Ancient Greece Summary (modified)

FactsFacts: What facts : What facts did you note?did you note?

FeelingsFeelings: What : What feelings did you feelings did you have?have?

QuestionsQuestions: What : What questions came up questions came up for you?for you?

IdeasIdeas: What ideas : What ideas were sparked?were sparked?

By: By: Ms. YangMs. Yang

The Geography of Greece

The Geography of Greece

• The MountainsThe Mountains– ¾ of the land¾ of the land– Little farmlandLittle farmland

(few streams) (few streams) supported a supported a small small population)population)

– Divided into Divided into city-statescity-states (polis)(polis)

– Never unitedNever united into one countryinto one country

• The SeaThe Sea– Great sailorsGreat sailors– Traded for Traded for

things they things they didn’t havedidn’t have

With a neighbor, explain With a neighbor, explain how the geography affected how the geography affected the development of Ancient the development of Ancient

Greece.Greece.

What was the origin and What was the origin and structure of the Greek structure of the Greek polispolis? ?

• Polis: city-statePolis: city-state• By 750 BC- By 750 BC- fundamental political fundamental political

unit in ancient Greeceunit in ancient Greece• Made up of a city and its Made up of a city and its

surrounding countryside- surrounding countryside- including numerous villagesincluding numerous villages– Athens, Sparta, IthacaAthens, Sparta, Ithaca

• Where did they meet to discuss Where did they meet to discuss issues?issues?– AcropolisAcropolis: the highest and most fortified : the highest and most fortified

place in the cityplace in the city– Slide 21Slide 21

What was the origin and What was the origin and structure of the Greek polis?structure of the Greek polis?

• Why did these develop?Why did these develop?– They began to identify with the They began to identify with the

local area in which they livedlocal area in which they lived• Different types:Different types:

– Monarchy- rule by kingMonarchy- rule by king– Aristocracy – rule by rich Aristocracy – rule by rich

peoplepeople– Oligarchy – rule by a small Oligarchy – rule by a small

group of peoplegroup of people– Tyrant – a dictatorTyrant – a dictator

Review:Review:

What was the polis?What was the polis?

What was the acropolis?What was the acropolis?

Why do people need Why do people need religion?religion?

How did the Greeks use How did the Greeks use religion for that purpose?religion for that purpose?

Describe polytheism in Describe polytheism in the Greek worldthe Greek world

• POLYTHEISTICPOLYTHEISTIC• Greeks developedGreeks developed a rich set of a rich set of

mythsmyths (stories) (stories) about their godsabout their gods• Gave gods human qualitiesGave gods human qualities::

– Love, hate, jealousyLove, hate, jealousy

• Lived foreverLived forever• Mount Olympus- where the gods livedMount Olympus- where the gods lived• Gods were worshiped in templesGods were worshiped in temples

– Use of oracles as mediumsUse of oracles as mediums

Zeus

Hera

Athena

Hercules

Bronze Age GreeceBronze Age Greece

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

The Mask of AgamemnonThe Mask of Agamemnon

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

Back to the polis…

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Early Athenian Lawgivers

Early Athenian Lawgivers

• Solon Changes to the

government

Gave citizens a greater voice

• Cleisthenes created the first

democracy!

What political What political contribution did the contribution did the

Greeks give to Western Greeks give to Western cultures and societies?cultures and societies?

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: Famous Battles

Persian Wars: Famous Battles Marathon (490 BCE)

26 miles from Athens

Thermopylae (480 BCE)

300 Spartans at the Mountain pass

Salamis (480 BCE)

Athenian navy victorious

Outcome of the Persian Wars

Outcome of the Persian Wars

• Delian League: collaboration of Greek city-states to fight the Persians

• After the Persians were defeated, Athens became the strongest city-state and as a result, entered into…

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

PhilosophyPhilosophy

• Philo = lovePhilo = love• Soph = wisdomSoph = wisdom

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers• Socrates

• Know thyself!

• question everything “Socratic method”

• Absolute standards did exist for truth and justice

• Died by poison

• Plato• Student of Socrates

• The Academy

• The Republic philosopher-king (person with greatest insight)

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers

• Aristotle• Student of Plato

• The Lyceum school

• Questioned the nature of the world and of human thought

• Provides the basis of the Scientific Method.

• Alexander the Great was his student

Athens: The Arts & Sciences

Athens: The Arts & Sciences DRAMA (tragedians):

Tragedies

Comedies

THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras Pythagorean

Theorem!

A2 + B2 = C2

Democritus all matter made up of small atoms

Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

Classical Greek art was focused on idealism and beauty.

Phidias’ AcropolisPhidias’ Acropolis

The acropolis was the fortified hilltop area of the city-state.

the acropolis of athens

The Acropolis TodayThe Acropolis Today

Back to the polis!

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

The Parthenon was a temple built to the Athenian patron goddess, Athena.

The AgoraThe Agora

Housed in the acropolis was the agora, or the marketplace, where men frequented

to buy/sell or discuss politics.

OlympiaOlympia

This was the site of the Olympic games that the Greeks attended every year. Though they fought

each other, they would cease war just for the Olympic games.

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

Olympia: Temple to Hera

Olympia: Temple to Hera

The 2004 OlympicsThe 2004 Olympics

Athens’ strength Athens’ strength became their weakness, became their weakness,

and other Greek city-and other Greek city-states grew tired of their states grew tired of their

power…power…

What were characteristics What were characteristics of Classical Greece culture?of Classical Greece culture?

SPARTASPARTA

Spartan SocietySpartan Society• Women were head of household Women were head of household

and ran the family affairsand ran the family affairs• Men were bred to become a part Men were bred to become a part

of the military (unfit babies were of the military (unfit babies were killed)killed)– Boys entered the Boys entered the agogeagoge at age 7 at age 7

where they trained to enter the where they trained to enter the militarymilitary

– The training The training was…was…

SPARTASPARTA

Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans (used for hard labor).

Peloponnesian WarsPeloponnesian Wars

The Peloponnesian Wars (Athens v. Sparta) weakened both Athens and Sparta.

Athens and Sparta went to war against each other. Though Sparta won, the war greatly weakened them both…

Macedonia Under Philip II

Macedonia Under Philip IIPHILIP II

CONQUERS GREECE.

Philip II hated the Greeks because they looked down on the Macedonians.He sets out to conquer Greece and the work is continued by…

…his son: Alexander the Great

…his son: Alexander the Great

impact of the diffusion of impact of the diffusion of Greek culture by Greek culture by

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great• Conquered the lands from Conquered the lands from

Greece to the Indus ValleyGreece to the Indus Valley– Smashed the Persians, Smashed the Persians,

Egypt (crowned him Egypt (crowned him pharaoh), Babylon, Indus pharaoh), Babylon, Indus River ValleyRiver Valley

-His soldiers fought for 11 -His soldiers fought for 11 yearsyears

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

Alexander the Great in Persia

The Hellenization of Asia

The Hellenization of Asia

Hellenism: blend of Greek and Eastern (Persian, Egyptian, and Indian) cultures

diffusion of Greek diffusion of Greek cultureculture

• Greek culture and language Greek culture and language traveled with Alexander’s armytraveled with Alexander’s army

• The blend of Egyptian, Persian, The blend of Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences became and Indian influences became known as Hellenistic cultureknown as Hellenistic culture

• New blended languageNew blended language• Alexandria- Egyptian city Alexandria- Egyptian city

became an international became an international community with diverse community with diverse populationpopulation

Pergamum: A Hellenistic City

Pergamum: A Hellenistic City

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers Cynics Diogenes ignore social conventions &

avoid luxuries.

citizens of the world.

live a humble, simple life.

Epicurians Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure.

all excess leads to pain!

politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers Stoics Zeno nature is the expansion of

divine will.

concept of natural law.

get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but toperform virtuous acts for the good of all.

true happiness is found ingreat achievements.

Hellenic PhilosophyHellenic Philosophy

• Focus on people and lifeFocus on people and life

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences

Scientists / Mathematicians:

Aristarchus heliocentric theory

Euclid geometry

Archimedes pulley

Hellenistic Art:

More realistic; less ideal than classical art

Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

What is Hellenism? What is Hellenism?

How did Alexander the How did Alexander the Great’s conquest lead to Great’s conquest lead to

cultural diffusion?cultural diffusion?

What were some What were some characteristics of characteristics of

Hellenistic Greece?Hellenistic Greece?

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire