Antioxidant

Nutrition & Inflammation

Mo Casten

Inflammation

The Good:

Acute Inflammation

the body’s normal protective response to an injury, irritation or infection

The Bad:

Chronic Inflammation

The Deadly

Causes of Chronic

Inflammation

Persistent injury or infection

Prolonged exposure to triggering

stimuli

Inappropriate inflammatory response

leading to autoimmunity

Tissue damage and loss of barrier

function

Oxidative Stress

Persistent activation of the immune

system or of inflammatory molecules

Fat cells are actually highly complex endocrine,

inflammatory and metabolic tissue, not just storage

depots!

Graphics from http://www.indiana.edu/~K536

Food, Nutrition, &

Inflammatory Processes

Pro-Inflammatory Nutrients

include:

High GI Carbohydrates

Trans Fatty Acids

Saturated Fatty Acids

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs)

(Beezhold, 2013)

Overview of the mechanisms by which fatty acids can influence

inflammatory cell function.

Alterations in membrane composition are likely a key mechanisms since such alterations

can influence eicosanoid profiles, membrane receptor function and cell signaling processes.

DHA and EPA oppose the pro-inflammatory actions of SFA and n-6 PUFA including ARA

through multiple interconnected mechanisms: reducing production of inflammatory

eicosanoids and cytokines and enhancing production of anti-inflammatory mediators

(Beezhold, 2013)

Formation

of AGEs[Asterisks mark

the location

where flavonoids

may inhibit their

formation.]

(Beezhold, 2013)

Pro-inflammatory Nutrients

High GI Carbohydrates

Trans Fatty Acids

Saturated Fatty Acids

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Advanced Glycation

Endproducts (AGEs)

Anti-inflammatory nutrients

Low GI Carbohydrates

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Probiotics & Prebiotics

Antioxidants

-VS-

Causes of Chronic

Inflammation

Persistent injury or infection

Prolonged exposure to triggering stimuli

Inappropriate inflammatory response

leading to autoimmunity

Tissue damage and loss of barrier

function

Oxidative Stress Persistent activation of the immune

system or of inflammatory molecules

Exogenous Sources of Free

Radicals

Radiation

electromagnetic, UV light, X-rays

Oxidizing Air Pollutants

ozone, nitrogen dioxide

Xenobiotics

inorganic, industrial/agricultural pollutants

Metals

oxides

Endogenous Sources of Free

Radicals

Aerobic respiration

Metabolism of food

Immune activation

Human antioxidant defense systems include

endogenous (enzymatic and non-enzymatic)

and exogenous antioxidants, with the diet

being the main exogenous source

Bouayed, 2010

“The current evidence

does not support the use

of antioxidant

supplements in the

general population or in

patients with various

diseases”Cochrane Review, 2012

Antioxidants:

The double-

edged swords

Why? Antioxidants display

pro-oxidant activities

under certain conditions

such as at high doses or

in the presence of metal

ions

ROS at low doses play

a crucial role in cellular

functioning

Bouayed, 2010

Health beneficial effects at physiological

doses vs deleterious effects at high doses

Bouayed, 2010

In-Vitro ≠ In-Vivo Free radical scavenging in vitro does not indicate

antioxidant activity in the body

Low intrinsic activity

Poorly absorbed

Highly metabolized

Rapidly eliminated

Phytochemicals may act through multiple non-

antioxidant mechanisms beyond just antioxidant

capacity.

USDA Withdraws ORAC

Database

“Recently the USDA’s Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) removed the USDA ORAC Database for Selected Foods

from the NDL website due to mounting evidence that the values indicating

antioxidant capacity have no relevance to the effects of specific bioactive

compounds, including polyphenols on human health.”

http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=15866

References:

Beezhold, B. NTR 625 Complementary Therapies. [PowerPoint Slides]. (2013)

Bjelakovic, Goran, Dimitrinka Nikolova, Lise Lotte Gluud, Rosa G. Simonetti, and Christian Gluud. "Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with

various diseases." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2, no. 2 (2008).

Bouayed, Jaouad, and Torsten Bohn. "Exogenous antioxidants—double-edged swords in cellular redox state: health beneficial effects at physiologic doses versus deleterious effects at high

doses." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 3, no. 4 (2010): 228-237.

Buyken, Anette E., Victoria Flood, Marianne Empson, Elena Rochtchina, Alan W. Barclay, Jennie Brand-Miller, and Paul Mitchell. "Carbohydrate nutrition and inflammatory disease mortality

in older adults." The American journal of clinical nutrition 92, no. 3 (2010): 634-643.

Calder, Philip C. "Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: new twists in an old tale." Biochimie 91, no. 6 (2009): 791-795.

Chait, Alan, and Francis Kim. "Saturated fatty acids and inflammation: who pays the toll?." Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 30, no. 4 (2010): 692-693.

Dickinson, Scott, Dale P. Hancock, Peter Petocz, Antonio Ceriello, and Jennie Brand-Miller. "High–glycemic index carbohydrate increases nuclear factor-κB activation in mononuclear cells of

young, lean healthy subjects." The American journal of clinical nutrition 87, no. 5 (2008): 1188-1193.

Estela Guardado Yordi, Enrique Molina Pérez, Maria João Matos and Eugenio Uriarte Villares (2012). Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds and Structure-Activity

Relationship Evidence, Nutrition, Well-Being and Health, Dr. Jaouad Bouayed (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0125-3, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/29471. Available from:

http://www.intechopen.com/books/nutrition-well-being-and-health/antioxidant-and-prooxidant-effect-of-polyphenol-compounds-and-structure-activity-relationship-eviden

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/antioxidants/

Franz M. Nutrition, Inflammation, and Disease. Today’s Dietitian. 2014; 16(2):44

Gans K. How much do you really know about antioxidants? http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/12/what-are-antioxidants_n_3732238.html Published August 12, 2013.

Ilkay J. Debate on Antioxidants — Some Studies Suggest Efficacy While Others Question Safety. Today’s Dietitian. 2010; 12(4):14.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). Antioxidants and Health: An Introduction. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/antioxidants/introduction.htm#safety Published

May 2010. Updated November 2013.

Ritchie, SA1, and J. M. C. Connell. "The link between abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease." Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 17, no. 4

(2007): 319-326.

Siri-Tarino, Patty W., Qi Sun, Frank B. Hu, and Ronald M. Krauss. "Saturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease." The American journal of clinical nutrition 91, no. 3 (2010): 502-

509.

Wallace JP. K536 Physiology of Adipose. Indiana University.

http://www.indiana.edu/~k536/adipo.html#endo Updated September 9, 2010.