchanges (or remote connection unit).

    SWITCHING MATRIX

    The Switching matrix is a single stage t made up of host switching matrix

    and branch selection & amplification function, SMX is duplicated.

    AUXILLIARY EQUIPMENT CONTROL STATION (SMA)

    It consists of frequency receiver/generator conference call CCTS, tone

    generators etc.

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    CONTROL UNIT (SMC)

    The six control units are as under:

    Multi register (MR) for connecting and disconnecting calls.

    Translator (TR) for storing exchange database.

    Charging unit (TX) for carrying out charging jobs.

    Marker (MQ) for performing connection & disconnection of

    subscribers.

    Ccs-7 controller (PC) for carrying out routing & traffic management

    functions.

    Matrix system handler (GX) for monitoring connection in S/N.

    OPERATION & MAINTENANCE UNIT (SMM)

    It is OMC for supervising functions of different units and for taking

    suitable actions at the event of faults. Magnetic disks each of capability 1.2

    GB for various stages.

    In the field oftelecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone

    switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls.

    A central office is the physical building used to house inside plant

    equipment including telephone switches, which make phone calls "work" in

    the sense of making connections and relaying the speech information.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications
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    MOBILE COMMUNICATION

    Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number ofcell

    site base stations fitted with microwave antennas. These sites are usually

    mounted on a tower, pole or building, located throughout populated areas,

    then connected to a cabled communication network and switching system. The

    phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits voice and data to the

    nearest cell sites, normally not more than 8 to 13 km (approximately 5 to 8

    miles) away.

    When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the

    mobile telephone exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can then

    be alerted by the mobile switch when there is an incoming telephone call. The

    handset constantly listens for the strongest signal being received from the

    surrounding base stations, and is able to switch seamlessly between sites. As

    the user moves around the network, the "handoffs" are performed to allow

    the device to switch sites without interrupting the call.

    Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio

    transmitters which broadcast their presence and relay communications

    between the mobile handsets and the switch. The switch in turn connects the

    call to another subscriber of the same wireless service provider or to the public

    telephone network, which includes the networks of other wireless carriers.

    Many of these sites are camouflaged to blend with existing environments,

    particularly in scenic areas.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Switching_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Switching_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio
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    The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital

    data that includes digitized audio (except for the first generation analog

    networks). The technology that achieves this depends on the system which the

    mobile phone operator has adopted. The technologies are grouped by

    generation. The first-generation systems started in 1979 with Japan, are all

    analog and include AMPS and NMT. Second-generation systems, started in

    1991 in Finland, are all digital and include GSM, CDMA and TDMA.

    The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to

    'cloning': anytime a cell phone moves out ofcoverage (for example, in a road

    tunnel), when the signal is re-established, the phone sends out a 're-connect'

    signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying itself and signaling that it is againready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it's possible to intercept the re-

    connect signal and encode the data it contains into a 'blank' phone -- in all

    respects, the 'blank' is then an exact duplicate of the real phone and any calls

    made on the 'clone' will be charged to the original account.

    Third-generation (3G) networks, which are still being deployed, began in

    2001. They are all digital, and offer high-speed data access in addition to voice

    services and include W-CDMA (known also as UMTS), and CDMA2000 EV-DO.China will launch a third generation technology on the TD-SCDMA standard.

    Operators use a mix of predesignated frequency bands determined by the

    network requirements and local regulations.

    In an effort to limit the potential harm from having a transmitter close to

    the user's body, the first fixed/mobile cellular phones that had a separate

    transmitter, vehicle-mounted antenna, and handset (known as car phones and

    bag phones) were limited to a maximum 3 watts Effective Radiated Power.Modern handheld cell phones which must have the transmission antenna held

    inches from the user's skull are limited to a maximum transmission power of

    0.6 watts ERP. Regardless of the potential biological effects, the reduced

    transmission range of modern handheld phones limits their usefulness in rural

    locations as compared to car/bag phones, and handhelds require that cell

    towers be spaced much closer together to compensate for their lack of

    transmission power.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverage_(telecommunication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System#Real-world_implementationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_Radiated_Powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_Radiated_Powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System#Real-world_implementationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverage_(telecommunication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator
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    Some handhelds include an optional auxiliary antenna port on the back

    of the phone, which allows it to be connected to a large external antenna and a

    3 watt cellular booster. Alternately in fringe-reception areas, a cellular

    repeater may be used, which uses a long distance high-gain dish antenna or

    yagi antenna to communicate with a cell tower far outside of normal range,

    and a repeater to rebroadcast on a small short-range local antenna that allows

    any cell phone within a few meters to function properly.

    GSM

    Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Groupe

    Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world.

    Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile

    market uses the standard.

    GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more

    than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming

    very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use

    their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessors in

    that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a

    second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data

    communication was easy to build into the system.

    The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both

    consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without

    switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose equipment

    from any of the many vendors implementing GSM). GSM also pioneered a low-

    cost, to the network carrier, alternative to voice calls, the Short message

    service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now supported on other

    mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard includes one

    worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for

    international travellers to connect to emergency services without knowing the

    local emergency number. Newer versions of the standard were backward-

    compatible with the original GSM phones. For example, Release '97 of the

    standard added packet data capabilities, by means of General Packet Radio

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_repeaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_repeaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagi_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_(number)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_telephone_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP#Standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP#Standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_telephone_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_(number)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagi_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_repeaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_repeater
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    Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission using

    Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

    GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it

    by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four

    different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or

    1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including Canada and the

    United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and

    1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated.

    The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some

    countries, notably Scandinavia, where these frequencies were previously used

    for first-generation systems.

    GSM-900 uses 890915 MHz to send information from the mobile

    station to the base station (uplink) and 935960 MHz for the other direction

    (downlink), providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at

    200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used. In some countries the GSM-900

    band has been extended to cover a larger frequency range. This 'extended

    GSM', E-GSM, uses 880915 MHz (uplink) and 925960 MHz (downlink),

    adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the original GSM-

    900 band. Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen

    half-rate speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio

    timeslots (giving eight burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA

    frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The

    channel data rate is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.

    The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.

    GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into

    between 5.6 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of

    data channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (5.6 kbit/s) and

    Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear predictive coding

    (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bit rates, these codecs also made it

    easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interfacelayer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictive_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictive_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service
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    GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR)

    codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the

    development of UMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called

    AMR-Narrowband, which is high quality and robust against interference when

    used on full rate channels, and less robust but still relatively high quality when

    used in good radio conditions on half-rate channels.

    There are five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro, micro, pico,

    femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to

    the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where

    the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof

    top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top

    level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose

    coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors.

    Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business

    environments and connect to the service providers network via a broadband

    internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of

    smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.

    Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain

    and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of

    kilometers. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical

    use is 35 kilometers (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the

    concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even

    more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing

    advance.

    Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using

    an indoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor

    antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an

    antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. These

    are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed indoors, for

    example in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite,

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Full_Ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picocellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtocellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_advancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_advancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_repeaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_repeaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_advancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_advancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtocellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picocellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Full_Rate
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    since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of the radio

    signals from nearby cells.

    The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK),

    a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be

    modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter

    prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the

    interference to neighboring channels (adjacent channel interference).

    Network structure

    The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large andcomplicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It is

    divided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separate

    articles.

    The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers).

    The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most

    similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core

    network.

    The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based

    Internet connections).

    All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM

    services such as voice calls and SMS

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_minimum-shift_keyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_shift_keyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_and_Switching_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS_Core_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS_Core_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_and_Switching_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_shift_keyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_minimum-shift_keyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation
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    The structure of a GSM network.

    Subscriber Identity Module

    One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),

    commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing

    the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to

    retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user

    can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the

    SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single

    SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is

    illegal in some countries.

    Many operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done because the price

    of the mobile phone is typically subsidized with revenue from subscriptions,

    and operators want to try to avoid subsidizing competitor's mobiles. The

    locking applies to the handset, identified by its International Mobile Equipment

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidisedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gsm_network.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidisedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Module
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    Identity (IMEI) number, not to the account (which is identified by the SIM

    card). In some countries such as India, all phones are sold unlocked.

    GSM security

    GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was

    designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-

    response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can

    be encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that

    uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually

    authenticating the network and the user - whereas GSM only authenticated

    the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore

    offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities,and no non-repudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for

    security. The A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air

    voice privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within

    Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries.

    Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break

    A5/2 in real-time with a cipher text-only attack, and in February 2008, Pico

    Computing, Inc revealed its ability and plans to commercialize FPGAs that allow

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-shared_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-response_authenticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-response_authenticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-repudiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5/2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext-only_attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext-only_attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5/2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-repudiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-response_authenticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-response_authenticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-shared_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identity
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    A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack. The system supports multiple

    algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one.

    Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

    Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is the equipment which facilitates the

    wireless communication between user equipments (UE) and the network. UEs

    are devices like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with

    wireless internet connectivity, WiFi and WiMAX gadgets etc. The network can

    be that of any of the wireless communication technologies like GSM, CDMA,

    WLL , WAN, WiFi, WiMAX etc. BTS is also referred to as RBS (Radio Base

    Station), Node B (in 3G Networks) or simply BS (Base Station).

    Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless

    communication standards, it is generally and commonly associated with

    mobile communication technologies like GSM and CDMA. In this regard, a BTS

    forms part of the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) developments for systemmanagement. It may also have equipments for encrypting and decrypting

    communications, spectrum filtering tools (band pass filters) etc. Antennas may

    also be considered as components of BTS in general sense as they facilitate the

    functioning of BTS. Typically a BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs) which

    allow it to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the cell

    (in the case of sectorised base stations). A BTS is controlled by a parent Base

    Station Controller via the Base station Control Function (BCF). The BCF is

    implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base

    stations. The BCF provides an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) connection

    to the Network management system (NMS), and manages operational states of

    each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection. The basic

    structure and functions of the BTS remains the same regardless of the wireless

    technologies.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryptinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryptinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_table
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    BROADBAND

    Broadband in telecommunications refers to a signaling method that

    includes or handles a relatively wide range of frequencies, which may be

    divided into channels or frequency bins. Broadband is always a relative term,

    understood according to its context. The wider the bandwidth, the greater the

    information-carrying capacity. In radio, for example, a very narrow-band signal

    will carry Morse code; a broader band will carry speech; a still broader band isrequired to carry music without losing the high audio frequencies required for

    realistic sound reproduction. A television antenna described as "normal" may

    be capable of receiving a certain range of channels; one described as

    "broadband" will receive more channels. In data communications a modem

    will transmit a bandwidth of 56 kilobits per seconds (kbit/s) over a telephone

    line; over the same telephone line a bandwidth of several megabits per second

    can be handled by ADSL, which is described as broadband (relative to a modem

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_termhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_%28signal_processing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_%28signal_processing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_termhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications
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    over a telephone line, although much less than can be achieved over a fiber

    optic circuit, for example).

    In data communications

    Broadband in data communications can refer to broadband networks or

    broadband Internet and may have the same meaning as above, so that data

    transmission over a fiber optic cable would be referred to as broadband as

    compared to a telephone modem operating at 56,000 bits per second.

    However, broadband in data communications is frequently used in a

    more technical sense to refer to data transmission where multiple pieces of

    data are sent simultaneously to increase the effective rate of transmission,

    regardless of actual data rate. In network engineering this term is used for

    methods where two or more signals share a medium.

    In video

    Broadband in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to

    systems such as cable television, where the individual channels are modulated

    on carriers at fixed frequencies. In this context, baseband is the term's

    antonym, referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in composite

    form with an audio subcarrier. The act of demodulating converts broadband

    video to baseband video.

    However, broadband video in the context of streaming Internet video

    has come to mean video files that have bitrates high enough to require

    broadband Internet access in order to view them.

    Broadband video is also sometimes used to describe IPTV Video on demand.

    In DSL

    The various forms ofDigital Subscriber Line (DSL) services are broadband

    in the sense that digital information is sent over a high-bandwidth channel

    above the baseband voice channel on a single pair of wires.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56k_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_signaling_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcarrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate#Bitrates_in_multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate#Bitrates_in_multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcarrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_signaling_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56k_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optic
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    In Ethernet

    A baseband transmission sends one type of signal using a medium's full

    bandwidth, as in 100BASE-T Ethernet. Ethernet, however, is the common

    interface to broadband modems such as DSL data links, and has a high data

    rate itself, so is sometimes referred to as broadband. Ethernet provisioned

    over cable modem is a common alternative to DSL

    BSNL is in the process of commissioning of a world class, multi-gigabit,

    multi-protocol, convergent IP infrastructure through National Internet

    Backbone-II (NIB-II), that will provide convergent services through the same

    backbone and broadband access network. The Broadband service will be

    available on DSL technology (on the same copper cable that is used for

    connecting telephone), on a countrywide basis spanning 198 cities.

    In terms of infrastructure for broadband services NIB-II would put India

    at par with more advanced nations. The services that would be supported

    includes always-on broadband access to the Internet for residential and

    business customers, Content based services, Video multicasting, Video-on-

    demand and Interactive gaming, Audio and Video conferencing, IP Telephony,

    Distance learning, Messaging: plain and feature rich, Multi-site MPLS VPNs

    with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. The subscribe will be able to access

    the above services through Subscriber Service Selection System (SSSS)portal.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100BASE-Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100BASE-Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband
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    OBJECTIVES

    To provide high speed Internet connectivity (upto 8 Mbps)

    To provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) service to the broadband

    customers

    To provide dial VPN service to MPLS VPN customers.

    To provide multicast video services, video-on-demand, etc. through the

    Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS).

    To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based

    or volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to

    select the services through web server

    To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services.

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    TECHNICAL CAPABILITY

    The Broadband Service will be given through the state of the art Multi

    Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) based IP Infrastructure, which is designed

    to provide reliable routes to cover all possible destinations within and

    outside the country. Layer 1 of the network will consist of a high speed

    Backbone comprising of 24 powerful Core Routers connected with high

    speed 2.5 Gbps (STM-16) links. The routers are located on the national

    DWDM network interfacing at STM-16 optical level to provide for high

    transmission speeds.

    Advantage of MPLS over other Technologies

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    MPLS VPN is a technology that allows a service provider like BSNL to

    have complete control over parameters that are critical to offering its customers

    service guarantees with regard to bandwidth throughputs, latencies and

    availability.

    Services available through Broadband

    High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service

    with speed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.

    Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change

    bandwidth as per his / her requirement. For example a customer with

    256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps during the video Conferencing session.

    Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services for application in

    distance education, telemedicine etc

    Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private

    network securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.

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    Video and Audio Conferencing:

    Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live

    and time shifted TV

    BIBLIOGRAPHY

    Wikipedia

    BSNL

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    CONCLUSION

    Training at BSNL helped me to attain knowledge about the various

    processes involved. It was very informative. I learnt quite a lot about electronic

    exchange, Internet, WLL, Mobile GSM & 3G, and the basics of processing

    Exchange. I also got firsthand knowledge of how a Telephone Exchange works.

    Its an unforgettable experience for me as it made me get

    accustomed to the professional environment. It helped me to develop an

    individual personality and boosted my confidence.