Another Issue in Internet Governance - Global Digital Dividekrnet.or.kr/board/data/dprogram/1109/E3-2%C1%B6%C1%A4%B9... · 2012-03-20 · Efforts to Bridge the Global Digital Divide

Cheung Moon [email protected]

Another Issue in Internet Governance - Global Digital Divide -

ContentsContents

III. 국가간정보격차해소를위한우리의노력

II. 국가간정보격차해소를위한각국의노력

2

I. 국가간정보격차현황

IV. 국간정보격차해소 관련이슈들

국가간 정보격차 현황

3

InformatizationInformatization Level by Continents Level by Continents

Source: ITU

Africa America Asia Europe Oceania Total

Mobile Phone 6.16 33.80 15.03 55.40 54.45 21.91

PC 1.38 28.95 4.45 21.44 42.40 9.91

Fixed Phone 3.01 34.12 13.64 41.00 40.76 18.76

Internet Users 1.23 25.76 5.85 21.64 36.98 10.22

Informatization Level by Continents

Global Digital Divide: ICT Indicators Global Digital Divide: ICT Indicators

Source : UN. 2005. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2005

Global Digital Divide: ICT Indicators Global Digital Divide: ICT Indicators

• The gaps have been reduced, but still remains substantial- Developed economies enjoy four times better access to fixed and mobile phone service- And eight times better access to Internet services

Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

Global Digital Divide: ICT IndicatorsGlobal Digital Divide: ICT Indicators

Global Digital Divide: Digital Opportunity Index Global Digital Divide: Digital Opportunity Index

• DOI measures the magnitude of the global digital divide

- Main categories: opportunity, infrastructure, Utilization

- A weight of 33% is assigned to each category to deriveDOI

What is DOI?

NetworkTele-density

Internet-density

CoverageGeographic coverage

of tel service

AffordabilityAffordability of

tel service

DeviceComputer

Hand held device

Quality of usageBandwidth

Usage LevelInternet usage

Telephone usageUtilization Utilization

Opportunity Opportunity

InfrastructureInfrastructure

Category Sub-Category

Structure of DOIStructure of DOI

Device

수신 차단 방안 강구Proportion of households with a computer

Network

Proportion of households with a fixed lines telephoneMobile cellular subscribers per 100 inhabitantsProportion of households with Internet access at homeMobile Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants

InfrastructureInfrastructure

Mobile cellular tariff as a % of per capita incomeInternet access tariff as a % of per capita income

Coverage수신 차단 방안 강구

% of population covered by mobile cellular telephony

Affordability

OpportunityOpportunity

Quality

Ratio of (fixed) broadband internet subscribers to total Internet subscribersRatio of (mobile) broadband internet subscribers tototal mobile Internet subscribers

Usage

Fixed Internet users per 100 inhabitantsMobile Internet users per 100 inhabitantsFixed telephony users per 100 inhabitantsMobile telephony users per 100 inhabitants

UtilizationUtilization

Household focusedHousehold focused

- Internet and PC are shared by members of household

Opportunity related IndicatorsOpportunity related Indicators- Coverage, Affordability

TransparencyTransparency- Only objective indicator

- Possible to include as many nations as possible

-9-

Simple

Special Features of the DOISpecial Features of the DOI

New technology orientedNew technology oriented- Delete radio and TV, then Broadband included

Results Results Economy DOI

1 Korea (Rep. of) 0.77

2 Hong Kong 0.68

3 Japan 0.67

4 Denmark 0.66

5 Sweden 0.66

6 Canada 0.64

7 Singapore 0.64

8 Taiwan 0.64

9 Netherlands 0.63

10 Switzerland 0.61

11 United States 0.61

12 Austria 0.61

13 United Kingdom 0.61

14 Israel 0.61

15 Australia 0.60

16 Germany 0.59

17 Belgium 0.59

18 Spain 0.56

19 Italy 0.56

20 France 0.55

0.25South Africa39

0.25India40

0.28Brazil38

0.28Peru37

0.29Colombia36

0.30Indonesia35

0.30Venezuela34

0.31China33

0.33Philippines32

0.33Egypt31

0.34Russian Federation30

0.34Thailand29

0.34Turkey28

0.36Mexico27

0.40Argentina26

0.43Chile25

0.44Malaysia24

0.46Poland23

0.46Czech Republic22

0.47Hungary21

DOIEconomy

• A huge digital divide can be found- Republic of Korea scores more

than three times greater than the lowest ranked India- Korea (0.77), India(0.25), Median (0.51)

The result shows..

국가간 정보격차 해소를 위한 각국의 노력

10

국내외 동향 및 환경

국가간 정보격차 국제사회 관심 증대

개도국 ICT 인프라 및 서비스 개발을 위한 DSF(Digital Solidarity Fund) 조성

WSIS, 국가간 정보격차 해소를 위한 펀드 조성 합의(2005.2, 제네바)

11..

Asia Broadband Program : 범부처 추진 프로그램, '00~05년 150억달러 ODA규모

일본, 150억 달러 규모, 국가간 정보격차해소 지원계획 발표

민간기업 파트너쉽, 범부처적 협력을 통한 사업추진(민간기부:2억4천만)USTTI : 개도국 IT인력양성 프로그램 운영(’04년 4백만달러) DFI(Digital Freedom Initiative, ’03.3) : 개도국 중소기업에 기술인력 파견

미국, USAID를 통해 IT분야 4억 4천만 달러 개도국 지원(’03년)

UNDP : 정보통신 네트워크 구축사업인 SDNP(Sustainable Development Networking Programme)와온라인 자원봉사(Volunteering) 프로그램 실시

ITU : 2004년 6월까지 개도국 교육기관에 53개 인터넷 교육센터 개소(Cisco지원)

국제기구, 개도국 정보화지원사업 지속 확대

미국, 상무부, 이라크전쟁상황에 우호적 분위기조성을 위해 DFI 사업추진

일본, 아시아 IT분야 주도권 확보를 위해 Asia Broadband Program 추진

국내외 동향 및 환경국제협력사업의 전략적 추진22..

순수 원조의 국제협력사업보다 목적지향의 협력사업 증대

국제기구를 통한 국제협력사업 추진시에도 공여국의 의견반영

UNDP를 통한 사업형태 변화

761 746681

634682 663

762

495549

663713

781

11011188

852

1148

990940

1067984

1066

70 76 73 71 78 84 950

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

년도

백만

불

UNDP직접자원

3자협력을 통한 간접자원

개도국자부담

기금

o 주요 특징- 상무부 주도 하에 국무부, USAID, 평화봉사단, FCC 등 정부기관과HP, 시스코시스템스社 등 민간기업이 연계하여 추진

- 개도국의 기구축된 정보통신 인프라를 활용하여 중소기업들의 경영효율성개선, 전자상거래 운영 등 IT활용능력 제고를 지원

o 주요 내용

① 자원봉사단의 개도국 기업 원조

: 민간단체나 NGO 단체의 자원봉사자들로 구성된 봉사단이개도국의 중소기업에 선진 정보통신기술 및 사업 노하우 전수

② 성장주도형 경제규제 및 제도 확립

: 미국 국무부, 상무부, USAID, 연방통신위원회, 민간기관이함께 연계하여 개도국의 경제성장을 위한 규제 및 제도 확립을 자문

디지털 자유화 사업디지털 자유화 사업

③ 기존의 정보통신 인프라를 이용한 정보서비스 지원- 200개의 사이버카페 및 1만여 개의 텔레센터(Telecenter) 등旣구축되어 있는 정보통신 인프라를 활용하여 회계서비스나상품 물가정보 제공 등 중소기업의 정보화 확산 및전자상거래 운영 등 新 사업기회 창출

④ 현재 활동하고 있는 130여명의 평화봉사단원에 노트북과 통신장비를지급하여 對세네갈 정보화 원조활동 제고

o 기대효과- 향후 3년간 총 650만 불(약 78억 원)을 투입하여 세네갈 36만개 중소기업및 50만 명의 일반 시민들을 대상으로 정보화 이용기반 확충

o 향후 추진계획- 세네갈 시범사업 성과평가를 토대로 향후 5년간 20개국에 확대 실시

디지털 자유화 사업디지털 자유화 사업

국가간 정보격차 해소 사업의 패러다임 변화국가간 정보격차 해소 사업의 패러다임 변화

국가간 정보격차해소를 위한우리의 노력

재경부(수출입은행)

o EDCF는 '04. 11말현재 IT부문에 17개국 24개사업, 총 4,423억원을지원승인하여, 전체 EDCF 지원규모중 20% 차지

- 2004. 11말현재 EDCF 전체승인규모는 36개국 123개사업에총 2조 1,259억※ IT부문지원추진및차관신청접수사업 : 5개국 7개사업, 212백만불

-심사추진사업 : 1개국 1개사업, 15백만불-기타차관신청접수사업 : 4개국 6개사업, 197백만불

o 지원분야는과거전화교환설비(TDX), 통신케이블중심에서 CDMA, SI분야등으로다양화

외교부(한국국제협력단)

1. 연수생초청사업ㅇ 15개정보통신과정 268명초청연수

2. 전문가파견사업 : 5개국 6명ㅇ라오스 (IT) 1명/6개월ㅇ방글라데시(네트워크) 1명 /6개월ㅇ캄보디아(IT) 1명/6개월ㅇ온두라스 (컴퓨터) 1명/2개월ㅇ파나마 (전산화컨설팅)1명/3개월ㅇ국제기구 (SEARCCT) 사이버테러 1명/1개월

3. 개발조사 : 1개국 1건ㅇ파나마 911 긴급구호구조시스템구축마스터플랜(‘04~’05/330천불)

외교부(한국국제협력단)4. 프로젝트사업 : 11개국 15개사업ㅇ미얀마정보통신개발마스터플랜지원 (‘04~’05/950천불) ㅇ베트남다낭정보통신대학설립 (‘04~’06/10,000천불)ㅇ베트남정보통신입법지원 (‘04~’05/840천불)ㅇ라오스전자정부구축지원 (‘04~’05/950천불) ㅇ엘살바도르중미기술원현대화 2차사업 (‘04~’05/330천불)ㅇ인도네시아중소기업발전센터 IT인프라구축 (‘01~’04/1,250천불)ㅇ필리핀정보기술훈련원설립 (‘03~’05/5,000천불)ㅇ방글라데시 IT훈련센터건립 (‘03~’04/1,000천불)ㅇ우즈베크 IT전문가훈련원건립 (‘03~’04/700천불)ㅇ이집트공산품품질관리시스템구축 (‘01~’04/2,000천불)ㅇ아프가니스탄공무원컴퓨터교육센터건립 (‘03~’04/1,000천불)ㅇ아프가니스탄한․아프간 IT센터건립 (‘04~’05/2,000천불)ㅇ이라크바그다드대학 IT 인프라구축지원(2003～2005/2,500천불) ㅇ이라크 18개국립대학인터넷룸설치지원(2003～2005/2,500천불) ㅇ이집트국립 SW개발센터건립 (‘04~’05/1,500천불) -후보사업

5. 기타 IT 봉사단파견및 IT 물자지원사업

Goal: to assist developing countries all over the world in building their human capacities in the IT field

Trained 1,915 persons from 1998 to 2006(May) through various short term courses on telecommunication policy,e-Gov, Security, Radiocommunication Regulation etc.

Since 2003, offered mid or long term courses of 4 to 12 weeks, such as National Informatization CIO Course, National Informatization Expert Course, Mobile Engineer(Policy) Course

Efforts to Bridge the Digital Divide – KoreaKorea’’s IT HRD Program(1)s IT HRD Program(1)

22

General DescriptionGeneral DescriptionGeneral Description

Efforts to Bridge the Global Digital Divide – KoreaKorea’’s IT HRD Program(2)s IT HRD Program(2)

Number of ParticipantsContinent(# of countries) 1998 1999 2005 2006

(May)

173 46

6

0

2

0

8

12

74

Middle East(7) 2 0 0 9 0 8 29 19 73

9

7

42

18

18

286

Total

134 1,349

68

25

164

120

120

1,915

0

2

4

6

Europe(10) 6 12 5 2 9 36 20

158

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

78

0

2

1

9

93

Asia and Pacific (34) 148 211 149 211 202

North Africa 0 11 10 19 19Sub Sahara Africa (11) 2 0 2 8 0South America(14) 1 30 17 40 29

CIS(9) 12 3 20 17 19

Total(90) 168 266 207 345 318

Korea IT learning ProgramKorea IT learning ProgramKorea IT learning Program

22

21

Korea`s IT HRD Program(3)Korea`s IT HRD Program(3)

PhotosPhotos

Korea IT Korea IT Learning Learning (KoIL) (KoIL)

ProgramProgram

22

Korea IT Learning (KoIL) ProgramKorea IT Learning (KoIL) ProgramKorea IT Learning (KoIL) Program

22

Goal : To strengthening friendship between the KOIL Alumni &KADO Trained 1,841 persons from 90 countries(1998 to present)

9 meetings held since 20042004 : Brazil (Nov.), Poland (Dec.)2005 : Thailand (Apr.), Peru (Jun.), Costa Rica (Sep.)

Viet Nam (Sep.), Tunisia (Nov.), Saudi Arabia (Nov.) 2006: Mongolia (May)

Efforts to Bridge the Digital Divide – KoreaKorea’’s IT HRD Program(3)s IT HRD Program(3)

22

KOIL Alumni MeetingKOIL Alumni MeetingKOIL Alumni Meeting

21

Korea`s IT HRD Program(5)Korea`s IT HRD Program(5)

PhotosPhotos

Date: Date: 31 August ~ 1 September 200631 August ~ 1 September 2006Venue : Venue : Seoul, KoreaSeoul, KoreaProgramProgram1. Official Launching of DOF 1. Official Launching of DOF

-- Members : KOIL alumni (1,910 people worldwide) & moreMembers : KOIL alumni (1,910 people worldwide) & more-- Secretariat : KADOSecretariat : KADO-- Activity : Annual forum, information sharing and discussion Activity : Annual forum, information sharing and discussion

through through DOF websiteDOF website

2. Development of the DOI and the policy toolkit based on it2. Development of the DOI and the policy toolkit based on it3. International IT cooperation case study 3. International IT cooperation case study

Worldwide KOIL Participants NetworkWorldwide KOIL Participants NetworkWorldwide KOIL Participants Network

Launching Event of DOFLaunching Event of DOFLaunching Event of DOF

Efforts to Bridge the Global Digital DivideEfforts to Bridge the Global Digital Divide

33

Efforts to Bridge the Global Digital Divide -Korea Internet Volunteers Program (1)(1)

Send IT skilled volunteers to various organizations of partner countries to assist in developing IT capacity.

Each team (4-5 persons) is equipped with laptop PCs, digital cameras and other education materials

Donate the equipments to the hosting organizations after finishing the activities.

22

General DescriptionGeneral DescriptionGeneral Description

Efforts to Bridge the Global Digital Divide -Korea Internet VolunteersProgram (2)(2)

No. of ParticipantsRegion

(# of countries) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total

148 717

282

112

7

108

120

1346

68

36

-

40

28

320

Europe(5) 2 10 40 24

South America (13) - 12 36 20

Africa(12) - 13 43 36

Total(54) 175 206 345 300

Asia(16) 137 129 151 152

CIS(6) 33 38 75 68

Middle East(2) 3 4 - -

Outline of DispatchedTime and Duration :

July – August (20 – 30 days)

Activities :

- Education of IT Skills &awareness

- Promotion of mutual understanding between countries. etc

33

Korea Internet Volunteers (KIV)Korea Internet Volunteers (KIV)Korea Internet Volunteers (KIV)

33

23

Korea Internet Volunteers Program (3)(3)

Photos

Efforts to Bridge the Global Digital Divide-Information Access Center

2002 2003 2004 2005

CambodiaRomaniaVietnam

Egypt

PhilippineBulgaria

LaosTunisia

Facilities: Computer-training rooms equipped with PCs, seminar rooms, and Internet lounges.

IT Training Program : Training for IAC operators

33

General DescriptionGeneral DescriptionGeneral Description

Information Access Center (IAC)Information Access Center (IAC)Information Access Center (IAC)

33

Date: Date: 31 August ~ 1 September 200631 August ~ 1 September 2006Venue : Venue : Seoul, KoreaSeoul, KoreaProgramProgram1. Official Launching of DOF 1. Official Launching of DOF

-- Members : KOIL alumni (1,910 people worldwide) & moreMembers : KOIL alumni (1,910 people worldwide) & more-- Secretariat : KADOSecretariat : KADO-- Activity : Annual forum, information sharing and discussion Activity : Annual forum, information sharing and discussion

through through DOF websiteDOF website

2. Development of the DOI and the policy toolkit based on it2. Development of the DOI and the policy toolkit based on it3. International IT cooperation case study 3. International IT cooperation case study

Worldwide KOIL Participants NetworkWorldwide KOIL Participants NetworkWorldwide KOIL Participants Network

Launching Event of DOFLaunching Event of DOFLaunching Event of DOF

Efforts to Bridge the Global Digital DivideEfforts to Bridge the Global Digital Divide

33

한국경제규모에 상응하는 개도국정보화지원 사업 실시

한국 총 ODA규모 : 0.06%(GNI대비),2.8억달러

국가 미국 일본

0.11 0.23

덴마크 네덜란드 그리스 포르투갈 스페인

ODA/GNI 1.01 0.82 0.19 0.25 0.30

*자료: OECD, Development Cooperation : 2002 Report, 2003.

국제사회 UN ODA권고안 : 0.7%

< UN ODA 권고안 적용시, IT분야 ODA규모 >

IT분야 ODA’02년도 GNI UN 기준적용시

한국의 ODAIT분야 ODA

(총ODA의 28.5%) 유상 규모(40%) 무상규모(60%)

9.52억 달러 3.81억 달러 5.71억 달러33.4억 달러4,770억 달러

비슷한 국민소득 수준국인 그리스, 포르투갈, 스페인 등의 1/4, OECD/DAC 회원국 평균인 0.22%의

1/4, 유엔 권고 0.7%의 1/10에 불과함

따라서 국제정보격차해소를 위한 한국의 국제협력사업 규모는 5.71억 달러 규모를 유지 해야 함

비슷한 국민소득 수준국인 그리스, 포르투갈, 스페인 등의 1/4, OECD/DAC 회원국 평균인 0.22%의

1/4, 유엔 권고 0.7%의 1/10에 불과함

따라서 국제정보격차해소를 위한 한국의 국제협력사업 규모는 5.71억 달러 규모를 유지 해야 함

*source : 외교부, OECD, IT분야 수출액비중 : 28.5%

-6-

국가간 정보격차 해소 사업의 발전 방향국가간 정보격차 해소 사업의 발전 방향

국가간 정보격차 해소 사업의 발전 방향국가간 정보격차 해소 사업의 발전 방향

범 정부 차원의 추진체계 수립

국가간 정보격차 해소 사업의 발전 방향국가간 정보격차 해소 사업의 발전 방향

IT 수출과의연계강화

국제정보격차해소사업수행기관과 IT관련협회및민간업체간상시적이고주기적인커뮤니케이션채널확보

국제기구협력관계의강화

국제기구의지역, 성격과영향력의강도에따라차별화하여운영

지역공동체성격의국제기구(예:APT, UNESCAP)와는협력프로젝트, 인력양성사업등사업집행중심

UN, ITU, World Bank 등의범세계적국제기구와는정책개발및기술지원, 워킹그룹에의적극참여, 지수등과같은정책개발및기술자문중심

국가간 정보격차 해소 관련 이슈들

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World Summit on the Information SocietyWorld Summit on the Information Society

• WSIS aims to build a people-centered, inclusive and development-oriented society where the potential of ICT is used to promote sustainable development and improve the quality of life

• For this goal, WSIS invites world leaders to discuss the ways to bridge the digital divide and advance the broad development agenda outlined in the Millennium Declaration

• WSIS is a multi-stakeholder process; not only governments but also private sector civil society and other actors work together to achieve the goal

What is WSIS?

History• 1998, Minneapolis, ITU’s Plenipotentiary Conference decided to hold WSIS

• 2003, Geneva, the 1st phase of WSIS were held by Switzerland

• 2005, Tunis, the 2nd phase of WSIS were held by Tunisia

World Summit on the Information SocietyWorld Summit on the Information Society

1. Connect villages and establish Community access points

2. Connect universities, colleges, secondary schools and primary schools

3. Connect scientific and research institutions Connect all public libraries, archives, museums, cultural centers and post offices

4. Connect health centers and hospitals by Connect all local and central government departments and establish websites and e-mail addresses for them

5. Adapt all primary and secondary school curricula to meet the challenges of the information society, taking into account national circumstances

6. Ensure that the entire world population has access to television and radio services

7. Encourage the development of content and put in place technical conditions in order to facilitate the presence and use of all world languages on the Internet

8. Ensure that more than half the world’s inhabitants have personal use of ICT

The Ten WSIS Targets by 2015 2015

World Summit on the Information SocietyWorld Summit on the Information Society

Digital Solidarity Fund(http://www.fonds-solidarite.org/eng/index.html)

h We welcome the Digital Solidarity Fund (DSF) established in Geneva as an innovative financial mechanism of a voluntary nature open to interested stakeholders with the objective of transforming the digital divide into digital opportunities for the developing world by focusing mainly on specific and urgent needs at the local level and seeking new voluntary sources of “solidarity” finance. The DSF will complement existing mechanisms for funding the Information Society, which should continue to be fully utilized to fund the growth of new ICT infrastructure and services. (Tunis Agenda for the Information Society, 28)

Open SourcesOpen Sources

Two different models in S/W development Proprietary model v.s. Open source modelProprietary model : source is not open to the

public therefore, developed exclusively by a closed circle, just buy and use, totally dependent upon them

Open source model : source is open to the public, therefore, developed by open network of experts, easy to be customized by individual users, economical but need expertise to use

Open SourcesOpen Sources

• International Open Source Network IOSN (www.iosn.net)

• Software Freedom Day(Aug. 28, 2004) : Linux, Openoffice, Mozilla, mySQL Apache

• China, South Korea and Japan made a move to boost their joint research into a new open source computer operating system(’04)

• Korea : Start to apply Open S/W to Information System of Public Sector in 2006

Open SourcesOpen Sources

Brazil

• October 2003- set up of technical commissions within the E-government executive committee for implementation of Open Source by Public Administration.

• November 2003 - the Presidential Cabinet recommends the use of Open source alternatives by all public sector

• April 2004- promotion of the training week in Open Source by ITI, Serpro and other institutions (150 courses fortraining:+2000 public employees)

• July 2004 – Publication of the Open guide by the government: a migrating reference for adoption of the open source alternatives by public sector

International Internet Access Charging

Two Types of Charging : Peering or Transit

Peering : Sharing of network among other ISP of similar size without paying fees to each other

Transit : Using the network of other ISP with paying fee when ISPs are of unequal size or negotiating ability

Question is how much is the fee ? who decide and how decided?

Source: PriMetrica

Inter-regional Internet Bandwidth Flows, 2003 International Internet Access Charging

• Currently : “Full-Circuit” model•• “Developing countries wishing to connect to the global Internet backbone must pay

for the full costs of the international leased line to the country providing the hub. More than 90 per cent of international IP connectivity passes through North America. Once a leased line is established, traffic passes in both directions, benefiting the customers in the hub country as well as the developing country, though the costs are primarily borne by the latter. These higher costs are passed on to customers in developing countries. On the Internet, the net cash flow is from the developing South to the developed North “ Discussion paper ITU and International Development Research Centre (IDRC (2005. Jan.)

• New Initiative : International Charging Arrangements for Internet Services” (ICAIS )

• Traffic based tariff measurement tool

International Internet Access Charging

Local Language based Internet

• Local language base Internet address• Client based : 한국정보문화진흥원.kr

Adopted as standard by IETF, consistent with current system, but inconvenient

• Server based : 한국정보문화진흥원

Not yet as standard, but convenient • Local language based online content

One Laptop per Child

Brazil, China, Egypt, South Africa and Thailand are already putting plans in place to distribute as many as 15 million of the devices.

Linux-based, full-color, full-screen wind-up power source, Wi-Fi capable, 500 MHz processor,1GB onboard memory

The MIT Media Lab has launched a research initiative to develop a $100 laptop. To achieve this goal, a new, non-profit association, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), has been created. The initiative was first announced by Nicholas Negroponte at the World Economic Forum (2005.)

The first working prototype of the $100 laptop, unveiled at the WSIS in Tunis on 16 November.

Thank you감사합니다

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