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Animal Organiza tion & Homeosta sis Chapte r 33
33

Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

Jan 20, 2018

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Animal Organization & Homeostasis 3Outline Tissue Types  Epithelial  Connective  Muscular  Nervous Organs Organ Systems Homeostasis  Negative Feedback  Positive Feedback
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Page 1: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

Chapter 33

Page 2: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

2Types of Epithelial Tissues

in the Vertebrates

Page 3: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

3Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisOutlineOutlineTissue TypesTissue Types

Epithelial Epithelial ConnectiveConnectiveMuscularMuscularNervousNervous

OrgansOrgansOrgan SystemsOrgan SystemsHomeostasisHomeostasis

Negative FeedbackNegative FeedbackPositive FeedbackPositive Feedback

Page 4: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

4Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Tissue - Group of similar cells Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar functionperforming a similar function

Organ - Group of tissues performing a Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized functionspecialized function

Organ System - Collection of several Organ System - Collection of several organs functioning togetherorgans functioning together

Organism - A collection of organ Organism - A collection of organ systemssystems

Page 5: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

5Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisTypes of TissuesTypes of Tissues

Four major vertebrate tissue typesFour major vertebrate tissue types

Epithelial Epithelial

ConnectiveConnective

MuscularMuscular

NervousNervous

Page 6: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

6Types of Epithelial Tissues

in the Vertebrates

Page 7: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

7Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisEpithelial TissueEpithelial TissueEpithelial tissue:Epithelial tissue:

Forms a continuous layer over body Forms a continuous layer over body surfacessurfaces

Lines inner cavitiesLines inner cavitiesForms glandsForms glands­ Exocrine glands - Secrete products into Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavitiesducts or cavities­ Endocrine glands - Secrete products Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstreamdirectly into the bloodstream

Covers abdominal organsCovers abdominal organsThree types of epithelial tissues:Three types of epithelial tissues:

Squamous – Flat cellsSquamous – Flat cellsCuboidal - Cube-shaped cellsCuboidal - Cube-shaped cellsColumnar – Pillar-shaped cellsColumnar – Pillar-shaped cells

Page 8: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

8Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisConnective TissueConnective TissueConnective tissues consist of:Connective tissues consist of:

Fibroblast cellsFibroblast cellsA matrix containing collagen and elastic A matrix containing collagen and elastic fibersfibers

Loose fibrous connective tissueLoose fibrous connective tissueAllows organs to expandAllows organs to expand

Dense fibrous connective tissueDense fibrous connective tissueStrong connective tissueStrong connective tissue­ TendonsTendons­ LigamentsLigaments

Page 9: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

9Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue

Page 10: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

10Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisConnective TissueConnective TissueAdipose TissueAdipose Tissue

Insulates the body and provides Insulates the body and provides paddingpadding

CartilageCartilageClassified according to type of Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrixmatrix

Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae) in the matrixsmall chambers (lacunae) in the matrix

Page 11: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

11Connective Tissue Examples

Page 12: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

12Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisConnective TissueConnective Tissue

Compact BoneCompact BoneMatrix is inorganic salts deposited Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibersaround protein fibers

Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in lacunaelacunae

Lacunae arranged in concentric circles Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals)(central canals)

Page 13: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

13Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisBloodBloodActually a connective tissue in which Actually a connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma)(plasma)Red blood cells - erythrocytesRed blood cells - erythrocytesWhite blood cells - leukocytesWhite blood cells - leukocytes

Transports nutrients and oxygen to Transports nutrients and oxygen to cellscells

Removes carbon dioxide and other Removes carbon dioxide and other wasteswastes

Page 14: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

14Blood, a Liquid Tissue

Page 15: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

15Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisMuscular TissueMuscular Tissue

Contractile cells containing actin and Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filamentsmyosin filaments

Cells are called muscle fibersCells are called muscle fibersSkeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle­Voluntary - Long, striated fibersVoluntary - Long, striated fibers

Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle­ Involuntary - No striationsInvoluntary - No striations

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle­Striated, but mostly involuntaryStriated, but mostly involuntary­Bound by intercalated disksBound by intercalated disks

Page 16: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

16Muscular Tissue

Page 17: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

17Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisNervous TissueNervous Tissue

Nervous Tissue contains neuronsNervous Tissue contains neurons

Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axonan axon

­ Long axons covered by myelinLong axons covered by myelin

­Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers form nervesform nerves

Neuroglia support and nourish Neuroglia support and nourish neuronsneurons

Page 18: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

18Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisNervous TissueNervous TissueNervous system has three functionsNervous system has three functions

Sensory inputSensory input­Sensory receptors detect changesSensory receptors detect changes­ Transmit info to the spinal cordTransmit info to the spinal cord

Data integrationData integration­Spinal cord and brain integrateSpinal cord and brain integrate­Decision is made regarding appropriate Decision is made regarding appropriate responseresponse

Motor outputMotor output­Response is transmitted to effector Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle)(gland or muscle)­ Effector initiates actual responseEffector initiates actual response

Page 19: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

19Neurons and Neuroglia

Page 20: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

20Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisFunctions & Regions of SkinFunctions & Regions of SkinFunctions of skinFunctions of skin

Covers and protects underlying body Covers and protects underlying body regionsregions

Regulate body temperature, andRegulate body temperature, andContains sensory receptorContains sensory receptor

Epidermis - Outer, thinner regionEpidermis - Outer, thinner regionStratified squamous epitheliumStratified squamous epitheliumNew cells are pushed outward, become New cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed offkeratinized, and are sloughed off

Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment)Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment)Nails grow from specialized epidermal Nails grow from specialized epidermal cellscells

Page 21: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

21Human Skin Anatomy

Page 22: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

22Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisRegions of SkinRegions of SkinDermis - Deeper and thicker than Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermisepidermisFibrous connective tissue containing Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers Contains:elastic and collagen fibers Contains:­Hair folliclesHair follicles­Sebaceous glandsSebaceous glands­ReceptorsReceptors­Nerve fibersNerve fibers­Blood vesselsBlood vessels

Subcutaneous Layer - Loose, connective Subcutaneous Layer - Loose, connective tissue located below dermistissue located below dermis

Page 23: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

23The Epidermis

Page 24: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

24Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisOrgan SystemsOrgan SystemsBody CavitiesBody Cavities

Dorsal cavity (toward the back) Dorsal cavity (toward the back) ­Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral canalcanal­The brain is in the cranial cavity, andThe brain is in the cranial cavity, and­The spinal cord is in the vertebral canalThe spinal cord is in the vertebral canal

Ventral cavity (toward the front) is divided Ventral cavity (toward the front) is divided by the diaphragm into by the diaphragm into ­The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) and and ­The abdominal cavity (most other internal The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs)organs)­The pelvic cavityThe pelvic cavity

Page 25: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

25 Mammalian Body Cavities

Page 26: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

26Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisHomeostasisHomeostasisThe organ systems of the human body contribute The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasisto homeostasis The digestive systemThe digestive system­ Takes in and digests foodTakes in and digests food­ Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used nutrientsnutrients

The respiratory systemThe respiratory system­ Adds oxygen to the blood Adds oxygen to the blood ­ Removes carbon dioxideRemoves carbon dioxide

The liver and the kidneysThe liver and the kidneys­ Store excess glucose as glycogenStore excess glucose as glycogen­ Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose usedused

­ The hormone insulin regulates glycogen storageThe hormone insulin regulates glycogen storage The kidneysThe kidneys­ Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and saltssalts

Page 27: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

27Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisNegative FeedbackNegative FeedbackHomeostatic ControlHomeostatic Control

Partially controlled by hormonesPartially controlled by hormonesUltimately controlled by the nervous Ultimately controlled by the nervous systemsystem

Negative Feedback is the primary Negative Feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set valuevariable close to a set value Sensor detects change in environmentSensor detects change in environment Regulatory Center activates an effectorRegulatory Center activates an effector Effector reverses the changesEffector reverses the changes

Page 28: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

28 Negative Feedback Mechanisms:

Simple

Page 29: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

29Negative Feedback Mechanisms:

Complex

Page 30: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

30Regulation of Body Temperature

Page 31: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

31Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisPositive FeedbackPositive FeedbackDuring positive feedback, an event During positive feedback, an event increases the likelihood of another increases the likelihood of another eventeventChildbirth ProcessChildbirth ProcessUrge to urinateUrge to urinate

Positive FeedbackPositive FeedbackDoes not result in equilibriumDoes not result in equilibriumDoes not occur as often as negative Does not occur as often as negative feedbackfeedback

Page 32: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

32Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisReviewReviewTissue TypesTissue Types

Epithelial Epithelial ConnectiveConnectiveMuscularMuscularNervousNervous

OrgansOrgansOrgan SystemsOrgan SystemsHomeostasisHomeostasis

Negative FeedbackNegative FeedbackPositive FeedbackPositive Feedback

Page 33: Animal Organization & Homeostasis Chapter 33. 2 Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates.

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

Ending Slide Chapter 33