Angliyska_mova_expres_pidgotovka_2012_Litera.pdf

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811.36=111(076) 81.2-922+74.268.1 99 , 946 09.08.2011 . , 2012 : . . , 162,- . . 99 ()..-/....: ,2012.288. ISBN9789661780384 - 2012. , ; . ,. .

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ISBN9789661780384

..,,2009;,2011 ,2012

2.

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3 .

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, . - , : 1) ( , , ); 2) ( ); 3) ( ); 4) ( ).

:

, ; ; ; ( ). : (the Noun),(the Adjective), (theVerb),(theAdverb),(the Numeral),(the Pronoun). : (the Preposition), (the Conjunction). (the Article), , , . : (the Interjection).

: (the Noun), (the Adjective), (the Verb), (the Adverb), (the Numeral), (the Pronoun), (the Preposition), (the Conjunction). : ); ); ). :

(The NouN) , : 1) ; 2) , ; 3) , , ; 4) .

,,,; (,,,.); ; (,). :

; ; ; ( ).

. .

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, (). ,: dog , hand , toy . , : teacher , kingdom, unemployment. () (,): bedroom , wallpaper , mother-in-law.

(masculine) ( he) , -: man, boy, son, uncle, he-wolf. (feminine) ( she ),-: woman,girl,daughter , aunt, she-wolf.

(Classes of 1. NouNs) (Proper Nouns) (Common Nouns). (ProPer NouNs) , ,: Ann, Spain, Westminster Palace. : The capital of the UK is London. . My friend, George, comes from the United States. . (CommoN NouNs) , : table, peace, team.

: teacher , ; student , ; journalist , . : actor () actress (); bridegroom () bride (); emperor () empress (); hero () heroine (); prince () princess (); waiter () waitress ().

(neutral) (it) : 1) : field , window , tree; 2) , : cat, dog, goat; 3) baby.

2. (Grammar CateGories of NouNs) (Gender),(Number) (Case). (GeNder) :, .

, ship () : Cutty Sark is a famous ship. She used to bring tea from China. . .

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6 (Number) ,, : (Singular Nouns) (Plural Nouns). (Countable Nouns), (Uncountable Nouns) .

-s: hat() hats(); book() books(); dog() dogs(); pen() pens(); pupil() pupils().

-s, -es. . -es ) -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x: bus() buses (), dress() dresses(), branch() branches(), box() boxes () ) -( - ): baby() babies(), lady() ladies (). - , : day() days (), toy() toys () )-f,-fe: wolf()wolves (), wife()wives (), shelf()shelves (), life()lives (). : cliff()cliffs (), roof()roofs (), chief()chiefs ()

, s. : 3 3s (); b bs ( b); % %s ().

-s, -es: -s [z] : boy boys [b1z], bed beds [bedz], flower flowers [fla\3z]; -s [s] : book books [b\ks], bat bats [b0ts], map maps [m0ps]; -es [z] : dress dresses [dresz], place places [plesz], box boxes [b5ksz].

) -: hero() heroes (), mosquito() mosquitoes(), echo() echoes (), tomato() tomatoes(), potato() potatoes()

1. , (): child() children(); man (, ) men (,); woman() women(); mouse() mice(); foot() feet(); tooth() teeth(); goose() geese(); louse() lice(). 2. , : phenomenon () phenomena ();

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7 1) : bread , tea , milk; 2) : love, advice; 3) -ics: athletics , mathematics; 4) , , -s: billiards, mumps; 5) ,: weather , luggage , furniture , money , news. , (Pluralia Tantum) (Singularia Tantum),(Uncountable Nouns), , . Pluralia Tantum, Singularia Tantum /n; some: some milk(/ ); some bread (/ ). : a piece of advice ; a piece of furniture ; a piece of news ; a glass of water ; a loaf of bread ; a kilo of meat ; a kilo of sugar ; a kilo of flour .,

datum() data(); stadium() stadia(); radius() radii(); criterion () criteria (); bacterium () bacteria (). 3. (). () , -s(-es): schoolboy () schoolboys (); blackboard () blackboards () : postman() postmen(); fireman () firemen (). () , , : daughter-in-law () daughtersin-law(); passer-by () passers-by ().

, (Pluralia tantum)

.: 1) , : trousers , pyjamas , scissors , glasses , binoculars ; 2) : clothes , goods , people , police , cattle., (singularia tantum)

, :

, . ,: deer,; sheep,; fish,;

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8 salmon,; trout,; works,; craft,; aircraft,; means,; series,. , -ese -ss,: Chinese(),; Japanese(),; Swiss (), . , ,

glass() glasses(); wood() woods(); hair() hairs(). (Case) , . -: , ; , . : (Common Case) (Possessive Case). (Common Case)

, : army; audience; class; club; committee; company; council; crew; family; government; press; public; team. ,,: , : Our team was the best in the country. ; , : Ourteamwereallgivenmedals..

. , . , I am drawing with a pencil I am drawing a pencil, ,(with apencil),(apencil) . (Possessive Case)

, ( ): my sisters house; Alexs book; the dogs owner.

of: the picture of one of the most famous actors ; the assassinator of one of the most distinguished American presidents John Kennedy .

, , : people() peoples();

: 1) : a days work;

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9 students+ = students. James+ = James. s : 1) : AnnandKatesroom ; Foreign Minister of Polands speech ; 2) : sister-in-laws children ; runner-ups score,.

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

todays newspaper ; yesterdays news; : at a miles distance ; ,,: on Glorias board ; Italys exports; Tokyos parks; : Londons galleries; the National Universitys programme ; at my grannys (place) (); (the Sun/the sun , the Moon/the moon , the Earth/the earth ): the Earths surface; the suns rays; government , party , army , crew (, ), family , society: the governments proposals ; the societys members ; : within a stones throw, ; Igotmymoneysworth.

3. : -r/-r soldier; director; -ment unemployment; government; -ship friendship; membership; -ness happiness; wildness; -ion/-ation/-tion/-sion dictation; mission,; -hood childhood; -dom kingdom; freedom.

s(). s : boy+ s= boys, student+ s= students; men+ s = mens; children + s = childrens. , -s, -ss, (): boys+ = boys;

4. : 1) : The dog is sleeping.. 2) : Look at that man! I know him! !! 3) :

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10 We are the world, we are the children. ,. 4) : I live in a stone house. . 5) : She saw him in a new car . .

(The arTICle) . .

/: 1) (indefinite) a/an;

, , an , : an apple ; an oak-tree ; an eye ; an hour .

2) (definite) the;

the : [93] , : the man, the car; [9] , : the apple, the army.

3) (zero):.

1. 1. /n . : 1) (): A small girl is standing at the window. .

2) : My elder brother lives in a big city. (). 3) ()(): A writer is a person who writes books. , . 4) : A cow gives milk.. 5) (): We walked a mile or two. . 6) ,what: What a beautiful picture! ! 7) : My friends father is an officer. . 8) rather, quite, such there + to be, : She was such a good student! ! There is a forest near our village. . 9) a great deal (of), a number (of), a great many, a little, a few, to be at a loss, to be in a hurry, as a rule, its a shame, its a pity, to have a walk, to have a smoke ..: Lets have a rest! ! Its a pity I was not present at your lecture. , . : 1) : For after all was he not a Griffiths? ,? 2) ,: My husband is quite an Othello. .

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11 5) : is the brightest student of the class. . 6) : the first; the fifth; the fifty-seventh. 7) in the morning/ afternoon/evening (, , ). 8) ( ,): the piano; the guitar; the tango. 9) ( ): the English; the Chinese; the Ukrainians; : the Queen; the Prince; the President. (: Queen Victoria , Prince Albert ). : 1) , , , , , : the Odeon; the Sheraton; the British Museum ; the Tate Gallery; the Guardian; the Marie Celeste . 2) , , , , ,: the Thames; the English Channel-; the Black Sea;

3) , : A Mr Fox called you.. 2. the. : 1) , : We met a man in the park. The man was a famous thief searched by the police. . , . : beach; cinema; city; ground; radio; sea; seaside; shop; theatre; world. : She went to the station to see Jim off. . 2) , : the Earth; the Eiffel Tower. 3) only (), last (), first(): He was the last person to come here. ,. 4) , ( ): the poor,; the rich,; the young,; the blind,; the homeless. : She is writing an article about the homeless. .

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12 the Atlantic Ocean ; the Bahamas; the Alps; the Sahara Desert. 3) , (kingdom, republic, state..): theUnitedStatesofAmerica; the United Kingdom , : the Argentine; the Netherlands; the Sudan. 4) ,: the Hague; the Vatican. 5) : the Middle Ages; the First World War . (: World War I .) 6) , : the Browns; The Browns will come to our place on Sunday. ( ) . 3. ( ) . 1) ,, , , ( language): Sheplaystennisverywell. . Its Monday today. . I like red. . I speak English and German.. (: The English language is spoken all over the world. .)

2) , , , , , , , , ,: Italy; Oxford Street; Trafalgar Square ; Lake Michigan; Europe; 3) : This is not your bag. . 4) , : Kennedy Airport. ; Westminster Abbey . 5) : to be in bed(); to be at school (); to be in prison (); to be in hospital (); to be at work (); to travel/go by car/bus/plane/train/ ship / (, , , ). (: in the car; on the bus/train ().) 6) home , Mother/ Father/,: Mother is at home.. 7) : s got malaria.. (: flu the flu; measles the measles; mumps the mumps.) 8) ,: Kate; Kyiv. 9) , a/an,,:

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13 on the advice of ; pass the time ; play the piano/guitar / ; tell the truth ; the other day ; the (more) ... the (more) ... () (). 3. ( ) : at night/day/sunrise // ; at home/work/school // ; at breakfast/lunch/dinner //; at peace/war /; be in great demand ; be in need ; by car/bike/train/air etc. / //; by heart ; by chance ; by mistake ; from ... to ... ; in any case ; in bed/hospital/prison / /; in fact ; in full ; in pencil ; in return ; in time ; in town ; on demand ; on time .

She bought new shoes yesterday. .

2. 1. : a few ; a little ; all of a sudden ; a lot of ; at a speed of ; at a time ; as a matter of fact ; be at a loss ; be in a hurry ; for a short/long time /; go for a walk ; have a good time ; have a look/wash/swim etc. //..; have a toothache/headache etc. /..; its a pity/shame /; in a low/loud voice /. 2. : all over the world ; go to the cinema/theatre / ; in the affirmative/negative /; in the direction of (); in the east/west/north/south / //; in the positive/negative / ; in the country ; in the street ; in the sun ; in the morning/afternoon/evening //; on the one/other hand / ; on the right/left /; on the whole ; on the way ;

(The ProNouN) , : 1) , ; 2) , , ; 3) , , .

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=

I .

: 1) , : he she it ( , ); 2) . : I we you he/she/it they 3) . :: I me he/she/it him/her/it we us you you they them 4) . : I we you he/she/it they

(Common I Case)

he we you she they it

him her me us you them (Objective Case) it ,

. (Common Case): I greeted Tom.. Hes always right.. Takethisapple:itissweet!:! (Objective Case): Tom greeted me. . Everyone always agrees with him. .

you , : Alex, I am glad to see you. , .

(Subject and Object) .

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(PersoNal ProNouNs) : I , we , you /, he , she , it,they, me /, him /, her /, us /, you /, them /. (I, we); , (you); ,(he, she, it etc.).

, , , (, ,,). 1 2 3

15 your/yours their/theirs

, , , . , there is/there are it is/they are , , : It was me who did it. . Knock, knock! Who is there? Its me! , ! ? ! Theres nobody in, (theres) just you and me. , .

his/her/hers/its

,: 1 2 . 3 . . my your, his her its, their ur your,

: . My friend and I went to the cinema. (NOT I and my friend). . This present is from Tom and me. (NOT me and Tom).

(PossessIve ProNouNs) .: my, mine; your, yours,; her, hers; their, theirs; our, ours; his; its,(). : 1) , : his(); her/hers (); its (); 2) . : my/mine our/ours your/yours his/her/hers/its their/ theirs 3) . : my/mine our/ours

(Dependant) (absolute)

:. : This is my house.. : This house is mine.. This is my new This red car . car. is mine. . . 1 . Our dog has got The dog you lost. found is ours. . , ,. The fault is yours. !

2

. This is your fault! . !

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16 This is the house The house is his. that Jack built. . This is his house. , . . 3 . Its not a wig! Its her real hair! ! . I dont like my haircut. I like hers better. . . This Whiskas is its(cats). ().

: this ; that ; these ; those . this, these , . that, those , : Lets stay here, at this lake. ,. What is there on that rock?, ?

3

My cat likes Whiskas. Whiskas is its favourite . food. . . These are their things. .

.

These things are not ours. They are theirs. . .

, , , , that, those , , , : What is that? ? Are those awful yellow shoes yours? ?

: my friend() a friend of mine(). (demoNsTraTIve ProNouNs) ()(): this,; these; that,; those. ,: this these that those

. ! This I like this apple. .

is a dog. This Look at this!

That

Saythatagain.

Givemethatapple. . . That is a dolphin. .

Theseareniceshoes. . These shoes dont These fitme. . Try these ones. .

Those

arelollipops. . Those Whynotbuy those lollipops? ? Theylookdelicious! !

What are those?

?

it , such : What is this? It is a dog. ? . That was such a nice movie! !

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17 , : You have to do it yourself.. He really hated himself for not telling the truth., .

(reflexIve ProNouNs) myself, ourselves, yourself/yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves,: John hurt himself badly playing hockey. ,. : : I looked at myself in the mirror. . , -: I did it myself.. I saw that myself!! Our baby can walk himself! ! : 1) , : himself(); herself (); itself (); 2) .: myself ourselves yourself/yourselves himself/herself/ itself themselves

to wash , to shave , to dress , to feel , to meet , to relax .

(INTerroGaTIve ProNouNs) who , whom , whose , what , which. : Who is that man over there? ? , , : Who is there?? Whose picture is that? ? What do you want?? Which of those men is your brother? ? . (relaTIve ProNouNs) who , whom , whose , what , that+, which+ . . . Who(): Ive already met the man who is looking at us. , .

3) .: myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself/herself/itself themselves -self -selves ( himself, themselves, ): my+ self= myself; our+ selves= ourselves.

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18 Which(): I usually go to the restaurant which is near my house. , . That(): Lookout!ThisisthedogthatbitJohn!!,! The cake that youve made is delicious! ,,! Whose: Ihavenoideawhosepictureitis. ,. What: I wonder what you mean. , .

. 1) : I know you cheated at that exam on Maths yesterday. , . 2) , : The girl you were talking with is my daughter. , , . (: The girl who you were talking with is my daughter. , , .)

(INdefINITe ProNouNs) (): some , ; any , - (something, somebody.). .

somebody, someone, anybody, anyone : , : I want someone to take care of my dog when I am away. , , . Look, there is someones signature on the document. , .

some, any : Ifyouhaveanyideas,willyousharethemwith me, please? , , , . some, any . 1) : some,: There is some evidence of his guilt. . any: ) -: When you remember his name I want you to call me any time. , , -. ) : If theres any news inform me at once. , . 2) : any -, -: Are there any flowers in the vase? (-)? some: ) ,, , : CanIhavesomemoreteawithmilk? () ? ) : Where can I get some stamps? ? 3) : (not +) any , : Therearenotanyflowersinthevase. (). no,: There are no flowers in the vase. ().

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, : Nobody said anything. .

some, any, no, every body, thing, one whr :one some body thing where

someone somebody something somewhere () () () () anybody () nobody () anything (-) nothing () anywhere (-) nowhere ()

anyone any () no none/ no one ()

, , some: We dont have any bread. Lets go and buy some. . . one : This is not my bag. My bag is much smaller. . . (: Mine is much smaller. .) Bens test is good. Toms test is not. . . (: Toms is not. .)

, -body, -thing, -one, : Something strange has happened to me today. . Everybody is here.. one

(NeGaTIve ProNouNs) ,: no (nobody, nowhere.). .

one . 1. , - : One must keep ones word.. One never knows what it really means. , . 2. -, , : I dont like this hat. Give me another one. .. These hats are too big. Show me smaller ones. . .

nobody, no one : , : Nobody heard him telling the story yesterday. , . Who is there? I cant see nobody! ? ! I need nobodys help! !

(uNIversal ProNouNs) : both , all , each , either, every . . 1) all,, , , : All Europe was in the grip of freezing temperatures. . All men were wearing tail-coats..

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20 ,all : It was snowing all the morning. . Allmyfriendscanoperatethecomputer. . all , : All is well that ends well., . Is that all you want from me? ,? 2) both(,): (): I advise you to read both books. . : I have two brothers. Both live in Kyiv. . . : We are both very happy to see you. . : Which ice-cream do you prefer strawberry or vanilla one? I like both. ? . 3) either: ) , , : You can send me e-mails to either address. - . ) , , : Irefusetomeeteitherofthem. .

either : does not know about it, either. .

either neither ( , ): Neither suit looks good on you. . 4) each every , each , every(). , each every : each,: Each participant wants to win the first prize. . I sent them each an invitation.. every : Every passenger must have a ticket. . every, each of: Each of you can translate that sentence!! every body, one, thing, where (everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere): Everybody (everyone) knows it. (). Everything is good in its season. . There were flowers everywhere in the room. .

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21 , . , ,: Thereislittlemoney.Icantbuyalotofthings for the holiday. I dont have enough money. ... There is a little money. I can buy some things fortheholiday.. . We have few friends here. . There were a few visitors, men and women. ,. (Uncountable Nouns) (Countable Nouns)

(reCIProCal ProNouNs) each other, one another ,. : , (each other, one another) (each others, one anothers). each other, one another , . , (): They looked at each other and smiled. . The streets resembled one another so much that you might have easily lost your way.,. (QuaNTITaTIve ProNouNs) many, much; few, little; a few, a little,. . Many, few ,: TherearemanyEnglishbooksinyourroom. . She has few note-books.. much, little , : There is much work to do.. We have very little sugar left. Will you go and buy some? .? , much, little : He sleeps very little.. We have been travelling much recently. . few, little.,

much

JohnRockfellerhas muchmoney. . I dont have many relatives. . We know few people in the area. I would like to get to know more. . -. We know a few people in the area. I know enough people to keep me happy. . , .

many

few

a few

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(Uncountable Nouns) (Countable Nouns)

unhappy. , : snow-white, good-natured.

1. :1) . , .: kind; dark; happy. 2) . , , . : : golden hair; wooden house; : orange juice; nut shell. 3) . , : parents house; lions heart.

little

I know little English. I am going to have a problem getting around England. () . . I know a little English, at least enough to go to England. , , .

a little

(The adjeCTIve) , : 1) (, ); 2) ( , , ); 3) , ; 4) .

2.

(DeGrees of ComParisoN)

, . , : young, big, green. : useful, uncomfortable,

,. . . :( Positive),( Comparative ) (Superlative). -er, -est (much) more , most :

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23 -r, -st : hot hotter the hottest.

tall; fast ; cold clever; early ; happy ; shallow taller; faster ; colder cleverer ; earlier ; happier ; shallower the tallest ; the fastest ; the coldest the cleverest ; the earliest ; the happiest ; the shallowest the most painful ; the most beautiful ; the most reliable

, -r, -l, -, -w

(IrreGular forms) Good () better () the best (); bad() worse() the worst (); little () less () the least (); far () farther (further) () the farthest (the furthest) ().

3. : saw a new French comedy yesterday.. afraid, awake, alone, asleep, alive, glad: My son is asleep..( asleep son.) , -: Spring is green, summer is bright, Autumn is yellow, winter is white. ,,, . , : 1) (lovely , bad ); 2) (large , small ); 3) (old, new); 4) (triangle , round );

painful ; beautiful ; reliable

more painful ; more beautiful ; more reliable

. 1) -e, -er, -est -e : large larger largest. 2) -, , - -: happy happier the happiest. 3) ,

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24 5) (red , brown ); 6) (Chinese , French ); 7) (leather , silver ); 8) , (motorcycling , chess). : Thatsawonderfullargeoldrectangularblack Chinese wooden linen chest. .

inindifferent; inconvenient ; disdisgraceful; disgusting .

(The adverb) , : 1) (sing loudly ) (very beautiful ), , (yesterday ); 2) ; 3) ; 4) .

4. . 1) : -able/-ible achievable; capable; -al biographical; functional; -ful beautiful ; careful ; -ic cubic; terrific; -ive attractive; inventive; -less useless; careless; -ous dangerous ; fabulous ; -ent different; magnificent; -y sunny; funny. 2) : ununusual; unemotional;

. : fast, soon, here. ( , -ly): quickly, honestly, daily.

1. (tyPes of aDverbs): 1) (Adverbs of Frequency); 2) (Adverbs of Time); 3) (Adverbs of Place); 4) (Adverbs of Manner); 5) (Intensifiers). (Adverbs of Frequency) ?: often ; never ; usually ; always ; constantly ; generally , ; regularly ; sometimes ; occasionally ; seldom ;

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25 She is still sleeping.. Are your children still at school? ? (Adverbs of Place)?,?: here ; there ; far ; above ; below ; outside ; inside. : She lives there.. He read his poems here. .

ever -; hardly ; hardly ever. : He sometimes comes here.. She often phones him. . In the morning he is usually at his office. . We seldom go to the cinema. . (Adverbs of Time)?: now;then;today; tomorrow; yesterday; soon ; now ; late ; lately ; still; since; before , ; after ; once ; already ; just ; yet ; not yet. yet, already, still. yet. 1) yet: I have not finished my work yet. . I havent passed my English test yet. . 2) yet : Have you finished your work yet? ? Have you heard about the road accident yet?? already: I have already had lunch today.. Haveyoualreadyhadlunchtoday? ? still :

, , , : Ill go there tomorrow. . She danced well there. .

far () ( so, too) . a long way(off)(): Do they live far?? They dont like to walk far. . They live a long way off.. far far from(): The station is far from our house. . (Adverbs of Manner) ?: carefully ; well ; angrily; quietly. , : She answered the questions calmly. . The sun shines brightly. . :

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26 She speaks slowly.. He works hard.. (Intensifiers) ?: very ; rather , ; enough ; little , ; much , ; so , ; almost ; nearly , ; too,; hardly, ; scarcely , ; quite ,,. : The tea is too hot, I cant drink it.,. I hardly know him.. , : She is very clever.. I quite agree with you. . enough,,,: He is old enough to make his own decisions. , . We ran fast enough to catch the bus. , .

much () little () , very (), too (), so ():

I want to see him so much. . You rest too little..

hardly ( ) scarcely ( ) any, ever: There were hardly(scarcely) any people in the street.. I hardly (scarcely) ever see him. . nearly, almost(,) : Ive nearly (almost) finished my work. . It is nearly (almost) 5 p. m. .

2.

(DeGrees of ComParisoN)

enough , : Do we have enough apples to make a pie? ? Dont hurry, we have enough time. , .

: , , . -er, -est (much) more, most. hard ; fast ; near ; early harder ; faster ; nearer ; earlier the hardest ; the fastest ; the nearest ; the earliest

much () : Has he read much?? He doesnt speak much about it. . a lot (of), a great/good deal(of): He has done a lot today..

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27 a bit ; absolutely : We waited a little, and then went home. . 3) : He left for London yesterday. . , : YesterdayheleftforLondon. .

sadly ; comfortably more sadly ; more comfortably the most sadly ; the most comfortably

(IrreGular forms) Well() better() the best (); badly() worse() the worst (); much() more() the most (); many() more() the most (); little() less() the least (); far() farther (further)() the farthest(the furthest)().

, : I shall never forget it. . The book was never found. . He has just arrived. . We have already had lunch. .

4) ,: Myfatherdidwellattheuniversity. . , : 1) (gladly, carefully); 2) (here , outside); 3) ( ) (now , tomorrow). : met them gladly there at 8 p. m. yesterday. . , ,: 1) ; 2) ; 3) ( ).

3. 1) , , already, no longer,normally, hardly , nearly ,, almost, , to be: usuallygetupearly. . We nearly missed the train. . (: is never late for classes. . Theres hardly any cake left. .) 2) , : You are very good at drawing! ! a lot ; much ; a little ;

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28 : I was driving my car home carefully that evening. .

4. -l: glad gladly(); wide widely(). : fast,; straight, ; late , ; daily , ; early , ; hard ,. ( ) : quick, quickly ; cheap, cheaply ; bright, brightly ; fair, fairly. -l : late, lately ; deep (), deeply , (); dear ( ), dearly ( ); free, freely ; near, nearly ; short, shortly .

; to smell; to taste .: The soup smells good.. : : I am not able to think logically at this very moment! ! : The sea is so calm.. : You are doing quite well. .

(The Numeral) , : 1) ; 2) ; 3) , , .

1. , . : two ; fifteen ; one hundred and seven. : first ; tenth ; fiftysixth.

? 5. ,.. : : What loud music!! , to appear; to be ; to become ; to feel; to seem-

, , : Monday is the first day of the week. .

, , : one third ; two sevenths .

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2. 1) 13 19 -teen: thirteen , fourteen , fifteen , sixteen , seventeen , eighteen , nineteen. 2) ,2090, -ty: twenty , thirty , forty,fifty,sixty , seventy, eighty , ninety. 3) (first, second , third ) -th: fourth , fifth , sixth , seventh . ( . . 59.)

twenty-eight () and

5098789

5,098,789

72,6

72.6

three hundred and four nineteen hundred two thousand and two nineteen ninety five

1900

3. 2099: 21 twenty-one; 32 thirty-two; 99 ninety-nine.. 100999: 101 a/one hundred and one; 121 a/one hundred and twenty-one; 300 three hundred; 432 four hundred and thirty-two; 999 nine hundred and ninety-nine. 1000: 1 001 a/one thousand and one; 2 121 two thousand one hundred and twenty-one; 50,000 fifty thousand; 200,232 two hundred thousand two hundred and thirty-two; 6,900,999 six million nine hundred thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine. .

2002

1995 415

, ,

room number four one five

348756 three four ( eight seven five six )

4. 1/2 one second/ a half 0.1 nought/zero point one

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30

The meeting begins at 8 p. m. . The telephone rang at 1 a. m. . . At: at 6 oclock; at a quarter to nine. Past(): ataquarterpastthree (:); at seven minutes past one (: ). To(): at a quarter to five (:); at 25 minutes to eleven (: 25 ).

nought/ zero point nought/zero two one point three four five six seven point nine four

1/3

one/a third

0.02

1/4

one/ a fourth/ a quarter two sixths

1.345

2/6

67.94

point, nought zero, : 0.05 nought (zero) point nought (zero) five; 0.74 nought (zero) point seven four; 6.2 six point two; 78.2874 seventy-eight point two eight seven four.

5. 2+5=7 two plus(and) five is(makes) seven 73=4 seven minus(take away) three is (makes) four 3 2=6 three times(multiplied by) two is(makes) six 9:3=3 nine divided by three is(makes) three

quarter () , half (), , .

12 a. m.(ante meridiem), . m.(post meridiem): 3.30 at half past three a. m.; 19.45 at a quarter to eight p. m. . m. . m.: in the morning ; in the afternoon; in the evening ; at night , . : willcomeatteninthemorning.. Illcallyouatnineintheevening..

6. 1) . : 2008twentyo(zero)eight/two thousand (and) eight; 1492 fourteen ninety-two.

2) . :

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31 ( to be, to have): Do you play tennis? ? Can you play tennis? ? : Are you still an office-manager? -? Have you a computer at home? ? : I met my friend yesterday. . 2) (Modal Verbs) , : I can play the violin. . Watch out! That dog can bite you! ! ! : You must help your father..

(The verb) , : 1) ; 2) , , ; 3) , ; 4) .

1. (fiNites aND NoNfiNites) (Finites) , , , :

If you work hard, youll pass your exam I worked I shall If you We work worked work worked We shall hard, you We work You work Work! would pass You work worked You will your exam He/she/ He/ work If you had it works she/it He/she/it worked They worked will work hard, you work They They will would have worked work passed your exam

( ought to) to: I can look out of the window and see, cant I? , ?

(Nonfinites) , ,,. , ,. ,. 1) (Notional Verbs) ,,: I play tennis every Sunday. .

: Can I help you? ? May I ask, sir, bywhatrightithasbeen taken from me?, , ? : I can see the sea!()! You can use my phone if you like. , .

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32 ( -s (-es)): I can remember drinking tea in your country house... , He can remember everything. . ; , . 3) (Auxiliary Verbs) ; , Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous. Do you play chess? ? I dont play chess. . Have you passed your History exam yet? ? I havent passed my History exam yet.. Are you joking?? No, Im not joking. , . : I have met this man before. (). The baby is asleep..

(V1)

(V1) to: to look look; to read read; to study study. V1: (Present Simple): I usually wake up very early. . : Wakeup!Itstimetogotoschool!!! (V2)

(V2)V1-ed( ): look looked; smile smiled; study studied. ( V2 . . 70.) V2 (Past Simple): I called them an hour ago. . (V3/Past ParticiPle/ParticiPle ii)

, : 1) (V1); 2) (V2); 3) (V3); 4) (V4).

(V3) V1 -ed (): disappoint disappointed(); frighten frightened(); exhaust exhausted(). ( V3 . . 70.) : Perfect(PresentPerfect,Past Perfect, Future Perfect):

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33 (regular and irregular verbs)

I have never played cricket before. . He couldnt find his watch. He had lost it. . . ShewillhavereturnedbytheendofJuly. . : The dinner is already cooked. . : The match played last week ended in a draw. , ,. (V4/ParticiPle i)

(V2) (V3) : (Regular Verbs) (Irregular Verbs).

(V4/Participle I) V1 -ing: look looking; start starting; play playing. : Continuous (Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous): Im thinking about your plan.. I was preparing for the exam when the telephone rang. , . Hell be sunbathing in Hawaii this time next week. . Ihavebeenwaitingforyoufor20minutes already. 20. : Thiswasafascinatingjourney. . : Playing cautiously, we managed to win the game.,.

-ed(-d),: [d] : to clean() cleaned(); to play() played(); [t]: to work () worked (); to look() looked(); [id] [t]i [d]: to want() wanted(); to mend() mended().

. 1) , -ed : to stop () stopped (). 2) -y, , -ed i: to carry () carried (); to study () studied (). -y, , -ed: to play () played (); to stay () stayed (). 3) -e, , -d: to arrive () arrived ().

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34

, : to make () made () made (), to bring () brought () brought()(. ).

., ,: What are you doing? Im packing my things.?(). (Mood)

, () : Im drawing.. I would draw a still life. . Draw!!

, . am busy. . study. . have got a textbook. . You are busy. . You study. . You have got a textbook. . He/she/it is busy. (). He/she/it studies. (). He/she/it has got a textbook. () . We are busy. . We study. . We have got a textbook. . You are busy. . You study. . You have got a textbook. . They are busy. . They study. . They have got a textbook. .

(Imperative Mood): Switch on the TV and lets watch an international news report. . Gototheshopsandbuysomefoodforapicnic. ,. to(): Closethefrontdoor, please!, ,! Hurry up!! Beatthestationat7p.m.!! Freeze!!(!) do, not, to: Do not(Dont) go there!! Do not (Dont) say that to me! ! Do not(Dont) be late!! , : Stand up!!(!)

1

2

3

, , ,

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35Let us (Lets) go for a walk! .

Go!! Stop!!(!) -, Will you..., Would you..., Can/Could you...: Will you do me a favour, please? ,,? Would you pass me the salt, please? ,? Can/Could you help me, please? ,? , , : (him/her/it/ them), (Tom/Kate/this boy/your mother) to: wait/go shopping/ help(us)

Let me: Let me go.. Let me help you..

(Indicative Mood),, : WegoforapicniceverySunday. . We dont watch an international news report everyevening.. Yesterdaywewentforapicnicinthecountry. . We will go for a picnic next Sunday. . (tense)

Let

: Let Kate wait for me. . Let him take the dog out.. , , : (him/her/ it/them), (Tom/ Kate/this boy/your mother) to: wait/go shopping/ help us

Do not (Dont)

let

: 1) Indefinite/Simple Tenses ( ); 2) Continuous Tenses(); 3) Perfect Tenses(); 4) Perfect Continuous Tenses (). : (Present), (Past), (Future) (Future-in-the-Past).

(Indefinite/SimpleTenses)

: Dont let your son pull the cats tail.. Dont let him watch TV all day long..

,,, ,( ).

Let us (Lets) : Let us (Lets) run! We may catch the bus! ! !

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36 () (The Present Indefinite/Simple Tense)1.

do (does 3-).

() : ,,: I usually go to the library after classes. . Shedoesntoftengotothecinema. . : My uncle owns a consulting firm. . She lives in New York. -. : Money doesnt buy health. . Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun. . : The train arrives at 2 p. m. . The performance starts at 7 p. m..2.

1-, 2- , , 3- Do I we you they V1?

3- he she it

Does

V1?

Doyoustartyourworkat9? ? Does he start his work at 9? ?

1-, 2- , , 3- I We You They do not (dont) V1

3- He She It

does not (doesnt)

V1

Idonot(dont)startmyworkat9.. He does not (doesnt) start his work at 9. .3.

V1 3- -s(-es).

1-, 2- , , 3- I We You They

3-

V1

He She It

V1 (Vs(es))

I start my work at 9 a. m.. He starts his work at 9 a. m. .

: every day/week/month/year (, , ); usually ; occasionally , ; often ; seldom; always; never; sometimes ; in the morning/evening/ afternoon (, ); at day/ night (); on Mondays . : I never drink coffee before 12.00. . I work on my website every day. . Every Monday and Thursday I go to the gym. .

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37 2) ( ) : have (got) a computer. .(); Have I (got) a computer? ?(); have not(got) a computer..(). to have ,: 1) : Do I have a computer? ? I dont have a computer. . 2) : to have a shower , to have dinner/breakfast/supper (,).: Do you always have classes on Saturdays? ?

4. () (Present Indefinite) to be to have (got) to be () . 1) , : 1 2 3 () am (you) are (he/she/it) is (we) are (you) are (they) are

2) ( ) : Heishappy..(); Ishehappy??( ); He is not (isnt) happy. .().

to be: : I am Im; he is hes; she is shes; it is its; we are were; you are youre; they are theyre; : I am not Im not; he is not he isnt; she is not she isnt; it is not it isnt; we are not we arent; you are not you arent. they are not they arent;

to have (got) () . 1) : 1 2 3 (I) have(got) (you) have (got) (he/she/it) has(got) (we) have (got) (you) have (got) (they) have (got)

to have got: : I have got Ive got; he has got hes got; she has got shes got; it has got its got; we have got weve got; you have got youve got; they have got theyve got; : I have not I havent; he has not he hasnt; she has not she hasnt; it has not it hasnt; we have not we havent; you have not you havent; they have not they havent. : Ive got much work to do. . I havent any French books at home. . hasnt a Russian-English dictionary. - .

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38 () (The Past Indefinite/Simple Tense)1.

() : , , : I went to Paris last month. . Julius Caesar landed in England in 55 BC. 55. : switched off TV and opened a textbook in Maths.. I lived in South Africa for two years and then moved to England. ,.2.

Did

I we you they he she it

V1?

Did I/we/you/he/she/it/they start my work at 9?(,,,,,, )?

I We You They He She It

did not (didnt)

V1

I/we/you/he/she/it/theydid not (didnt)start the work at 9. (, , , , , , ).3.

, .

I We You They He She It

V2 (Ved)

Past Simple : yesterday ; ago ; last week/ month/year/Monday (, , ); then ; in 1930 1930 ; in ones childhood . : Last year I took my university exams. . My parents got married in 1992. 1992.4. () (PastIndefInIte) TO BE

I/we/you/he/she/it/they started work at 9a.m.(,,,,,,). I/we/you/he/she/it/they did the room. (, , , , , , ) .

tobe. 1) : 1 2 was you were we were you were

PastSimple did.

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39, . . : Will you make coffee, please? , , . Will you help me move this heavy table? ? 2.

3

he/she/it was

they were

2) ( ) : She was busy.. Was she busy?? She was not busy. . () (The Future Indefinite/Simple Tense)1.

shall will .

() , ,: , : Its Janes birthday today. I will buy flowers for her. .. The phone is ringing. Ill get it. . . ,, : She will be 40 next year. . It will be winter soon. .

1-

2-, 3- You He She It They

I We

shall

V1

will

V1

I/we shall start work at 9 a. m. () . You/he/she/it/theywillstartworkat9a.m. (, , ) .

() : : That box seems to be heavy. Ill help you with it. . . I need a pen. Dont worry. Ill lend you mine. . . . Im really hungry. Ill make some sandwiches. . . : I will not do your homework for you. . I wont do all the housework myself! ! : Ill send you the information when I get it. , . I wont tell anyone your secret. . I shant tell Sally what youve said. I promise.

shall, will ll: Dont worry, Ill be careful. , . You must meet Miss Haly. Im sure youll make friends with her. . , .

1-

2-, 3- you he she it they

Shall

I we

V1?

Will

V1?

Will my suit be ready for tomorrow? ?

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40

1- shall not (shant)

2-, 3- You He She It They will not (wont)

I We

V1

V1

,: The passengers of the Titanic were sure it would be a safe trip. ,. I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for dinner. , ,,.2.

I shall not go to the cinema until I pass my exams. , . Your suit will not be ready for tomorrow. . shall will shall not (shant) will not (wont): Im afraid Mr Fred cant see you until 8 oclock. Oh, in this case I shant (shall not) wait., . , . I wont (will not) go out this evening. Im too busy...3.

would.I We You He She It They

would

V1

TheyknewthatI wouldstartworkat9a.m. , .

Future Simple : next day/week/month/year (,,), in two days/weeks (), soon. : They will leave in two days. . Thank you for lending me the car. Ill give it back to you next Sunday. , . . () (The Future-in-the-Past Indefinite/ Simple Tense)1.

Would

I we you he she it they

V1?

Would I help him??

I We You He She It They

would not (wouldnt)

V1

()

I knew I would not help him. , .

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41 is always borrowing money from his friends.,! She is always coming to class late. . He is constantly talking. I wish he would be silent. . ,. I dont like them because they are always complaining. ,.2.

3.

Future-in-the-Past : by... (5 p. m.) ... ( ); the next day/week/month/year (,,); in two days/weeks (); soon. : I knew John would finish the work the next week. , .

(Continuous Tenses) , . Continuous: to be + V4 (Ving). (The Present Continuous Tense)1.

to be V4(Ving).

1- I am V4(Ving) We You They

are V4 (Ving)

: , : I cant answer the telephone because Im washing my hair. ,. Look! Its snowing.!. , , : What are you doing these days? Unfortunately Im working a lot. ?, . Ishevisitinghisparentsnextweekend? ? : Nowadays more and more people are shopping on the Internet. . Im writing a novel to receive a Nobel Prize. . , ( always):

3- He She It is V4(Ving)

I am coming to the party tonight. . He is coming to the party tonight. . We are coming to the party tonight. .

1- Am I V4(Ving)?

we re they you V4(Ving)?

3- Is he she it V4(Ving)?

Am I comingtothepartytonight? ? Is he coming to the party tonight? ? Are we comingtothepartytonight? ?

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42

1- I am not V4 (Ving)

We are not V4 They (arent) (Ving) You

The soup tastes awful! Theres too much salt in it. . . (State Verbs), , , (. ). , ,: to smell , ; to look ,; to taste , ; to weigh , ; to feel ,. Present Continuous,Present Indefinite(Simple): (Present Continuous) (Present Indefinite) The kitchen smells of burnt meat. . Your hair looks great. .

3- He is not V4 She (isnt) (Ving) It

I am not coming to the party tonight. . He is not coming to the party tonight. . We are not coming to the party tonight. .3.

Present Continuous : now; atthemoment; at present ; nowadays , ; still. : Who is that man near the stage? Oh, this is James Feather, a famous playwright. They say he is writing a new play at the moment. , ? , , . , . Isnt he coming with us now? ? PresentContinuous: (to love; to like; to hate; to forgive.): hate rats!! , (to agree; to believe,; to consider; to suppose,.): IconsiderChopintobeagreatcomposer. , . (to see ; to hear ; to smell ,; to feel; to taste().):

Why are you smelling to smell your soup? ? Why are you looking at me like that? ?

to look

Im tasting the sauce because it might The cake tastes to need some species. taste , delicious! ! ,, . Im weighing myself to on my new scales. I weigh 51 kilos. weigh 51. . This cloth feels Why are you feeling like velvet. your pockets? ? .

to feel

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43

(The Past Continuous Tense)1.

I he she it V4 (Ving)?

we you they V4? (Ving)

, : : You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. , . What were you doing at 1.30 p. m. yesterday? I was having lunch. ? . : We were having lessons from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m. yesterday.. I was listening to my MP3 player from about 8 to 9, so I didnt hear the fire alarm. MP3- . ( ): While I was writing an e-mail, the computer suddenly went off.,. What were you doing when the earthquake started?, ?2.

Was

Were

Was I/h/she/it preparing for the exam all night yesterday?(,) ? Were you/we/they preparing for the exam all night yesterday?(,) ?

I He was not V4 She (wasnt) (Ving) It

We were not V4 You (werent) (Ving) They

I/h/she/it was not (wasnt) preparing for the exam all night yesterday. (,). We/you/they were not (werent) preparing fortheexamallnightyesterday.(,).3.

to be ( ) V4(Ving).

I He V4 was She (Ving) It We You They

Past Continuous : while , ; when , ; as,. : While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.,. While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. ,. (The Future Continuous Tense)1.

were

V4(Ving)

I/h/she/it was watching TV.(,) . We/you/they were watching TV. (, ).

: , : When I arrive at the party, everybody will becelebrating.Some guestswillbedancing.

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44 Othersaregoingtobetalking. Afewpeople will be eating pizza and drinking cola. They always do the same thing. , . . . . . While Ellen will be reading, Tim will be watching television. ,. : Ill be visiting Kyiv next month. . ll be sunbathing in Hawaii this time next week. . , : Will you be passing exams in June? ? Will you be waiting for me? ?2.

1-

2-, 3- you he V4 Will she be (Ving)? it they

Shall

I V4 be we (Ving)?

Shall we be visiting the gallery at 10 a. m. tomorrow? ? Will you be visiting the gallery at 10 a. m. tomorrow? ?

1- I We shall not (shant) be V4 (Ving)

2-, 3- You He She It They

to be shall be ( 1- ), will be() V4(Ving).

will not (wont)

V4 (Ving)

1-

2-, 3- You He V4 She will be (Ving) It They

I V4 shall be We (Ving)

Ishallbeplayingtennisat10 a. m.tomorrow. . You will be playing tennis at 10 a. m. tomorrow..

shall will shall not (shant) will not (wont): We shall not (shant) be visiting the gallery tomorrow.. You will not (wont) be visiting the gallery tomorrow.. TheywontbewatchingTVat9p.m.tonight. . I shant be sleeping when you call. ,. shall, will ll: Ill be waiting for you when your bus arrives. , . At 4 p. m., Ill be in the middle of working. .

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45

3.

Future Continuous : this time tomorrow/next week/month/year ( , , ); in two days/weeks (); soon. : Ill be having dinner soon. . Thistimetomorrow, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. ,.

I We You He She It They

would be

V4 (Ving)

said I would be sleeping. , .

, when, as soon as, if ., : When you are sunbathing in Hawaii, Ill be working really hard this time next week. , , . Take your umbrella. It will be raining when you return. . , .

Would

I we you he she it they

be

V4 (Ving)

The teacher said that the question form of Future-in-the Past was: Would I be sleeping? ,:?

(The Future-in-the-Past Continuous Tense)1.

, : knew that 5 minutes later they would be looking for me., . I expected you would be having a good time in the Crimea., .2.

I We You He She It They

would not be

V4 (Ving)

I said I would not be sleeping. , .3.

to be + would V4(Ving).

: that time tomorrow/next week/month/year ( , , ); in two days/weeks(); soon. : I knew Julie would be making dinner soon. ,. He said he would be starting work with this programme in a week. , .

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46

(Perfect Tenses), ,. Perfect: to have () + V3. (The Present Perfect Tense)1.

1-, 2- , 1-, 2-, 3- I We You They

3- He V3 She has (Ved) It

have

V3 (Ved)

: , : I have lost my keys and cant come into my room. . Lets water the plants! I have just done it. . . (),,, (to know, to be, to like.): have worked at this office for 10 years already. . I have known him since my childhood. . , , , , : Nobodyhaseverclimbedthatmountain. . There have been many earthquakes in California. .

I have travelled to Paris. . He has travelled to Paris. .

1-, 2- , 1-, 2-, 3- I we you they V3 (Ved)?

3- he V3 Has she (Ved)? it

Have

Havetheymethimbefore?? Has he met him before? ?

1-, 2- , 1-, 2-, 3- I We You They have not (havent)

3- He has V3 She (hasnt) (Ved) It

V3 (Ved)

I have not met him before. . He has not met him before. .3.

2.

to have V3 (Ved) .

Present Perfect : just; ever-; never ; already ; yet , ( ); so far ; since ; for ; today ; this week/month/ ar (, ); lately , ( , );

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47 Ihadhadthatcarfortenyearsbeforeitbroke down. , .

recently,(, ); these days. : Whats the matter? Why are you so sad? I have just received a letter from my friend. She is ill.?? . . We have already heard about that! ! (The Past Perfect Tense)1.

Had

I we you he she it they

V3 (Ved)?

: : Christina had never been to an opera beforelastnight.. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. , , . : I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet., . Wewerenotabletogetahotelroombecause we had not booked it in advance. , .2.

Had you ever visited the US before your trip in2006? 2006?

I We You He She It They

had not (hadnt)

V3 (Ved)

I had not visited the US before 2006. 2006.3.

to have V3(Ved).

I We You He She It They

had

V3 (Ved)

Past Perfect : by the time ; after ; before ; never ; already ; yet , ( ). : By the time the police arrived, the robbers had already escaped. , . I had never seen such a beautiful beach before IwenttoHawaii.,. HadSusaneverstudiedThaibeforeshemoved toThailand? ,?

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48 (The Future Perfect Tense)1.

1-

, : By next November, I will have received my promotion.. Bythetimehegetshome, she willhavecleaned the entire house. , ,.2.

I shall not V3 have We (shant) (Ved)

2-, 3- You He She It They

will not V3 have (Ved) (wont)

to have (shall have 1- , will have 2-,3-) V3 (Ved).

I shallnothavefinishedthistestby3oclock. . You will not have graduated from university by next year. .3.

1-

2-, 3- You He V3 She will have (Ved) It They

I V3 shall have We (Ved)

By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests., ,.

1-

2-, 3- you he V3 Will she have (Ved)? it they

Present Perfect: by; bythen; bythetime (); after ; before ; until(). : How many countries will you have visited by the time you turn 50? ,50 ? Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing? , ? (The Future-in-the-Past Perfect Tense)1.

Shall

I V3 have we (Ved)?

Shall I have finished this test by 3 oclock? ? Will you have graduated from university by nextyear??

, : expected that you would have come by 6 p. m. , .

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493.

She said she would have translated the text until the next day.,.2.

would to have ( to) V3 (Ved) .

I We You He She It They

Future-in-the-Past Perfect : by; by then; by the time(); before,; until ( ) . : He hoped he would have passed all the exams bytheendofJanuary.,.

would

have

V3 (Ved)

- (Perfect Continuous)

I said I would have returned by 9 p. m. , .

, , ,. Perfect Continuous: to have been+ V4 (Ving). - (The Present Perfect Continuous Tense)1.

Would

I we you he she it they

have

V3 (Ved)?

Would they, as they said, have finished building the house by the end of the year? , , ?

- , : She has been working for that company for three years. . James has been teaching at the university since September. .2.

I We You He She It They

would not (wouldnt)

have

V3 (Ved)

- to be have been (has been 3- ) V4 (Ving).

They said they would not have finished building the house by the end of the year. , .

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50

1-, 2- , 3- I You V4 have been We (Ving) They

3-

He V4 She has been (Ving) It

I have not been watching television much lately. . She has not been watching television much lately..3.

Ihavebeenwaitinghereforovertwohours! ! He has been talking for the last hour. .

1-, 2- , 3- I we V4 Have been they (Ving)? you 3- he V4 Has she been (Ving)? it

Present Perfect Continuous : since ; for ; today ; this week/month/ar (, ); lately , ( , ); recently , ( , ); these days. : Have you been exercising lately? ? Lisa has not been practising her English since her last visit to Manchester. , . - (The Past Perfect Continuous Tense)1.

What have you been doing?? Has she been watching television much lately? ?

1-, 2- , 3- I We You They have not (havent) been V4 (Ving)

3- He She It has not (hasnt) been V4 (Ving)

- : ,: When I met them yesterday they were wet as they had been walking in the rain. , ,. How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? I had not been studying Turkish very long. , ?. : She had been working as a judge for 25 years before she retired. ,25 . They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. ,.

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51 James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia. . Jason was tired because he had been jogging since early morning. , . - (The Future Perfect Continuous Tense)

2.

- to be (hadbeen)V4 (Ving) .

I We You He She It They

had

been

V4 (Ving)1.

I gained weight because I had been overeating. , .

Had

I we you he she it they

been

V4 (Ving)?

- , : When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for over a year? No, I will not have been living here that long., ?,. Jameswillhavebeenteachingattheuniversity for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia. .2.

Howlong hadyoubeenwaitingbefore you got on the bus? , ?

- to be (shall/will have been) V4 (Ving).

I We You He She It They

1- had not (hadnt) been V4 (Ving) I We shall have been V4 (Ving)

2-, 3- You He She It They

They had not been waiting for long before theygotonthebus., .3.

will

have

been

V4 (Ving)

Past Perfect Continuous : for ; since (); allday(night, week)(, ).

I shall have been driving for over three days straight when I get to Las Vegas., -.

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52 Youwillhavebeendrivingforoverthreedays straight when you get to Las Vegas. ,-. 3.

1- Shall I we have been V4 (Ving)?

2-, 3- you he she it they

Future Perfect Continuous : by ; for. : They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.,. By the end of this month she will have been working in the court for two years already. . (The Future-in-the-Past Perfect Continuous Tense)1.

Will

have

been

V4 (Ving)?

Shall we have been studying long until we graduate from university? ,? Will you have been studying long until you graduate from university? ,?

1- I We shall not (shant) have been V4 (Ving)

- , : said that by the end of summer he would havebeenlivinginNewYorkfor7yearsalready. ,. They said they would have been waiting until we arrived. , , .2.

2-, 3- You He She It They

will not (wont)

have

been

V4 (Ving)

- would to have ( to), V3 to be (been) V4 (Ving) .

I shall not have been working for that company for three years when it finally closes. , . You will not have been working for that company for three years when it finally closes. , .

I We You He She It They

would

have

been

V4 (Ving)

I remembered that I would have been living here for 10 years by April already., 10.

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53 - .V4 (Ving)?

Would

I we you he she it they

have

been

Would I have been living here for 10 years by now already? 10 ?

, : says he knows this girl. , . He said he knew that girl. , . , .

:

I We You He She It They

would not (wouldnt)

have

been

V4 (Ving)

He would not have been living here for 10 years by now yet. 10.3.

Future-in-the-Past Perfect Continuous : by ... for ... . He said that by lunch he would have been repairing the car for two hours. , . (sequence of tenses)

Past Indefinite: I couldnt understand why he liked the job of a judge so much. Past Continuous: I was sure you were flying to Paris! Past Perfect: She couldnt explain how she had got there. Past Perfect Continuous: I thought you had been staying with your parents for this week. Future-in-thePast Indefinite (Simple): I hoped I would meet that mysterious lady at Tompsons party.

: , . , ! : , . , .

- . , : Itoldyouhewasgoingtocometotheparty. ,. The paper announced that a dangerous murderer had escaped from prison. , .

: , .

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54 (subjunctiVe Mood)

, : If that were true, I would know it. ,. I wish he were kinder to me. , .

(),,, : , . : do knew were : would do would know would be : had done had been had known : would have done would have been would have known

to bewere : I wish she were here now. , ! (: , .) I wish it were summer now., !(:, .) should(1-)would(2-3-) to: If he informed us of his arrival, we should meet him. ,. (Past Perfect): If I had found that book anywhere! -! should (1-)would( 2-3-) to: If he had met us, he would have gone to the country with us. , .

to, (Past Simple): It is necessary that you do this exercise in written form. , . If only I knew him! !

( ) ,, ,,: If I had time, I should buy a ticket for this film., . ( ) , , , :

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55 , even if even though ( ): Even if he talked with the others, he would be misunderstood. , . 3) , (, to fear , to think ,, to believe, to wish.): Hefearedthey would follow him like a lot of sheep., . , should , , to,. 1) , that () : it is essential (), it is important (), it is necessary (), it is desirable () ., , , , , .: Itisnecessarythatthisinstructionshould be typed. , . The teacher insists that everybody be present at the lesson. ,. , why (), how(), who(): How should he know about it? ? And what would my daughter say to this? the Professor exclaimed after a pause of astonishment. ? .

I should have read this book if I had got it a week ago.,. ( ) : 1) (): IfonlyIknewheraddress!! If he had got some spare time! ! 2) : : If they knew so much about him, they would know about Jesse as well. ,. , as if as though(): She looked at me as if she didnt know me. , . wish( ,): I wished they hadnt showed up at all.,(:,.) ( ) : 1) : It would be a great pleasure to help her. . 2) : : Students would have no need to walk the hospitals if they had such a patient as me. , , .

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56 , to, ,: Success attend you!! God bless you! ! Be it as it may!! can (, ), may (, ) . could, might: Youmighthavecomeintime! ()! ,, : I mean something like that could disappoint her. , . could, might , , : But at least you could have told me we had lost an engine. ,. : : In fact, we might not really want to use such a device. . : Could you do it for me? ? , : If you could have seen them, you would havethoughtalotmoreofyourchildren.

,. , : If only he could make others feel that vision. . , : 1) I should like (Id like) : I should like to meet that man. I should like to know the particulars of his childhood. . . 2) would rather (d rather) + to had better (d better)+to(): Its raining cats and dogs you would rather not go out. . I had rather be hissed for a good verse than be applauded for a bad one., . 3) would + to: Would you help me? , ! ( ?) 4) would + to+ : Would you mind my staying here? , ? (Voice)

: (Active Voice) (Passive Voice). ,:

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57 , . : to run ; to cry . ,i: He invited me to the concert. I was invited to the concert. Molly wrote a letter. The letter was written by Molly. : I went to the cinema last week. . My friend lives in Kyiv. . . to be (V3/Past Participle/Participle II): This sonnet was written by Shakespeare. . This metro line has been built for years. .

Steven Spielberg has directed a lot of interesting films. . , , , : Alotofinterestingfilmshavebeendirectedby Steven Spielberg. . ,.

, . . , . , : to meet a friend ; to read a book ; to do exercises.

Present Simple Once a week, Tom cleans the house. . Sam repaired the car. . They will finish the work by 5:00 p. m. . Right now, Sarah is writing a letter. . Onceaweek, thehouseiscleanedby Tom. . ThecarwasrepairedbySam. . The work will be finished by 5:00 p. m. . Right now, a letter is being written by Sarah. .

Past Simple Future Simple

Present Continuous

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58 Past Continuous The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. , . John will be washing the dishes at 8:00 p. m. tonight. . Many tourists have visited that castle. . Recently, John has been doing the work. . George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanics license. , . Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurants fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. , . They will have completed the project by the deadline. . The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. ,. I knew John would finish the work at 5:00 p. m., .

The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. , . . Future Simple. That castle has been visited by many tourists. . . Present Perfect. Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanics license. , . . Past Perfect.

Future Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Future Perfect

Theprojectwillhavebeencompleted bythedeadline. .

Future Perfect Continuous

Future-in-the-Past

I knew the work would be finished at 5:00 p. m., .

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59 Mary mentioned that they should have taken me to the party. , . Jerry used to pay the bills. . My mother would always make the pies. . Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. . They are going to have completed the project before the deadline. . Mary mentioned that I should have been taken to the party. , . The bills used to be paid by Jerry. . The pies would always be made by my mother. . A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. . The project is going to have been completed before the deadline. .

Future-in-the-Past Perfect

used to

would always

to be going to

to be going to+

,. (the Participle) , , .

, : A well-bred woman does nothing which shall make people talk of her. , . , : In the room we found a frightened child. . I have always been interested in history. .

, : Trying to catch the 9 oclock train, he was walking very fast. , 9 , . Look at the turkey in the oven theres the smell of burned meat in the kitchen. : .

Present Participle (Participle )

(Active) writing

(Passive) being written

PastParticiple (Participle ) Perfect Participle havingwritten

written having been written

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60 : 1) (Present Participle/Participle ); 2) (Past Participle/Participle II).

Present Participle (Participle ) -ing to: to play () playing (, ); to read () reading (, ). . 1) , -ing, , : to get() getting(,); to run () running (, ); to compel () compelling (,); toprefer()preferring ( ; , ). 2) to die (), to lie (), to tie () i -ing : to die dying(,); to lie lying(;); to tie tying(,).

(Present Participle/Participle )

,: 1) : reading ; dancing ; speaking; answering; 2) : reading ; dancing ; speaking; answering. , : She was standing by the mirror brushing her hair. , . Jack hurt his leg running home. ,. while when: Jackhurthislegwhilerunninghome. ,. Onemustbecarefulwhencrossingtheroad. ,. : Being a doctor I couldnt leave the wounded people. ( ),. FeelingsickIwenthomeandtooksomepills. ( ),.

(Past Participle/Participle II)

: frightened; built; written; interested. : 1) : Based on the results of the tests, we changed our plan. ,.

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61 Having finished their lunch they left the caf. ,. Not having explained her anger to me, she left. ,. to have having (V3): having read; having translated; having done; having seen. , : Having written the letter, I went to the postoffice.,. Having watched TV, he fell asleep. ,.

Raised in Vermont, I was used to cold winters., . Irritated by the inefficiency, the boss yelled at the workers. , . 2) : Lost time is never found again.. A written letter lay on the table. . 3) Perfect: Ive stayed at this hotel several times. . Peter hadnt earned enough money to buy a car yet. ,. 4) : The store was closed by the time we got there. , . ImfiredandIdontknowwhatImgoing to do.,, . PastParticiple (ParticipleII) -ed to: open() opened(); suffer()suffered(); finish() finished(); cook ( ( )) cooked (). Past Participle (Participle II) (. V3): to write() written(); to see() seen(); to teach() taught().

(Present Participle/Participle ): 1) : I looked at the bookshelf: one book was missing. : . 2) : The woman, sitting near the fireplace, is my aunt Jackie. , ,. 3) : Knowing English well he was able to read this magazine. , . (Past Participle/Participle II) : 1) : The USAs climate is as varied as their geography. , . 2) :

(The Perfect Participle)

, :

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62 The Professor did not exaggarate when he spoke of the widespread interest excited by hisnewpsycho-physiologicalexperiment. , . 3) : When discussed at the lesson, the pupils revised the new grammar topic at home. ,. (Perfect Participle).: Having done the revision exercises, the studentsbegantowriteacomposition. , . (the infinitive) , , , , , ?, ?: to do , ; to read , .

: 1) Indefinite Infinitive Active; 2) Indefinite Infinitive Passive; 3) Continuous Infinitive Active; 4) Perfect Infinitive Active; 5) Perfect Infinitive Passive; 6) Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active. Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous (Active) to ask to be asking to have asked to have been asking (Passive) to be asked to have been asked

to. : to sing ; to come ; to work . . , , , : knoweverythingisto knownothing.. , ,,: Quickly she dressed, and went into the other room to prepare their breakfast. ,.

Indefinite Infinitive Active . to be to have, (ParticipleI) (Participle I). , Continuous Infinitive Active to be (Participle I): to be writing, to be sleeping, to be waiting. Perfect Infinitive Active to have (Participle I): to have written, to have slept, to have waited. Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active to be Perfect Infinitive(to have been)(Participle I): to have been writing, to have been sleeping, to have been waiting. Indefinite Infinitive Passive to be(Participle I): to be written, to be slept, to be waited.

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63 IremembertohavepromisedthatIdtake youintomylaboratory., . John is said to have moved to another city.,. 2) ,, must, may: What he saw in that room must have frightened him terribly. , , , . She may have seen something important at the crime scene. , . 3) , , , , should,ought, might, could, was(were): You should (ought to) have kept your promise. ( , ). You could have translated the text better. (,,,). 4) , : to hope; to expect,; to intend,; to mean,; to want,. : I intended (meant/wanted/hoped etc.) to have left the next day.( //) ( : ).

Perfect Infinitive Passive to be Perfect Infinitive (to have been) (Participle I): to have been written, to have been slept, to have been waited. not, : not to write; not to be writing; not to be written; not to have written; not to have been writing; not to have been written.

Indefinite Infinitive Active Passive , ,: wanted to get there early, but he failed. , . We were told to telephone or write as soon as we have any news. , . The boss expected the project to be done in time.,. ContinuousInfinitiveActive , , : Wheres your elder brother? He seems to be reparing his car in the garage. ? , . Perfect Infinitive Active Passive : 1) , , , :

(Indefinite Infinitive) , . :

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64 wanted to stay here. ( , ). He wanted to have stayed here. ( ).

Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active , ,: The wind seems to have been howling all the night long, she said. , , ,.

: 1) : see means to believe. .

, it is necessary ; it is possible , : It was necessary to do something. .

I think, he said, that to prolong this discussion is to waste time. ,, . 3) ( tohelp;toassist; to like; to prefer ;toforget; to ask ; to beg ; to promise; to recommend.): He forgot to wind the watch when he went to bed. , . I asked him to give me the magazine. . 4) (, , ): Nature has many secrets to be discovered yet., . was the first to come. .

2) : to begin (); to start (); to continue (); to end (); to stop();towant();to try (); to decide (); to intend ( ) , , , , , , : Nellie closed her eyes and tried not to think. . : Wecanactuallybegintheexperiment. . :

the first (), the second (), the last () - , : will be the last to leave. . George was the first to recover. .

5) : : Wecametothestationto seeourfriends off.,.

, : reach the lecture hall he had to walk almost half a mile. , .

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65 1) ( ought to,): You must be back by 10 p. m. . 2) had better, would rather: Youd better go.. 3) make () + object; let () + object; see () + object; hear () + object; feel ()+ object: My parents let me watch TV until 11 p. m. . I heard my brother come back home. ,.

in order to(): You should get plenty of fresh air in order to sleep well. , . : I was too young to think of such things at the time. , . To

: 1) to; 2) to. to(to + infinitive). 1) : She went out to buy some bread. ,. 2) to advise ; to agree;to expect;to promise;to hope ; to refuse: He agreed to come. . Tom promised to help me with the moving. . 3) ( why) where ; how ; what ; who; which: I dont know what to do., . 4) would like/would love/would prefer: I would love to have a cup of tea.. 5) it is + , it is + : Its a hardjob to teach children.. Im glad to see you happy. . to .

to help to, : He helped me to translate the article. . I helped him type the article. .

(The Complex Object/Objective-with-theInfinitive Construction)

: 1) ; 2) ,, . : I consider John (to be) a good programmer. , . I want you to come tomorrow. , . : Hewantsthebooktobereturnedtomorrow. ,.

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66 Complex Object . 1) ,,,,: to tell , ; to force , ; to enable ; to persuade ; to order ; to warn ; to invite; to teach ; to make ; to let ; to allow ; to ask ; to permit ; to advise; to recommend; to remind. : The landlady asked us to come in. . Hewarnedmenottotouchanything. ,.

to make () to let () to: The book made me laugh, but it made me cry too. , . Why not let him try? ?

Shewouldlikemetogototheconcertwith her., . I want you to read this message immediately. , . We expect Sam to win the competition. , . Wouldyoulikemetogonow?,? 4) to help: Sue always helps her mum to lay the table. . 5) : to see ; to hear ; to feel ; to notice ; to watch ; to observe. : Inoticedherentertheroom., . We heard him tell her everything. ,.

2) , , : to know ; to believe ; to suppose ; to consider. : I know him to be a good man. , . I suppose this actress to be about thirty. , . 3) , , ,: to want ; to wish ; should/wouldlike; todesire ; toexpect; tolike ; tolove; toadore ; to hate. : I wish you to have a good meal., .

to: I saw my sister arrive. , . Polly felt the cat jump on her knees. , .

to see/to hear, etc. + someone/something + do to see/ to hear, etc. + someone/something + doing

Complex Object to see (), to hear (), to listen to (), to feel (), to notice (), to watch (), to observe() to, (Present Participle/Participle I): I saw Tom get into his car and drive away. ,. I saw Tom getting into his car and driving away., .

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67 1) to be likely ,; to be unlikely ; to be certain ; to be sure,: This information is sure to be true.,. Mr Darrel is unlikely to stay at that hotel. , . 2) to seem ; to appear ; to prove ; to turn out ; to happen (): I seemed to hear a voice., . They happened to meet in Paris. , . 3) : : to see ; to hear ; to feel ; to notice ; to watch ; to observe. : They were noticed to have lunch at The Planet Hollywood restaurant. ,. He was heard to come late. ,. : to think ; to expect ; to know ; to believe ; to suppose , ; to consider. : Lucy is expected to write a brilliant essay., . They are supposed to visit us at the weekend. , . , , , : to tell , ; to force , ; to enable ; to persuade ; to order ; to

Ive never seen Tom dance.,. Ive never seen Tom dancing. ,. , to , . , , , : We saw the accident happen. , (?). I saw him walking along the street. ,(?). I didnt hear you come in., (?). I could hear it raining. , ( ?). to smell (, ) to find () someone/something + (Present Participle/Participle I): Can you smell something burning? ? She found him reading her letters. ,.

(The Complex Subject/The Nominative-withthe-Infinitive Construction)

to. : She is expected to come any minute.,. Heislikelytoknowheraddress.,,. The water seems to be boiling. , . .

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68 warn ; to invite ; toteach; tomake ; to allow; to ask; topermit; to advise; to recommend ; to remind ; to announce ; to report. : The boys were told to put on scout uniform. . Thefilmisannouncedtobeasuccess. , .

Indefinite Perfect

(Active) reading having read

(Passive) being read having been read

, . Indefinite Gerund Active . -ing: to write writing; to read reading. ,. Indefinite Gerund Passive tobe (being): to write being written; to read being read. Perfect Gerund Active to have (having) : to write having written; to read having read. Perfect Gerund Passive to be (having been): to write having been written; to read having been read. not, : not writing; not being written; not having written, not having been written.

for(The For-to-Infinitive Construction)

,, for: Its easy for me to answer this question. . There was nothing else for me to say. . , .: It will be very pleasant for us to spend a week in England. . Id have given anything for this not to have happened., . (the Gerund/-ing form) , , : reading ; swimming ; running .

,,. , , : Skating is one of my mothers favourite pastimes. .

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69 whats the use of; its(no) good(); its(not) worth(); cant help; theres no point (in) ; cant stand ; to be/get used to; to have difficulty in ; to be interested in ; to be good at; to be keen on , . : Itsnousecryingoverthespiltmilk. . 5) : He entered without knocking at the door. .

Indefinite Gerund , : TheweatherwassofinethatIprefferedgoing on foot.,. PerfectGerund, : I saw her having closed the gates., .

. 1) : Eatingfruitisgoodforyourhealth. . 2) to admit ; to avoid ; to consider ; to continue ; to delay ; to deny ; to enjoy; to escape ; to excuse ; to fancy ; to finish ; to forgive ; to imagine; to involve; to keep continue ; to look forward to ; to mention ; to mind ; to miss; to object to; to postpone ; to practise ; to prevent ; to report ; to resist ; to risk ; to save ; to stand ; to suggest ; to understand: Do you mind my opening the window? ,? Smith admitted murdering his wife. ,. 3) to go , , : I go swimming every morning in summer.. 4) : to be busy; to be no use,;

to begin (), to start (), to continue (), to advise (), to allow (), to permit (), to recommend () , , : The guests started dancing/to dance. . It is not allowed standing/to stand there. .

, , : 1) go on+ to infinitive(): After finishing breakfast, she went on to write a letter. , . go on+ gerund(): I tried to calm her down, but she went on crying., . 2) mean+ to infinitive(): Shemeanstofindabetterjob. . mean + gerund(): Doing well on this course means studying very hard. -

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70 . try+ to infinitive(): I was trying to start the car, but the engine was dead. ,. try+ gerund(): Why dont you try adding some spices to the sauce? It may taste better. ? . want+ to infinitive(): I want to spend my holiday in the Crimea. . want + gerund ( , ): My car wants repairing again. . stop + to infinitive ( ): On the way home I stopped to buy some milk. , . stop + gerund (, ): Stop talking! You are in the library. !. remember+ to infinitive( ): I remembered to lock door. . remember+ gerund(): I remember locking the door. ,. forget + to infinintive ( ): I forgot to mention this fact in my report. . forget+ gerund(,): I forgot mentioning this fact in my report. , .

3)

2)

3)

4)

4)

5)

5)

Your coming now and saying Im her father doesnt change my feelings. , ,. : Seeing is believing. . (,): Theteacherhasaimedat teachingstudents to speak correct English. . : Imgladtohavetheopportunityoftalking with you, Doctor. ,. : You can help him by supporting him. ,.

6)

,: to -ing; . , -ing . , , , . , .

7)

: 1) :

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71 . . 1. : I remember meeting him in Tokyo. , . 2. : I dont mind your opening the window. , . 1. : The meeting began at 7. . 2. : All these shuttings and openings of the door disturb me greatly. . 3. : The tidying of his room didnt take him long. . 4. : My attention was attracted by his loud speaking. . 5. .

: The method of translating this grammar construction is well known. . Before using this device one should read the users guide. , ,. : The group carrying out this mission consisted of 20 men. , , 20. Translating the text the students used EnglishUkrainian dictionaries. , .

,

: Carrying out this mission is very important. .

3. : began tidying his room when I left him. , . 4. : I dont like your speaking so loudly. , . 5. : Mother was angry at her sons having come so late. , .

(Verbal noun)

-ing, : to begin() beginning(); to open() opening(); to meet() meeting(). , .

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72 (modal verbs) , , . , ( need), , to( ought to, ): I can type fast. . Can you come to the party? Sorry, I cant. ? , . The weather forecast is not very good. It may snow this evening. .. Youmusthaveaforeignpassporttovisitother countries. . You should give up smoking. . : You ought to give up smoking. . ( ),,,, ., , , ,

can (could)

Can (could) May Might Must Shall (should) Ought to

+

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + +

: can could. Can(could): 1) : The baby can already walk. . : Where is she? She can be at home. ?. can (could) , : She can speak English well but she cant write it at all. , . 2) ( ): Can we go home? Yes, you can go. ?,. Can I use your phone? Of course, you can. ?,. 3) (): You cant stand here. . You cant speak at the lessons.. 4) ( ): Can(could)yougivemeyourdictionary? ?

could : Can you help me? ? Could you help me? ?

could + Perfect Infinitive . .

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73 I must go.. 2) ( ): You mustnt do it. . You mustnt make any noise here. . 3) , : She must have lost her way. , ,. He must have read this book already. ,,. 4) , : You must come and see my new flat. . to have (to)

can to be able to . . may (might)

:may , might. May (might) : 1) : Jane may pass her test this time. . It may rain today. , . 2) ( ): You may go.. Luggage may be left here.. May I help you? ? 3) (): You may not come here. . might: 1) : She said that he might take her book. , . 2) : He might come.,. 3) : Might I speak to the bank manager, please?? may (might) . . must

to have (to) must (. ). to have(to),(): Itwasverydarkandwehadtostayathome. , . I dont have to wear a uniform.. must . . to be (to)

to be (to) must (. ) . to be (to) ,(): They are to begin this work at once. ( ). I was to meet her at 3 oclock. ().

must: 1) ,: Solders must obey their commanders orders. .

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74 shall

shall , ,,: He shall get his money. . The child shall be punished for it. . Shall , , : Shall we begin?? should

would . Will you have a cup of tea? . Would you help me? , . need

should , ,: Youshouldseeadoctor.. You should give up smoking. . should ,: Where is he? He should be at school at the moment. ? . HasNancyphonedyet? No, andImworried: she should have phoned an hour ago. ? , : . will would

need . need Indefinite Infinitive : Need we go there? ? You need not trouble about that at all. . need . to do to: You neednt hurry. . need . , : Ill need this magazine. . to, Present Indefinite Past Indefinite to do: You dont need to say a lot of nonsense. He . Do you need any money? ? dare

will would . 1) , , : We will help you.. wont go there.( ). Would, - : said that we would help you., (). 2) ,,-

dare . . Dare . to do,3-

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75 He was not able to come yesterday, but he will be able to come tomorrow. , . 2. to be allowed to to be permitted to may: 1) : I was allowed to use this device. () . He will be allowed to use this device. (). 2) : I am not permitted to stay out late. . 3. to have (to) must ,(). to have (to) : 1) : It was very dark and we had to stay at home.,. If you want to live here youll have to tidy up your room sometimes. , . 2) , : I dont have to wear a uniform. . I have to work hard to pass my exam. , . 4. to be (to) must ,. to be (to) : 1) : I was to meet her at 3 oclock. () .

-(e)s to: How dare you say it? ? For a while he dared not move. . dare ; to: Neither George nor I dared to turn round.i ,. ought to

ought to: 1) , ,: You ought to treat animals kindly. . 2) , ,: Tom is a good student. He ought to pass hisexam.. .

1. to be able to can: 1) : I was able to drive. . Ill be able to drive.. 2) ,. : I can read.. am not able to read these tiny letters! . I couldnt swim when I was five. , . I wasnt able to swim in that cold water..

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76 We were to go to the library. () . 2) : They are to begin this work at once. (). We are to meet at the theatre. () . - to be(), to become(), to get (), to turn () -. (, ,,);(): She is always late for classes. . At the end of the tale Cinderella became aPrincess.. ItgetsdarkveryearlyinDecember.().

-en sharpen; widen; -ize critisize; minimize; -fy classify; simplify.

(The PrePosITIoN) , , .

2. , .:

: (in the country ,); (frommorningtillnight ); (the song about Motherland ); (to get white with fear ); (for love or money ).

1. , 1), at Somebody is standing at our front door. .

2)()(, Were you at the theatre yesterday? ,, ? ) , Theres a rainbow above the forest. .

above

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across ,

I was going across the street when I heard the voice of an old friend of mine., . The wind was so strong that it was difficult to walk against it., . She was going slowly along the road. . That woman standing among the children must be their teacher.,, ,. Wearetravellingaroundtheworld. . There is a swimmin