Ancient Art History

TITLE: ART APPRECIATION

NAME OF THE COLLEGE: PEARL ACADEMY

DEPARTMENT: PG-IDS

NAME: AASHNA PATEL (2014-16)

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 10 DECEMBER 2014

DURATION OF THE PROJECT:

TUTOR‟S NAME: SUHASINI TANEJA

Letter Of Acknowledgement

I would like to thank the institute Pearl Academy for giving me the platform to conduct the research on Art Appreciation. I would also like to thank my professors, Harroop Ma’am for guiding me throughout my research to make this report more appealing with a proper format and Suhasini Ma’am for helping me with the information needed to make this report.

This work is an original document and any reference if taken from other sources, then, have been duly acknowledged. At last I would like to thank my friends Ganiv Chadha and Isha Sharma who motivated me to complete this research.

Faculty Signature Student Signature

Table of Contents SR. NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1. Chapter 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1

2. Chapter 2: Literature Review

MESOPATAMIUN CIVILIZATION

2

3. EGYPSTIAN CIVILIZATION

8

4. GREEK CIVILIZATION

11

5. ROMAN CIVILIZATION

17

6. RENAISSANCE 24

7. BAROQUE 28

8. ROCOCO 34

9. ROMANTICISM 39

11. IMPRESSIONISM 49

12. EXPRESSIONISM 55

13. FAUVISM 62

14. CUBISM 66

15. FUTURISM 69

16. SURREALISM 74

17. DADAISM 79

18. MINIMALISM 82

19. POP ART 83

20. OP ART 90

21. ART NOUVEAU 93

22. ART DECO 99

23. ENVIRONMENTAL ART

101

24. INSTALLATION ART 102

25. HINDU ART 106

26. Chapter 3: LIMITATIONS

116

27. Chapter 4: CONCLUSION

117

28. Chapter 5: BIBLIOGRAPHY:

I TEXT REFERENCING

118

II IMAGE REFERENCING

120

IMAGE CONTENTS SR. NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1. Fig. 1 Ziggaurats 3

2. Fig. 2 Ruins from a temple in Nippur

4

3. Fig. 3 Temple at Babylon 5

4. Fig. 4 Temple at Babylon 5

5. Fig. 5 Imperial Palace of Nineveh 5

6. Fig. 6 Great Sphinx of Giza 8

7. Fig. 7 Great Pyramid of Giza 8

8. Fig. 8 Karnak 10

9. Fig. 9 Luxor Temple 10

10. Fig. 10 Kouro and Kore 12

11. Fig. 11 Diadumeuos 13

12 Fig. 12 The Laocoon 14

13. Fig. 13 Dying Gaul 14

14. Fig. 14 Type of Order 15

15. Fig. 15 Doric Order 15

16. Fig. 16 Detailed Orders 16

17. Fig. 17 Types of Vaults 18

18. Fig. 18 Tunnel Vault 19

19. Fig. 19 Barrel Vault 19

20. Fig. 20 The Coliseum 19

21. Fig. 21 Groin Vault 20

22. Fig. 22 Groin Vault 20

23. Fig. 23 Hagia Sophia 21

24. Fig. 24 Light Rays At Hagia 21

25. Fig. 25 Roman Frescoed Room 22

26. Fig. 26 The Fall of Rome 23

27. Fig. 27 The Dying Niobid 24

28 Fig. 28 Glass Mould of The Virgin 25

29 Fig. 29 Giotto 26

30 Fig. 30 David 27

31 Fig. 31 Mona Lisa 27

32 Fig. 32 The Ecstasy of St. Teresa 28

33 Fig. 33 Royal 30

34 Fig. 34 Gothic Structures 30

35 Fig. 35 The Versailles Palace in France 31

36 Fig. 36 Staircase of Kloster 32

37 Fig. 37 Krumlov Castle 33

38 Fig. 38 St. Mathew and The Angel 33

39 Fig. 39 Rococo Interiors 34

40 Fig. 40 Marie Antoinette 35

41 Fig. 41 Vieled Girl 36

42. Fig. 42 S-shaped Sofa 36

43. Fig. 43 Rococo Fashion 37

44. Fig. 44 The Swing 38

45 Fig. 45 Waterfall 40

46 Fig. 46 Happy Lovers 40

47 Fig. 47 Sunshine 41

48 Fig. 48 The Stone Breaker 43

49 Fig. 49 The Laundress 44

50 Fig. 50 The Farmers Lunch 45

51 Fig. 51 The Gleaners 46

52 Fig. 52 Young Women From The Village 47

53 Fig. 53 The Fox Hunt 48

54 Fig. 54 Impression, Soliel Levant 49

55 Fig. 55 Olympia 50

56 Fig. 56 Le Dejeuner Sur L‟ 51

57 Fig. 57 Ballet Rehearsal 52

58 Fig. 58 Self Potrait 53

59 Fig. 59 Starry Night Over The Rhone 53

60 Fig. 60 Series Of Sunflower 54

61 Fig. 61 Bedroom In Arles 54

62 Fig. 62 The Scream 57

63 Fig. 63 Madonna 58

64 Fig. 64 The Day After 59

65 Fig. 65 Fate Of the Animal 60

66 Fig. 66 The Red Horses 61

67 Fig. 67 Madame Matisse 62

68 Fig. 68 Room In Red 64

69 Fig. 69 Joy Of Life 65

70 Fig. 70 Blue Nude 66

71 Fig. 71 The Old Guitarist 67

72 Fig. 72 Les Demoiselles d‟Aviguon 67

73 Fig. 73 Little Harbor In Normandy 68

74 Fig. 74 Autotors 69

75 Fig. 75 Dynamism of a Car 70

76 Fig. 76 Untitled 71

77 Fig. 77 Untitled 71

78 Fig. 78 The Street Enters The House 72

79 Fig. 79 Elasticity 73

80 Fig. 80 Development of A Bottle in Space 73

81 Fig. 81 Square of Concentric Circles 75

82 Fig. 82 Persistence of Dreams 76

83 Fig. 83 The Great Masterbator 77

84 Fig. 84 Lobster Telephone 78

85 Fig. 85 Lips Sofa 78

86 Fig. 86 Breakfast In Fur 80

87 Fig. 87 Mona Lisa 81

88 Fig. 88 Soft Toilet 81

89 Fig. 89 Madonaa 83

90 Fig. 90 Ration Book 84

91 Fig. 91 1943 Ration Book 85

92 Fig. 92 1943 Ration Book 85

93 Fig. 93 Campbell Juice 87

94 Fig. 94 Coca Cola 87

95 Fig. 95 Marilyn Manroe 88

96 Fig. 96 Lips 89

97 Fig. 97 Portrait 89

98 Fig. 98 Lips 89

99 Fig. 99 Micky 89

100 Fig. 100 Untitled 91

101 Fig. 101 Untitled 91

103 Fig. 103 Inspiration of Nation 93

104 Fig. 104 Persian Metro Entrance 94

105 Fig. 105 Persian Metro Entrance 94

106 Fig. 106 Dressing 95

107 Fig. 107 Entry 95

108 Fig. 108 Entrance 95

109 Fig. 109 Rose Window 96

110 Fig. 110 Circular Rose Window 96

111 Fig. 111 Goudi 97

112 Fig. 112 Goudi Window 98

113 Fig. 113 Sunset View Goudi 98

114 Fig. 114 Doors 99

115 Fig. 115 Sun Motif 100

116 Fig. 116 Sun Window 100

117 Fig. 117 Sun Rooftop 100

118 Fig. 118 Fiji 101

119 Fig. 119 Wall 103

120 Fig. 120 Color Window 104

121 Fig. 121 Dog 104

122 Fig. 122 Kinetic Rain Drop 105

123 Fig. 123 Pashupati Seal 106

124 Fig. 124 Bronze Dancing Girl 106

125 Fig. 125 The Priest King 107

126 Fig. 126 Bhimbhetka Rock Panting 108

127 Fig. 127 Sripuram Temple 109

128 Fig. 128 Khajuraho Temple 110

129 Fig. 129 The Famous Khajuraho Temple 109

130 Fig. 130 Jal Mahal 113

131 Fig. 131 Jama Masjid 113

132 Fig. 132 Kishan Radha 114

133 Fig. 133Kishangarh 114

134 Fig. 134 Bani Thani 114

Executive Summary

This research was conducted in order to understand the Ancient Art History of the world. The report is inclusive of every possible topic, which has left a mark in the history of art. I began my research right from the Mesopotamian Civilization going on to other civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, Roman. To understand things better I have included paintings along with the year in which they were created.

The report not only consists of the above, but also includes the Modern Art which consists of Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism, Dadaism, Pop Art etc. Along with this it also includes the Post Modern Art and the Hindu Art.

Being a student of Interior Designing and Styling the above research gives me clarity about the art history, which can later be helpful to understand a certain era, or work on a particular theme.

Page No. 1

Mesopotamia is a word from ancient Greek and means “between rivers.

It is the name for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, which is now Iraq, Kuwait, the northeastern section of Syria, much lesser extent southeastern Turkey and even includes some parts of southwestern Iran.

Mesopotamia is considered to be the cradle of civilization in the West. In the Bronze Age, it was inclusive of the Sumer, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires. During the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. For a period in time, Mesopotamia was also under the rule of the Romans.

Mesopotamian Civilization

Page No. 2

MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE:

We can understand the architecture by the archaeological evidences, texts on buildings, pictorial representation of buildings and architecture of temples, palaces, gates, city walls and also the residential buildings.

The overriding or leading material that was used for Mesopotamian architecture was Brick. This was due to the fact that brick was easily available in the local markets. Ziggaurats (step pyramid structures) was the most unique form of architecture built with bricks. Also, the large gateways of cities were made in polychrome brick, like the Ishtar Gate from the Neo-Babylonian era.

Fig. 1 Ziggaurats http://mesopotamiadiv1.wikispaces.com

(2014) Page No. 3

Temple complexes at Uruk from the 4th millennium BC, palaces and temples from Early Dynastic periods are the most extraordinary and remarkable remains from the early Mesopotamian period. Some examples of such notable constructions are Third Dynasty of Uruk remains at Nippur, Khafajah, Tell Asmar, Ebla, Aleppo, temples at Assyrian, temples at Babylonian and many more.

Fig. 2 Ruins from a temple in Nippur

http://t1.gstatic.com (2014)

Page No. 4

Fig. 5 Imperial Palace of Nineveh, capital of Assyria

http://www.hudsonfla.com (2014)

Fig. 3 Temple at Babylon https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com (2014)

Fig. 4 Temple at Babylon http://www.world-mysteries.com

(2014)

Page No. 5

There was a temple in the centre of the city that represented the significance of the city‟s patron deity who was worshipped by all the communities residing in the city. It was also the origin of the world‟s first cities and it was principally made of sun-dried brick. As Bertman said, “The domestic architecture of Mesopotamia grew out of the soil upon which it stood. Unlike Egypt, Mesopotamia –especially in the south– was barren of stone that could be quarried for construction.” The land of Mesopotamia didn‟t have trees for timber, so the residents used resources that were readily and plentifully available like muddy clay at the banks of its rivers and rushes and reeds that grew in marshes. With the help of such resources, Mesopotamians crafted the world‟s first arches, roofed structures and columns. Homes were made of sundried clay bricks.

Page No. 6

The gods were thought to be present in the planning and execution of any building project and very specific prayers, recited in a set order to the proper deity, were considered of utmost importance in the success of the project and the prosperity of the occupants of the home. Whichever kingdom or empire held sway across Mesopotamia, in whatever historical period, the vital role of the gods in the lives of the people remained undiminished.

The construction was so good; it was thought that Gods were in presence during the planning and execution of the various construction projects. A set of specific prayers were recited to the appropriate deity. This was of great significance for the accomplishment of the project and also for the opulence of the people residing in the home. The position of the Gods remained unchanged throughout the rule of various emperors.

Page No. 7

Ancient Egyptian architecture is prominently recognised across the globe. Egypt the land of pharaohs has an abundance of strong and unique architectural structures of pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces. Great Pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx of Giza are the most famous amongst them.

Fig. 7 Great

Pyramid of Giza

http://t3.gstatic.com (2014)

Fig. 6 Great Sphinx of Giza http://paradiseintheworld.com (2014)

Page No. 8

Egyptian buildings narrate out loud the stories of pharaohs, its gods , life of the common people and its natural habitat. Egyptian structures were illuminated with magnificent images carved on stones , beautiful paintings, hieroglyphs and three diementional statues.

Sun baked mud bricks and stones like granite, limestone and sandstone were used as building material due to the scarcity of wood. The mud walls were stabalised by thickening the sloping walls and leaving a few openings, this was known as the echoing method . On closely observing the the architectural designs it is realized the stone was usually used for tombs and temples while the royal palaces and fortresses were built using bricks. The key to the success of these designs mainly lies in the hands of its architects and engineers who had high level of expertise. They imparted similar skills into the workforce working on these projects.

Page No. 9

Fig. 8 Karnak https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com

(2014)

Fig. 9 Luxor Temple https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com

(2014)

Page No. 10

The Greek civilization has furnished the old world with the finest and most different figures and building design. They strived for excellence in their understanding of structure and human body, they achieved this by the Golden Proportion.

The understanding of this period can be done with the help of three periods:

1. Archaic Period

2. Classical Period

3. Hellenistic Period

Page No. 11

ARCHAIC PERIOD: This is a period of ancient Greek history that followed the Greek Dark Age. It is a period of traditional style of sculptures and other forms of art and craft that were distinctive at that time, while there is more natural look of work made in the following Classical period. This period had elongated limbs and a triangular torso.

The Kouro and Kore are best examples for understanding the human proportions of that time.

Fig. 10 Kouro and Kore https://c2.staticflickr.com

Page No. 12

CLASSICAL PERIOD: This is

a period of the rebirth of art and

went through structural

transformation. These sculptures

beautified the human body

especially the male. These

sculptures seemed as if they have life

in them because of the expressions

they show and the positions they are

in.

Fig. 11 Diadumenos http://www.britishmuseum.org

(2014)

Page No. 13

HELLENISTIC PERIOD: This period the sculptures had more drama and seemed as if they had a story in them. This made them look as if its real also by this time women and children were also allowed to become a subject for sculptures.

Fig. 13 Dying Gaul http://klimtlover.files.wordpress.com (2014)

Fig. 12 The Laocoon http://www.hinsdale86.org

Page No. 14

THREE ORDERS:

The Greek period followed three types of orders in its monuments.

1. Doric Order

2. Ionic Order

3. Corinthian Order

Fig. 14 Types Of Order http://www.caitloon.com (2014)

Fig. 15 Doric Order http://www.cmhpf.org (2014)

Page No. 15

Fig. 16 Detailed Orders http://www.radford.edu (2014)

Page No. 16

Rome carried forward the characteristics of Greece. It discovered the “concrete” ie. One could paste things together and create a sculpture. The Romans even recognized peoples achievements and awarded and rewarded them and created “busts” for them.

The Vaults – which are the arches; is the main characteristic of this period.

There were three types of Vaults:

1. Barrel

2. Groin (they were the crossed arches hence they have a greater height, are stronger and more stable)

3. Ribbed Page No. 17

The romans did not discover these vaults but they perfected them and by using them they came up with some of the most monumental and spacious structures the world had ever seen.

Fig. 17 Types of Vaults http://www.cbcurtis.net (2014)

Page No. 18

Fig. 18 Tunnel Vault or Barrel Vault

https://www.oneonta.edu (2014)

Fig. 19 Barrel Vault http://www.setareh.arch.vt.edu

(2014)

Fig. 20 The Coliseum https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com (2014)

Page No. 19

Fig. 22 Groin Vault http://media.lanecc.edu (2014)

Fig. 21 Groin Vault http://media-cache-

ec0.pinimg.com (2014)

The Groin Vault was a Roman innovation where two vaults meet at right angles. It was a way to join multiple spaces together because it needed support. Instead of one huge arch they used different vaults. Incase of styling they achieved a lot.

Page No. 20

HAGIA SOPHIA

This monument has mosaics, dome, church which is dome shaped and not in triangular form.

The dome has an opening from where light comes in. They say that this light directly comes from God. It has an amazing interior and an Islamic making.

Fig. 24 Light Rays At Hagia http://www.teslasociety.com (2014)

Fig. 23 Hagia Sophia https://ridgeaphistory.wikispaces.com (2014)

Page No. 21

ROMAN WALL PAINTINGS

At that time there were not too many windows, so to make the rooms bigger they made it beautiful from inside. The painted walls and panels in such a way that they made thumbnails of a painting on a panel and framed it around. They even painted the ceiling. They gave the impression of depth to make it more beautiful.

Fig. 25 Roman Frescoed Room http://www.metmuseum.org (2014)

Page No. 22

DARK AGE PERIOD

Key dates: 13th – 14th Century.

The architecture, sculptures, literature everything was burnt. Most of European history was lost and destroyed. Rome broke due to cultural differences. Christianity came up. People only concentrated on fighting that time, there was no development in architecture. Fashion was also affected but at a lesser level.

Fig. 26 The Fall of Rome http://www.mmdtkw.org (2014)

Page No. 23

Key Date: 15th Century.

During this period trade became important; middle class took up trading. Art was introduced. Because even middle class had more money to spend.

THE DYING NIOBID It was one of the first sculptures

commissioned for private collection.

Fig. 27 The Dying Niobid http://www.bc.edu (2014)

Page No. 24

DONATELLO PAINTINGS

was an early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence. Whatever he made Was about virgin marry or Jesus or stories from the Bible.

Fig. 28 Glass mould of The Virgin and Child with Four Angels http://upload.wikimedia.org (2014)

Page No. 25

Giotto, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence. He is considered as one of the first one‟s in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance.

Page No. 26

Fig. 29 Giotto https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com (2014)

Late Renaissance you see a lot of perspective.

Michelangelo Da Vinci

Fig. 30 David http://www.wga.hu (2014)

Fig. 31 Mona Lisa http://blog.paperblanks.com (2014) Page No. 27

Key Dates: 1600-1750 (started off during the close of 16th century)

By the end of the 16th century people were tired of fighting. And, the King had distributed areas to his Generals and collected taxes from them regularly. He did this so that it could get easy for him to rule.

Bernini (1652)

Fig. 32 The Ecstasy Of St. Teresa

Page No. 28

The King was still the richest, because of the regular incomes that he earned by collecting taxes. Since the King had distributed his work, the Royals started devoting most of their time socializing, partying and fashion.

In the Baroque era people started building furniture. Everything that time was goddy and huge. Even the painters played a lot with light and shadow. They created mystery, and showed exaggerated expressions, even the bodies were stretched out.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

According to Francis D.K. Ching in A Visual Dictionary of Architecture (p. 133), Baroque Architecture is “A style of architecture originating in Italy in the early 17th century and variously prevalent in Europe and the New World for a century and a half, characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornament, dynamic opposition and interpenetration of spaces, and the dramatic combined effects of architecture, sculpture, painting, and the decorative arts”.

Page No. 29

Baroque workmanship is experienced in private structural planning (royal residences) as much as clerical structures like holy places and religious communities. Florid houses of worship are exemplified by wide naves and, contrasted with Gothic structures, rather low roofs delegated by high domes (arches).

Fig. 33 Royal www.italiantourism.com (2014) Fig. 34 Gothic Structures

www.italiantourism.com (2014) Page No. 30

Fig. 35 The Versailles Palace in France http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net (2014)

In Baroque Architecture, they use only those architectural features which give greatness, such as gigantic columns, high vaults, enormous arcs and curves and even huge domes, they use colors with great contrasts, and great empty spaces. Page No. 31

The Baroque style had its own essence of interiors in its construction. The entrance is huge with immense empty space. Then comes the staircase which has a monumental effect. Fig. 36 Staircase of Kloster Schantal Monastery –

Germany http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net (2014)

Page No. 32

BAROQUE THEATRE Fig. 37 Krumlov Castle

http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net (2014)

BAROQUE PAINTING Fig. 38 Saint Matthew and the

Angel by Caravaggio http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net (2014)

Page No. 33

Rococo is a part of the 18th century movement of art which started in Paris. During this period everything that was being painted or built was more humorous, elaborate, flowery and fancy and graceful. Their style was luxuriant and used light colors, asymmetrical designs, curves, and gold. Their approach of work was more witty and playful; unlike Baroque. The rooms during this period were a piece of art work with stylish and lavish furniture, small sculptures, attractive decorated mirrors, and even the linen matched the room and paintings on the wall.

Fig. 39 Rococo Interiors http://cyarthistory.wikispaces.com (2014)

Page No. 34

The Rococo was also important in theatre. The book The Rococo states that no other art movement "has produced a wittier, more elegant, and teasing dialogue full of elusive and camouflaging language and gestures, refined feelings and subtle criticism" than Rococo theatre, especially that of France.

Fan became a very important accessory. There was an official language using the fan. This was developed because it was very difficult to amongst two people in public. The way the fan was held had different symbols – eg.: if a particular woman is single or taken.

Fig. 40 Marie Antoinette http://3.bp.blogspot.com (2014)

Page No. 35

Fig. 41 Veiled Girl Corradini (1750)

The love seat was developed in this era. There was a reason behind it. As informed earlier it was very difficult for two people to communicate in public; they could then sit together on the same seat but facing different walls.

Fig. 42 S-shaped Sofa https://static.squarespace.com (2014)

Page No. 36

Women at that time didn‟t have any say their only job was to give babies. They were not allowed to work, nor were they allowed to interfere in politics. Because of which, they had interest in fashion only. They were not allowed to own anything, except for fashion and jewelry.

Fig. 43 Rococo Fashion http://t2.gstatic.com (2014)

Page No. 37

Earlier, women were not allowed to show their body parts in any way. While one can see in this image that the woman‟s dress is flying and all the three men are flirting with her. In Rococo, we come across such paintings because women started coming out of their houses.

Fig. 44 The Swing Fragonard (1767)

Page No. 38

Romanticism

Key Dates: 16th Century

People were romantic about the notion of their country, how a society should be, very idealistic in nature. Artists started thinking about themselves as a thinking individual. They were no more forced to paint what they were asked.

All this happened because of the break up in Christianity. There was a big change in the view. Social change came through middle class. The artists got confidence for change due to middle class because they managed to earn for their living. And people started appreciating the thinking of artists.

Page No. 39

Romantics were fascinated of nature. Eg: waterfall. They were fascinated by the exotic people.

Fig. 45 Waterfall Larson (1825)

Fig. 46 Happy Lovers Fragonard (1865)

Page No. 40

Realism (also known as Naturalism) in the arts is the attempt to represent subject matter thoughtfully, without artificially and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.

Realism was an art movement that revolted against the emotional and exaggerated themes of Romanticism. Artists and writers began to explore the reality of everyday life.

Hill (1884)

Fig. 47 Sunshine, Brittany

Page No. 41

REALISM MOVEMENT

The Realism movement lasted around forty years from 1840 to 1880. It followed the Romanticism movement and came before Modern Art.

Movement began in the mid-19th century as a reaction to Romanticism and History painting.

In favor of depictions of 'real' life, the Realist painters used common laborers, and ordinary people in ordinary surroundings engaged in real activities as subjects for their works.

Its chief exponents were Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet, Honoré Daumier, and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot.

Page No. 42

CHARACTERISTICS OF REALISM

Realism artists tried to depict the real world exactly as it appears.

They painted everyday subjects and people.

They didn't try to interpret the setting or add emotional meaning to the scenes.

Fig. 48 The Stone Breakers Courbet (1849)

Page No. 43

CHARACTERISTICS: GENRES AND SUBJECT MATTER

The style of Realism spread to almost all genres, including History painting, portraits, genre-painting, and landscapes.

Favourite subject matter for Realist artists included: genre scenes of rural and urban working class life, scenes of street-life, cafes and night clubs, as well as increasing frankness in the treatment of the body, nudity and sensual subjects.

Realism heralded a general move away from the 'ideal' (as typified by the art of Classical mythology, so beloved by Renaissance artists and sculptors) towards the ordinary.

Fig. 49 The Laundress, Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1761)

Page No. 44

In their figure drawing and figure painting, Realists portrayed real people not idealized types. Artists felt increasingly free to depict real-life situations stripped of aesthetics and universal truths.

Realism reflected a progressive and highly influential shift in the significance and function of art in general, including literature as well as fine art.

Velázquez (1620)

Fig. 50 The Farmers' Lunch

Page No. 45

ARTISTS:

1. First, Jean-Francois Millet:

He was a French painter and was part of the Realism art movement.

1.a. The Gleaners

It was one of the most well know painting of Millet. This painting is a great example of realism. It shows three peasant women gleaning a field for some scraps of wheat. They are bent over in hard work in the hope of finding a tiny bit of food

Fig. 51 The Gleaners Millet (1857) Page No. 46

2. Gustave Courbet

He was Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists.

2.a. Young Women from the Village One of Courbet‟s work shows stark contrast to romanticism.

The three women are dressed in their country clothes and the landscape is rough and a little ugly. Even the cows are scraggly looking. The rich lady is handing some money to the poor girl while the others look on.

Fig. 52 Young Women from the

Village Courbet (1852) Page No. 47

Fig. 53 The Fox Hunt Homer (1893)

3. Winslow Homer

The painting shows a hungry fox hunting in the snow for food. At the same time there are ravens which are so driven to hunger they are hunting the fox. There is nothing heroic or romantic about this painting, just the reality of what happens in the winter to hungry animals.

Page No. 48

Key Dates: 19th century.

At this time people started painting landscapes and seascapes. They used happy and bright colors, very thin brush strokes and played with light.

First painting of impressionism was named “Impressionist Sunrise”

Fig. 54 Impression, Soleil Levant Monet (1872)

Page No. 49

Fig. 55 Olympia Manet (1863)

The lady is naked, confident and inviting suitor for herself.

Page No. 50

Fig. 56 Le Dejeuner Sur L‟

Manet (1862)

Two men and a woman are having lunch together. The woman‟s eyes is challenging the audience asking what are they looking at.

Page No. 51

Fig. 57 Ballet Rehearsal

Degas (1873)

He painted skin and ballerinas the most.

Page No. 52

Fig. 58 Self-portrait Gogh (1889)

Fig. 59 Starry Night Over The Rhone Gogh (1888)

His used bold strokes, very wild and round strokes.

Page No. 53

Fig. 60 Series of Sunflower http://t0.gstatic.com

Fig. 61 Bedroom in Arles http://uploads2.wikiart.org/images/vincent-

van-gogh/sunflowers-1888.jpg

Gogh was also famous for sunflower and shoes.

Page No. 54

Key Dates: 1905-1925

The word Expressionism was termed to represent distortion and exaggeration for emotional effect, for the art works of the early twentieth century, originated in Germany. Here, the artists started leaving behind forms and started using colors intensely and their art showed rough, distorted lines; crude, rapid brushstrokes; and jarring colors to describe urban street scenes and other contemporary subjects. Expressionism left a mark on fine arts, dance, cinema, literature and the theatre.

Page No. 55

The period of expressionism was all about expressing your own self. Their paintings illustrated more of subjective matter, i.e. the feeling a particular event would leave on them. The artist showed their emotions in the paintings by using little exaggeration, distortion (alteration), primitivism, and imagination. They used Also, they used colorful, vibrating, passionate application of formal elements.

In short, expression was one of the most talked about art movements of the 19th and 20th century, because it was highly subjective, personal, had use of unplanned and unstructured self-expressions. It had artists own sense and image of world representation. The search of harmony and forms was not as important as trying to achieve the highest expression intensity.

While, Impressionism was all about replicating the impression proposed by the surrounding world.

Page No. 56

ARTISTS: 1. Edvard Munch

1.a. The Scream: This famous painting shows a real life experience of Munch, he screamed while on a walk in nature with his two friends that are seen in the background who had left him behind. The sound must have been heard at a time when his mind was in an abnormal state, Munch renders it in a style which if pushed to extremes can destroy human integrity.

Fig. 62 The Scream Munch(1893)

Page No. 57

1.b. Madonna Originally called Loving Woman, this picture according to Munch symbolizes the indispensible acts of the female life cycle: sexual intercourse, causing fertilization, procreation and death. The blood-red halo around the woman's head could be considered as the spiritual counterpart also; she seems to float within curing bands of colored light indicating art nouveau. The painting was criticized because Munch depicted “Virgin Mary” in a form like this.

Fig. 63 Madonna Munch (1894)

Page No. 58

1.c. The Day After

The critic denounced it as portraying a drunken prostitute. He did paint several pictures of prostitutes, tending to depict them as unattractive or even grotesque, whereas this woman closely resembles the Madonna and, different though the setting, shares her ethereal beauty.

Fig. 64 The Day After Munch (1894)

Page No. 59

2. a. Fate of the Animals Marc explains that there was a change in his art after the world war and that happened because he began to see the ugliness in animals, which he had previously thought, only existed in humans. He was no longer able to see the beauty, which animals had once represented for him. The animal topics which once conveyed a sense of emotion no longer held their charm. The use of lines and geometric shapes now carried the emotional characteristics, which were previously conveyed by animals.

2. Franz Marc

Marc (1915)

Fig. 65 Fate Of The Animals

Page No. 60

He did this because his friend Kandinsky was extremely serious about color symbolism. Marc wrote: "Every color must say clearly 'who and what it is, and must, moreover, be related to a clear form."

With the vigorous red of the horses Marc intended to highlight an imaginable positioning for this particular group of animals. The white area symbolizes purity. Mark has used green color in the painting because he said that once green is introduced, "You never entirely bring the eternally material, brutal red to rest." In that spirit, the horses seem nervous beyond all possibility of resolution. Only the blue, as Marc has described, gives a peaceful touch to the agitated atmosphere.

2.b. The Red Horses

Marc assigned different colors to different category. For him, blue symbolized spirituality and masculinity; while, yellow was for femininity; and terrestrial materiality to red. Fig. 66 The Red Horses

Marc, (1911)

Page No. 61

Fauve means “wild beasts” in French. In the early twentieth century a few modern artists displayed painterly qualities that loved playing with colors. Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910. The most influential members of this art movement were Henri Matisse and André Derain.

Page No. 62

ARTISTS: 1.Henry Matisse

1. a. Madame Matisse This painting consists of a portrait of Matisse‟s‟ own wife. The foreground and the background are divided into different areas of color. The Green strip conveys a superb instance of what he was trying to achieve in art; he used the color to convey emotions, for instance the green color shows envy on his wife‟s face. He has used lesser form; at the same time it‟s a plethora of colors on the canvas. He has used very sharp and intense colors to depict the portrait.

Matisse (1905)

Fig. 67 Madame Matisse

Page No. 63

This painting is said to be one Matisse‟s masterpieces. Earlier, the painting had blue in large extent and was called “Harmony in Blue” but Matisse wasn‟t satisfied with the outcome and yet again painted it with the color red. In the painting, a maid is arranging fruits on the table. The room has red theme but at the same time the pattern that is created on the tablecloth is followed on the wallpaper as well. This shows the uniformity. The fruits on the table show abundance and which is physiologically very comforting.

1.b. The Dessert: Harmony In Red or The Room In Red

Fig. 68 Room In Red Matisse (1908)

Page No. 64

Matisse often painted landscapes in the south of France during the summer. With the help of this particular painting he tried to show things one indulges in for pleasure. Such as sexual acts, showing intimacy are being brought out in the painting. The massive painting and its shocking colors received mixed reviews at the Salon des Independents‟.

Fig. 69 Joy Of Life Matisse (1906)

1.c. Joy Of Life

Page No. 65

Key Date: 20th Century.

It‟s the most influential art movement of that time. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque are the two main artists of that time.

Picasso‟s Blue Period mostly started in 1901 in Spain. He got highly influenced only when he visited the women‟s prison called St. Lazare which is in Paris; where the nuns served as guards.

Fig. 70 Blue Nude Picasso (1902) Page No. 66

Fig. 71 The Old Guitarist Picasso (1903)

Later, Picasso started getting a lot of work. And then he fell in love, therefore later he had the red period or the rose period. His very first cubic painting was the Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.

Fig. 72 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon Picasso (1907)

Page No. 67

Georges Braque

He was another famous French artist of the 20th century.

Fig. 73 Port en Normandie (Little Harbor in Normandy)

Braque (1909) Page No. 68

The founder or the idle of Futurism is Marinetti. He came up with a futuristic manifest. Futurists were fascinated by speed, progress (technology that grew around them – things like air planes, machinery etc.). even the colors that they used were very bold and aggressive and the manner in which they used it was also harsh.

Fig. 74 Gianattasio, U. Autoorb (1920)

Page No. 69

They were people who believed only in future. They didn‟t acknowledge the present. Futurists liked loud noises, crashing, banging. They were little bit of fanatics. Because they didn‟t mind to go to any limits to achieve what they are tying to. They also didn‟t have high opinion of women as gender. They thought that they aren‟t needed. They believed in pure race like Nazi. They didn‟t mind war to get the purest form of race.

Fig. 75 Russolo, L. (1913) Dynamism of a Car

Page No. 70

They made sculptures that were named “movement in time” or the “movement through time”.

Fig. 76 Carra, Untitled (2014)

Fig. 77 Carra Untitiled (2014] Page No. 71

ARTISTS:

1. Umberto Boccioni

1.a.The Street Enters The House: Here, two women are seeing what is being constructed outside their house from their respective balconies. These women are happy because the construction is taking place; it‟s a sign of progress.

Fig. 78 The Street Enters The House.

Boccioni, U. (1911)

Page No. 72

Fig. 79 Elasticity. Boccioni (1912)

Fig. 80 Development Of A Bottle In Space.

Boccioni, U. (1913).

Page No. 73

Surreal means something that is not real. For example, our dreams are surreal; ie. Can and cannot be real. Our mind consists of three states which are :

1. Conscious (one is aware about what is happening around them)

2. Subconscious (feeling of de-javu)

3. Unconscious

Surrealism is highly influenced by above.

Page No. 74

ARTISTS:

1. Kandinsky

1.a. Squares of Concentric Round Circles

Fig. 81 Squares Of Concentric Round Circles

Kandinsky (1913)

Page No. 75

2. Salvador Dali 2.a. Persistence of Dreams A painting of 1931, and is one of his most recognizable works. The painting was first shown at the Julien Levy Gallery in 1932, the painting has been in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City since 1934. Dali showed „softness and hardness‟ through pocket watches. The rocks to the right represent a tip of Cap de Creus peninsula in northeastern Catalonia. Most of Dalí's paintings were inspired by the landscapes of his life in Catalonia. The shadow in the foreground of the painting is a reference to Mount Pani. The orange clock at the bottom left of the painting is covered in ants as a symbol of decay.

Fig. 82 Persistence Of Dreams

Dali (1931)

Page No. 76

2.b. The Great Masturbator

Fig. 83 The Great Masturbator Dali (1929)

Page No. 77

Dali was famous for his sculptures such as the lobster phone or the lip sofa.

Fig. 84 Lobster Telephone Dali, (1938)

Fig. 85 Lips Sofa Dali, S. (1937)

NOTE: Dali even worked with Manray and did a lot about photography and made short films.

Page No. 78

Dada is said to be an artistic and literary movement, which started in Zurich in 1916. It happened as an effect of World War I. This movement was political in nature. They had a club in which all the members talked about issues related to the government. They used the medium of print to reach the masses. Here, print means journals and posters. Dadaism believed that „simple things in life can be art.‟ Paul Klee (an artist) was extremely famous for his cutworks.

Page No. 79

ARTISTS:

1. Marcen Tuchane

1.a. Cup and Saucer in Fur or Breakfast in Fur

The movement believed in that everything existing or readymade can be worked upon. One does not need to make things always.

They believed in giving shocks to gain attention.

Fig. 86 Breakfast In Fur Tuchane (1936)

Page No. 80

Fig. 88 Soft Toilet Duchamp, M.(1917)

Fig. 87 Mona Lisa Duchamp, M.(1919)

Marcel came up with such weird ideas where he painted moustache on Mona Lisa and a fountain out of a shit pot.

Page No. 81

It is a kind of art where minimal forms are used. Forms consist of lines, colors, shapes etc. Which an artist takes help off. Here, only 5 colors are used which are Black, White and the Primary Color Wheel. As time passed, use of black color in form of lines became thinner and other colors got lesser too except for one that is white. Minimal use of colors with maximum white color in it.

Page No. 82

It came up in the 1950‟s primarily in U.K and U.S.A. it had a direct retaliation against fine arts (ie. Expressionism, deco, cubism etc). It doesn‟t come under fine arts but its still considered as an art movement.

Fig. 89 Madonna

Warhol,A.(1899)

Page No. 83

Consumerism hit the UK and USA very badly after the 2nd world war. This war was well panned because everybody was aware of the problems faced from the 1st war. Therefore, in the 2nd war they came up with the system of rationing, where every family was given ration booklet from which they could purchase their grocery (eg: two coupons for a pair of stockings or six coupons for a pound of sugar) until the war was over. At this time, everybody was equally attacked, the rich and poor faced the same problem. After the war ended, people increased on their consumption.

Fig. 90 Ration Book http://www.geni.com/

Page No. 84

Fig 91 1943 Ration Book http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/

Fig. 92 1943 Ration Book http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/

An image of how the ration books looked like that time. If noticed the below image has dates for when can that ticket be used.

Page No. 85

Increase in Consumption

Increase in demand

More products came up

There was a need for

advertisement

Pop art came up!!!

Pop art was used for commercial purpose (ie. To sell products) hence, pop art comes under commercial arts. It gave a platform to do something other than painting. They started branding and packaging. Eduardo Paolozzi is a pop-art artist and he was the one who gave this name. The pop art in both these countries was completely different. In USA, they went to caricature – they picked up stuff from comics and were pretty open and dramatic about it while creating their work. While, at the same time in UK, the popart was more satire, it was an element of irony. It led more towards humor and controlled emotions.

Page No. 86

Andy Warhol is considered as the father of pop-art. Some of his work is the Campbell‟s Tomato Juice packaging. Ie., anything that is in daily use. He used silk screen printing. All Campbell soup cans, cocacola (he took coke as a subject and created wallpaper out of it).

Fig. 93 Campbell Juice Warhol, A. (1962)

Fig. 94. Coca Cola Warhol, A (1975)

Page No. 87

He also made a lot of films. Eg: a film of 60mins. On a man who is eating a burger, or for that matter someone who is sleeping. Most of his work was on Edie Sedgwick.

Later came up the Hippi culture in 1960‟s. the subject was popular mass culture. Madonna, Micheal Jackson, Joan Miro, Banana, Lips, portraits of popular Celebritires, Micky Mouse became pretty popular.

When someone thinks of popart or when you try to find information on the same the first thing that comes to your mind is about the very famous Marilyn Monroe.

Fig. 95 Marilyn Moroe Warhol,A.(1899)

Page No. 88

Fig. 96 Lips Iyhnelaas.deviantart.com (2014)

Fig. 98 Lips eveningstars242.devianart.com (2014)

Fig. 97 Portrait becuo.com (2014)

Fig. 99 Micky artexpertswebsite.com (2014)

Page No. 89

OP Art is actually known as Optical Art.

It‟s a style of visual craftsmanship that makes utilization of optical illusions.

Its an art style known to trick the eye. It plays with the positive and negative spaces. It is all about monochrome. Its usually done in 2-D but it appears as if it is on 3-D.

Page No. 90

Fig. 100 Allen, R. Untitled (1966)

Fig. 101 Movement In Squares. Riley, B. (1961).

Page No. 91

Fig. 102 Dominance Portfolio, Blue.

Riley, B. (1977)

When you concentrate on this image of Riley you will notice that after view viewing the image for a few seconds, it begins to dance and wave in front of one‟s eyes.

Page No. 92

The French termed this new art - Nouveau in the 1980‟s – 1910. It is inspired by natural forms and structures, and not just by flowers and plants but also curvy lines and a lot of use of gold.

To figure out if a particular window, place, painting, pillars, staircases or for that matter any structure or wall or theme is using this kind of art one just has to look for the above, ie. Arches, curves, flower patterns etc.

Fig. 103 Inspiration of nation Mucha, A.

Page No. 93

Fig. 105 Persian Metro Entrance Guimard, H. (1900)

Fig. 104 Persian Metro Entrance Guimard, H. (1900)

The famous metro station in Paris is an excellent example of Art Nouveau.

Page No. 94

Fig. 106 Dressing http://nimbusantiques.files.wordpress.com (2014)

Fig. 107 Entry http://2.bp.blogspot.com (2014)

Fig. 108 Entrance http://www.livinglanguage.com

Page No. 95

Nouvae became very famous for its revived stained glass. This got the rose windows concept.

Fig. 109 Rose Window http://t2.gstatic.com (2014)

Fig. 110 Circular Rose Window http://t2.gstatic.com (2014)

Page No. 96

ARTISTS:

1. Antoni Gaudi

He used a lot of glass and ceramic in his work. If noticed, his work has so many carvings and curves in them. The famous Gaudi structure in Spain is his most famous. It has become a tourist attraction now. With innumerable arches all over. He started making it in 1882. Fig 111 Goudi

http://www.dailyartfixx.com (2014)

Page No. 97

Some of his art work. The famous Park Guell that he designed was established in 1914.

Fig. 112 Goudi Window http://t1.gstatic.com (2014)

Fig. 113 Sunset View Gaudi http://blogimgs.only-apartments.com/

Page No. 98

This art is completely opposite from Nouveau, while that was about curvy lines and details; this was about straight lines, parallel lines and 90 degrees. Extremely geometric in nature.

The high-rise buildings in Chicago are mostly made keeping the Art Deco in mind. Moreover, they were made in that period because steel and concept of sky rise was discovered in that time.

They have panels of steels and glass. Also, it has the sun burst motifs. This period also came up with its own font style.

Fig. 114 Doors http://upload.wikimedia.org/ (2014)

Page No. 99

Sun Burst Motifs

Fig. 115 Sun Motif http://www.purlfrost.com (2014)

Fig. 116 Sun Window http://www.qvolabs.com/ (2014)

Fig. 117 Sun Rooftop www.art-deco-style.com (2014)

Page No. 100

Post modernism was mainly about environmentalism art. A section of people in 1960‟s realized that they were doing nothing for the earth. Therefore, they started using earth in art.

They believed that whatever is around you, create art from that. Create awareness about the earth.

Fig. 118 Fiji http://www.thethirdray.com/ (2014)

Page No. 101

It‟s a piece of art. Ie. You install something.

There two kinds that is the 2-D and the 3-D. 2-D is the painting while 3-D is the sculpture.

Installation is basically when there is space involved, that is you have a particular space and how you use it.

Installation has a lot of audiovisual, paintings, sculptures.

There no restriction on how you want put up your work. More and more technology is used to make installations.

Installations are of two kinds: a. Interactive b. Static

Page No. 102

Interactive Installation Art:

You use audience to interact with your installation and this piece of art reacts to the actions of the audience. This kind of response from the installation adds more value.

Eg: you put your hand on a wall, as soon as you put your impression comes there and there is a change in the installations appearance.

This kind of installation keeps changing.

Fig. 119 Wall https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com [2014]

Page No. 103

Fig. 120 Color Wall http://t1.gstatic.com/ (2014)

Fig. 121 Dog http://brokensidewalk.com/ (2014)

Page No. 104

STATIC INSTALLATION ART:

They are installations which you cannot communicate with. One is not allowed to touch them.

Fig. 122 Kinetic Rain Drop http://static.dezeen.com (2014)

This is the kinetic rain drop installation at the Changi Airport, Singapore.

Page No. 105

Harappan Civilization:

This bronze statuette of a Dancing Girl is from around 2500 BC, from the Mohenjo-daro site of Indus Valley Civilization.

They used rings with seals on them which they imprisoned it on wax to show their signature. Pashupati Seal showed their religious beliefs.

Fig. 124Bronze Dancing Girl http://www.columbia.edu (2014)

Fig. 123 Pashupati Seal http://upload.wikimedia.org (2014) Page No. 106

The Priest showed how close to what Harappans looked like.

Fig. 125 The Priest King http://upload.wikimedia.org

Other widely used material except for Bronze is Teracotta.

Page No. 107

Buddhism and Jainism

Bhrambetka Rock Paintings: This is oldest form of documented art. These are the Buddhists and Jain scripts. They were written on leaves because paper wasn‟t discovered at that time. All this was started in the 10th century.

Fig. 126 Bhimbetka Rock

Paintings http://arthistoryworld

s.org Page No. 108

Manuscripts: the Buddhists mainly used white, black and red colors in manuscripts. They had wooden covers on the palm leaves to preserve it. While, the Jain manuscripts were written and bundled. And their stories were through visuals which were very bright and colorful. They used a lot of red and orange.

Sculptures: Soap stone was used in temples that is because of its softness which helps in easy carving. While, a lot of Marble was used during the Mughals. As one goes down towards South the number of temples increase. Most of them have the Gopuram that is the conical shape on top of the temple.

Fig. 127 Sripuram Golden Temple http://www.velloregoldentemple.com (2014)) Page No. 109

Guptas and Mauryas:

Gupta art was fascinated by Buddhists art and Greece also. One can understand this because a lot of Buddha figures were seen at that time.

Gandhari School art is very famous. The Khajuraho temples are famous for its sexual elements. In India, stitching wasn‟t introduced so they draped a single clothe which was the dhoti both to males and females.

Page No. 110

Fig. 128 Khajuraho Temple http://upload.wikimedia.org (2014)

Fig. 129 The Famous Khajuraho Temple http://www.thehummingnotes.com/ (2014)

Page No. 111

Miniatures: There are four types of Miniature paintings:

1. Mughal 2. Deccani 3. Rajputh 4. Pahari

It is called miniature because everything was very detailed and small.

Mughal: The Islamic architecture has geometric shapes and foliage. They never use animals or humans. Jal Mahal, Jama Masjid and Forts are an example of Islamic architecture. Akbar got the first school of art in his court in India. They even carried artists at the battlefield. Jahangir was a good administrator he didn‟t spend much on dances and music but on fixing roads and made the economy better. He gave importance to flora and fauna, there was more usage of pastel colors while Akbar used vibrant colors. Page No. 112

Fig. 130 Jal Mahal http://i1.trekearth.com (2014)

Fig. 131 Jama Masjid http://www.columbia.edu

Page No. 113

Rajputs: They documented the bani thani, elephants, wars, sharp features and camels.

Pahari: It documented the Krishna and Gopi and even the Raadha Raas Leela.

Deccani: They were very proportional, geometric in nature and gave a lot of importance to foreground and background. Fig. 132 Kishan Radha

http://t2.gstatic.com (2014)

Fig. 133 Kishangarh

http://craftoptions.com (2014)

Fig. 134 Bani Thani http://t3.gstatic.com

(2014)

Page No. 114

The British used our artists for documentation purpose especially the maps. Since war happened very often that time so due to victory and defeat one had to keep changing their maps constantly of their reigns. There was no need to make portraits anymore as cameras came into existence.

Page No. 115

• The biggest limitation I faced was the time constraint, since I got a maximum of 60 days to understand the topics covered in this research.

• Each topic is so interesting that I want to know more about it, but they are so vast that it was very difficult for me to include everything in this report.

• It was very difficult to get the right images for certain topics covered because of the dynamic changes around us.

Page No. 116

The type of person I am I never thought that researching on art history would be so interesting. I enjoyed it because as and when I was learning I could relate it with myself.

When I went to Spain I visited the Park Guell since it’s a famous tourist destination, but I now know why is it so popular. After I learnt about Art Nouveu I could trace that the famous Alfredo’s restaurant in Juhu, Mumbai has picked up the same theme for its interiors.

As and when I could relate myself to the subject I found it more interesting to research on.

Page No. 117

• Mark, J. (2009) Mesopotamia- definition, Available at: http://www.ancient.eu/Mesopotamia/, [Accessed: 6 December 2014] • Wikipedia.org, Mesopotamia, Availabe at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#Architecture [Accessed: 6 December 2014] • Wikipedia.org, Land of the Pharaohs, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_the_Pharaohs [Accessed: 5 December 2014] • Wikipedia.org, Giotto, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto [Accessed: 7 December 2014] • http://www.pixel77.com, /the-influence-of-art-history-on-modern-design-–-baroque-style/ • Adriana. (2010) The Influence of Art History on Modern Design – Baroque Style, Available

at: http://www.pixel77.com/the-influence-of-art-history-on-modern-design-–-baroque-style/, [Accessed: 5 December 2014] • Italiantourism.com, Baroque art in Southern Italy, Available at: http://www.italiantourism.com/baroccodelsud.html, [Accessed: 5 December 2014]

TEXT REFERENCING

Page No. 118

• Wikipedia.org, Realism (arts), Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts) • Artmovements.co.uk, Art Movements, Available at: http://www.artmovements.co.uk/expressionism.htm [Accessed: 7 December 2014] • Edvardmunch.org, Edvard Munch. Available at: http://www.edvardmunch.org/the-scream.jsp#prettyPhoto [Accessed: 22 November 2014] • Franzmarc.org, Franz Marc. Available at: http://www.franzmarc.org/The-Red-Horses.jsp [Accessed: 7 December 2014] • Artionado.com, Matisse. Available at: http://www.artionado.com/Matisse/Matisse%20fauve%20works%206.html [Accessed: 22 November 2014] • 123helpme.com, Fauvism. Available at: http://www.123helpme.com/preview.asp?id=43802 [Accessed: 22 November 2014] • Pablopicasso.org, Picasso. Available at: http://www.pablopicasso.org/cubism.jsp [Accessed at: 7 December 2014] • Arthistory.com, Riley B. Available at: http://arthistory.about.com/cs/arthistory10one/a/op_art.htm [Accessed: 4 December 2014]

Page No. 119

IMAGE REFERENCING

Fig. 1 Ziggaurats. Available at: http://mesopotamiadiv1.wikispaces.com/file/view/harran_picture.jpg/292946016/harran_picture.jpg 2014 [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 2 Ruins from a temple in Nippur. Available at: http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSSlZMTkveqEAI2tKxUen75IWoinSUPrPgf903H6-SBD63ZaFV6 [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 3 Temple at Babylon. Available at: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTYYSICFXuLQbuRMlqXpU3lNZMQFCcFaOe-gN7iaqPJZXGGHF6J_g [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 4 Temple at Babylon. Available at: http://www.world-mysteries.com/newgw/bofc54.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 5 Imperial Palace of Nineveh, capital of Assyria. Available at: http://www.hudsonfla.com/artempiresnineveh.jpg [Accessed: 2014]

Page No. 120

Fig. 6 Great Pyramid of Giza. Available at: http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQuauMdvUKTrWH7VdMHSDSj3qBUti2B1Q06XGLEIjA1IHGqhGOBeQ [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 7 Great Sphinx of Giza. Available at: http://paradiseintheworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Great-Sphinx-of-Giza-Cairo.jpg [Accessed at: 5 December 2014] Fig. 8 Karnak. Available at: https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ1g7geVk1Oc0i1g5TYdRU95SG_XsijJNt47ZlD4vIWTnQWxSGV [Accessed at: 5 December 2014] Fig. 9 Luxor Temple. Available at: https://encryptedtbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRWZbaUMbSprHyL0mbxOfxgg70Bc8C0qG7bm6-XxSJhftVY5k_i [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 10 Kouro and Kore. Available at: https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3494/3175838540_f7c4350eae.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

Page No. 121

Fig. 11 Diadumenos. Available at: http://www.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN01156/AN01156485_001_l.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 12 The Laocoon. Available at: http://www.hinsdale86.org/staff/jrollers/apah/arthistoryimages/GreekS22.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 13 Dying Gaul. Available at: http://klimtlover.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/dying-gaul.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 14 Types of Order. Available at: http://www.caitloon.com/columns.jpeg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 15 Doric Order. Available at: http://www.cmhpf.org/kids/Pix-n-stuff/Doric.gif [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

Page No. 122

Fig. 16 Detailed Orders. Available at: http://www.radford.edu/rbarris/schoolofathens/architecture2x72.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 17 Types of Vaults. Available at: http://www.cbcurtis.net/benedict/Humanities%20Site/images/vault_diagram.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 18 Tunnel vault. Available at: https://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/109images/Roman/Arch_vault_barrel.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 19 Barrel Vault. Available at: http://www.setareh.arch.vt.edu/safas/design_imgs/Barrel%20Vault%20of%20Basilica%20of%20St%20Sernin%201100.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 20 The Colloseum. Available at: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1552/flashcards/763411/jpg/italy-rome-colosseum.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014]

Page No. 123

Fig. 21 Groin Vault. Available at: http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/236x/bd/54/63/bd5463178443c6515fa0961afe9bc3d6.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 22 Groin Vault. Available at: http://media.lanecc.edu/users/plunkettm/Moodle/Art-202/Images/Roman/Roman-Vaults_groin-iso.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 23 Hagia Sophia. Available at: https://ridgeaphistory.wikispaces.com/file/view/hagia_sophia.jpg/294591914/762x484/hagia_sophia.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 24 Light Rays at Hagia. Availabe at: http://www.teslasociety.com/pictures/Roman%20Empire%20Images/RomanEmpire2.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 25 Roman Frescoed Room. Available at: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_03.14.13a-g.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014]

Page No. 124

Fig. 26 The Fall of Rome. Available at: http://www.mmdtkw.org/ALRItkwRom303_1_1.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 27 The Dying Niobid. Available at: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/art/greek/10_97_5_116.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 28 Glass mould of The Virgin and Child with Four Angels. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Virgin_and_childVAglass.jpg/440px-Virgin_and_childVAglass.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 29 Giotto. Available at: http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/florence/images/327729ex1_d_730w.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 30 David. Available at: http://www.wga.hu/art/m/michelan/1sculptu/david/david.jpg (2014) [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

Page No. 125

Fig. 31 Mona Lisa. Available at: http://blog.paperblanks.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Da-Vinci-Great-Works_Mona-Lisa.jpg(2014) [Accessed at: 7 December 2014] Fig. 32 Bernini, G. (1652), The Ecstasy Of St. Teresa http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2010/08/bernini.jpg [Accessed at: 5 December 2014] Fig. 33 Royal. Available at: http://www.italiantourism.com/baroccodelsud.html [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 34 Gothic structures. Available at: http://www.italiantourism.com/baroccodelsud.html [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 35 The Versailles Palace in France. Available at: http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Versailles51375217sm.jpg [Accessed: 5 December 2014]

Page No. 126

Fig. 36 Staircase of Kloster Schantal Monastery – Germany. Available at: http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/68952655_8b6d829432.jpg , [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 37 Krumlov castle. Available at: http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/3117708661_2b5beec6aa.jpg [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 38 Caravaggio (2014). St. Mattew and the Angel. Available at: http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/475px-Caravaggio_MatthewAngel.jpg [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 39 Rococo Interiors. Available at: http://cyarthistory.wikispaces.com/file/view/2903.jpg [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 40 Marie Antoinette. Available at: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_B0b1jmQJ8ok/S_XAk6O49rI/AAAAAAAAAAM/6hbCieVRTWM/s1600/marie_antoinette.jpg [Accessed: 5 December 2014]

Page No. 127

Fig. 41 Corradini A., Veiled Girl (1750) http://www.allposters.com/IMAGES/BRGPOD/165464_b.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 42 S-shaped sofa. Available at: https://static.squarespace.com/static/511b12efe4b0d075328d3e82/541ca7cde4b0739fc5234576/541ca7d1e4b0739fc523624c/1325279075847/1000w/red-sofa-josephine_1.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 43 Rococo Fashion. Available at: http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ243uIEpMR-3_FuiujmDuCl3UsO4lxOooS9YemCIDoL3-4zPik [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 44 Fragonard, J. The Swing, 1767 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Fragonard_-_swing.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 45 Larson, S. (1825) Waterfall. Available at: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xtncAhaNNSc/TwHtuj6qX0I/AAAAAAAABJA/1oComS5nQY4/s640/698px-Marcus_Larson_-_Vattenfall_i_Sm%25C3%25A5land.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

Page No. 128

Fig. 46 Fragonard. (1865). Happy Lovers. Available at: http://www.conservapedia.com/images/thumb/d/dc/Fragonard_Happy_Lovers.jpg/330px-Fragonard_Happy_Lovers.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 47 Nathaniel Hill, N. (1884) Sunshine, Brittany. Available at: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/realism.htm [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 48 Courbet, G. (1849), The Stone Breakers. Available at: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/realism.htm [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 49 Greuze J, 1761, The Laundress. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts) [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 50 Velázquez, D. (1620) The Farmers' Lunch Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts) [Accessed: 4 December 2014]

Page No. 129

Fig. 51 Millet, J. (1857) The Gleaners. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gleaners [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 52 Courbet, G. (1852) Young Women from the Village. Available at: http://www.gustave-courbet.com/images/paintings/young-women-from-the-village.jpg [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 53 Homer, W. (1893) The Fox Hunt. Available at: http://www.artexpertswebsite.com/pages/artists/artists_a-k/homer/Homer_FoxHunt.jpg [Accessed at: 4 December 2014] Fig. 54 Monet, C. (1872) Impression, Soleil Levant. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Claude_Monet%2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant.jpg/800px-Claude_Monet%2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 55 Manet, E. (1863). Olympia. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Edouard_Manet_-_Olympia_-_Google_Art_Project_3.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

Page No. 130

Fig. 56 Manet, E. (1862). Le Dejeuner Sur L. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Edouard_Manet_-_Luncheon_on_the_Grass_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Edouard_Manet_-_Luncheon_on_the_Grass_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 57 Degas, E. (1873). Ballet Rehearsal. Available at: https://encryptedtbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSB58uYm1MrYxof7cpL4cuk8KbyjBuF5ZNnQgxYIWUfTsA_vjlHmw [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 58 Gogh, V. (1889). Self-portrait. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project_%28719161%29.jpg/923px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project_%28719161%29.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 59 Gogh, V. (1888). Starry Night Over the Rhone. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg/1600px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

Page No. 131

Fig. 60 Series of Sunflower. Available at: http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTVZsMQZ2fYIc6L8LcrEsUvZygDqQfXEX120hoSq7sZK9pzBM-X [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 61 Bedroom in Arles. Available at: http://uploads2.wikiart.org/images/vincent-van-gogh/sunflowers-1888.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 62 Munch, E.(1893) The Scream. Available at: http://spydersden.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/the_scream.jpg [Accessed: 25 November 2014] Fig. 63 Munch, E. (1894), Madonna. Available at: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rCmkG453N10/TzsbGPnkc6I/AAAAAAAABUQ/P9OeQvBbCfo/s1600/munch.madonna.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 64 Munch, E. (1894), The Day After. Available at: http://uploads1.wikiart.org/images/edvard-munch/the-day-after-1895.jpg [Accessed: 22.10.2014] Page No. 132

Fig. 65 Marc, F. (1915) Fate Of The Animals. Available at: http://arttattler.com/Images/Commentary/Shapiro%20Degenerate%20Art/Franz_Marc-The_fate_of_the_animals-1913.jpg [Accessed: 22.10.2014] Fig. 66 Marc, F. (1911) The Red Horses. Available at: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-plFjbSCZHeo/TzwtV1Tt-sI/AAAAAAAAOxw/Hxce3jy18Go/s1600/32.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 67 Matisse, H. (1905) Madame Matisse. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2d/Matisse_-_Green_Line.jpeg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig 68 Matisse, H. (1908) Room In Red. Available at: http://everypainterpaintshimself.com/article_images_new/Harmony_in_Red.JPG [Accessed: 22.10.2014] Fig 69 Matisse, H. (1906) Joy Of Life. Available at: http://www.artchive.com/artchive/m/matisse/bonheur.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014 Fig. 70 Picasso, P. (1902). Blue Nude. Available at: http://www.pablopicasso.org/images/paintings/blue-nude.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

Page No. 133

Fig. 71 Picasso, P. (1903). The Old Guitarist. Available at: http://www.pablopicasso.org/images/paintings/the-old-guitarist.jpg [Accessed at: 7 December 2014] Fig. 72 Picasso (1907). Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Available at: http://www.moma.org/explore/conservation/demoiselles/images/demoiselles_NewFINAL.jpg [Accessed at: 7 December 2014] Fig. 73 Braque (1909) Port en Normandie (Little Harbor in Normandy). Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/ [Accessed at 7 December 2014] Fig. 74 Gianattasio, U. (1920) Autoorb. Available at: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BvVJKVhehw0/TdxNNLmyAmI/AAAAAAAACiI/XtwLhRGIsDc/s1600/Ugo-Gianattasio-untitled-racecar-1920.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 75 Russolo, L. (1913) Dynamism of a Car. Available at: http://iedei.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/luigi-russolo-dynamism-of-an-automobile.jpeg [Accessed: 2 December 2014]

Page No. 134

Fig. 76 Carra, Untitled (2014) Available at: https://jerome23.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/carra.jpg?w=720 [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 77 Carra Untitiled (2014) Available at: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PuDhxVX1XMg/SWflO0DwDpI/AAAAAAAAAX8/rlPIvjuh5jQ/s400/animsculpwhite.jpg [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 78 Boccioni, U. (1911) The Street Enters The House. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Umberto_Boccioni_-_A_strada_entra_nella_casa.jpg [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 79 Boccioni, U. (1912). Elasticity. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Umberto_Boccioni_-_Elastic.jpg [Accessed at: 4 December 2014] Fig. 80 Boccioni, U. (1913). Development Of A Bottle In Space. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Development_of_a_Bottle_in_Space%27,_bronze_sculpture_by_Umberto_Boccioni,_1913,_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg [Accessed at: 2 December 2014]

Page No. 135

Fig. 81 Kandinsky (1913) Squares Of Concentric Round Circles. Available at: http:/www.wassilykandinsky.net/work-370.php [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 82 Dali, S. (1931) Persistence Of Dreams. Available at: http://www.edali.org/images/paintings/The-Persistence-of-Memory-1931.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 83 Dali, S. (1929) The Great Masturbator. Available at: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nlTpfXnTtCE/UOh4QL9nrEI/AAAAAAAAKBk/1lY62L3IoJA/s1600/The+Great+Masturbator.+1929.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 84 Dali, S. (1938) Lobster Telephone. Available at: http://uploads6.wikiart.org/images/salvador-dali/lobster-telephone-1938.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 85 Dali, S. (1937) Lips Sofa. Available at: http://www.meaus.com/dali-lips-sofa-bocca.JPEG [Accessed: 22 November 2014]

Page No. 136

Fig. 86 Tuchane, M. (1936) Breakfast In Fur. Available at: http://media-cacheec0.pinimg.com/736x/a7/35/ba/a735ba5103eadd88455ebd284cc74ba4.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 87 Duchamp, M.(1919) Mona Lisa. Available at: http://www.caduxavier.com.br/mackenzie/arq/4/art/dadaismo4.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 88 Duchamp, M.(1917) Soft Toilet. Available at: http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ59vUq8rhaOAmmjvdJDQe5pXJVs0UavyrNJj6Mh6dXiNwF3CJWyg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 89 Warhol,A.(1899), Madonna. Available at: http://www.scrapnframes.com/SITE_EN/PAINTINGS/GALLERY/imagesWarholPopArt_img/warhol_Marylin_medium.jpg, [Accessed:2 December 2014] Fig. 90 1943, Ration Book. Available at: http://www.geni.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/e.williams_3-465759.jpg [Accessed: 3 December 2014] Page No. 137

Fig 91 1943 Ration Book. Available at: http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/war/images/rationbks.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 92 1943 Ration Book. Available at: http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/war/images/rationbks.jpg [Accessed: 3 December 2014] Fig. 93 Warhol, A. (1962). Campbell Juice. Available at: http://shop.english-online.at/image/cache/data/test/andy-warhol-campbell_s-soup-can1-500x500.jpg Accessed: 2.12.2014 Fig. 94 Warhol, A. (1975) Coca Cola. Available at: http://www.adbranch.com/wp-content/uploads/coca-cola_andy_warhol_3_bottles.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 95 Warhol,A. (1899) Marilyn Moroe. Available at: http://www.scrapnframes.com/SITE_EN/PAINTINGS/GALLERY/images/WarholPopArt_img/warhol_Marylin_medium.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014]

Page No. 138

Fig. 96 Lips. Available at: http://fc06.deviantart.net/fs39/f/2008/322/4/a/Pop_Art_Lips_by_lyhnelaas.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 97 Portrait. Available at: http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01480/warhol_jackson_1480545c.jph [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 98 Lips. Available at: http://fc02.deviantart.net/fs71/i/2012/306/0/6/pop_art_lips_2_by_eveningstars242-d4u2chr.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 99 Micky. Available at: http://www.artexpertswebsite.com/pages/artists/Warhol/Warhol_MickeyMouse.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 100 Allen, R. (1966). Untitled. Available at: http://www.victoriagal.org.uk/exhibitions/current_exhibitions/richard_allen.aspx [Accessed: 4 December 2014]

Page No. 139

Fig. 101 Riley, B. (1961). Movement In Squares. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/Riley,_Movement_in_Squares.jpg [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 102 Riley, B. (1977). Dominance Portfolio, Blue. Available at: http://www.op-art.co.uk/op-art-gallery/var/resizes/bridget-riley/bridget-riley-dominance-portfolio.jpg?m=1325862449 [Accessed at: 4 December 2014] Fig. 103 Mucha, A. (2014) Inspiration of nation. Available at: http://www.artnouveaushop.com/art%20nouveau2.jpg [Accessed: 3 December 2014] Fig. 104 Guimard, H. (1900) Persian Metro Entrance. Available at: http://www.collectorsquest.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/art_nouveau.jpg) [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 105 Guimard, H. (1900) Persian Metro Entrance. Available at: http://www.collectorsquest.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/art_nouveau.jpg) [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Page No. 140

Fig. 106 Dressing. (2014) Available at : http://nimbusantiques.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/art_nouveau_console_table_with_as006a2345b.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 107 Entry (2014). Available at: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k56_YH46oxA/TnGpuipuV6I/AAAAAAAAAAw/FnyI9-TA4Yg/s1600/grand-palais_1122952c.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 108 Entrance (2014). Available at: http://www.livinglanguage.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/MuchaFouquet1.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 109 Rose Window. (2014) Available at: http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRUCp3TBNuZvytfbB5NPbwdNHAFG8KLTy83G7h1dRCTcJz_GUNG [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 110 Circular Rose Window. (2014).Available at: http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRVE-osxN7c3urXYqoui0T809riCWFzRYpf1aUzg1q5P0VUhvCV5Q [Accessed: 2.12.2014]

Page No. 141

Fig 111 Goudi (2014). Available at: http://www.dailyartfixx.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/Church-of-La-Sagrada-Fam%C3%ADlia-Antoni-Gaudi.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 112 Goudi Window (2014) Available at: http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcShFRrSORGob7wUB4RA28jm3xQpnqATAKxrqzVFKBoEAlX-5MIH [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 113 Sunset View Gaudi. (2014). Available at: http://blogimgs.only-apartments.com/images/guide/big/52/park-guell.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig,. 114 Doors (2014) Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Cochise_County_Courthouse_Bisbee_Arizona_ArtDecoDoors.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 115 Sun Motif. (2014) Available at: http://www.purlfrost.com/content/themes/default/item_images/art-deco-design-1a_386_1333015479.png [Accessed: 2.12.2014]

Page No. 142

Fig. 116 Sun Window (2014) Available at: http://www.qvolabs.com/images/Ev_timeline_Art_Deco_entry.jpg.jpeg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 117 Sun Roof. (2014) Available at: //www.art-deco-style.com/image files/art_deco_stained_glass_ceiling2.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 118 Fiji (2014). Available at: http://www.thethirdray.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Screen-Shot-2012-02-05-at-12.33.41-PM.png [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 119 Wall (2014). Available at: https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjxmBxiFuzCCEjDL53H86dH4SMwnXwQqIO-1Eu4e8B-gAwwdLD [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 120 Color Wall (2014). Available at: http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT8J3PvmiM-tH1cjrHApeUF0o6J61jTP0IRCTFgqi3uXAqsi37wmw Page No. 143

Fig. 116 Sun Window (2014) Available at: http://www.qvolabs.com/images/Ev_timeline_Art_Deco_entry.jpg.jpeg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 117 Sun Roof. (2014) Available at: //www.art-deco-style.com/image files/art_deco_stained_glass_ceiling2.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 118 Fiji (2014). Available at: http://www.thethirdray.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Screen-Shot-2012-02-05-at-12.33.41-PM.png [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 119 Wall (2014). Available at: https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjxmBxiFuzCCEjDL53H86dH4SMwnXwQqIO-1Eu4e8B-gAwwdLD [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 120 Color Wall (2014). Available at: http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT8J3PvmiM-tH1cjrHApeUF0o6J61jTP0IRCTFgqi3uXAqsi37wmw [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Page No. 144

Fig. 121 Dog (2014). Available at: http://brokensidewalk.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/SniffNewYork.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 122 Kinetic Rain Drop (2014). Available at: http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2012/07/dezeen_Kinetic-Rain-by-ART+COM_5.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 123 Pashupati Seal. (2014) Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/400px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 124 Bronze Dancing Girl. (2014) Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/bce_500back/indusvalley/dancer/dancerfront.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 125 The Priest King. (2014) Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterkönig.jpeg/280px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterkönig.jpeg [Accessed: 2 December 2014]

Page No. 145

Fig. 126 Bhimbetka Rock Paintings. (2014). Available at: http://arthistoryworlds.org/wp-includes/images/3%20bhimbetka-1.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 127 Sripuram Golden Temple. (2014) Available at: http://www.velloregoldentemple.com/wp-content/gallery/vellore-golden-temple-photos/golden-temple-sripuram-vellore-gopuram.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 128 Khajuraho Temple. (2014) Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Khajuraho-Lakshmana_temple.JPG [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 129 The Famous Khajuraho Temple (2014) Avalable at: http://www.thehummingnotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Khajuraho-temple-1.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 130 Jal Mahal (2014) Available at: http://i1.trekearth.com/photos/129490/img_1939.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

Page No. 146

Fig. 131 Jama Masjid (2014) http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/shahjahanabad/jamamasjidphotosmod/jamamasjid2.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 132 Kishan Radha (2014) http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsKx1kLvYXsQs-wrdTXfzsmkbbmqCK7wuZ1OhRRfAgv4K6fL7xOQ [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 133 Kishangarh (2014) http://craftoptions.com/images1/paintings/Painting%20Aug2010/Bestqualityminatures/flowerkingonelephant2.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 134 Bani Thani (2014) http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS4DWfDpsBg0UhEFRQKbLvygMJ8iN0St3re6M1hl8c17_7d0CCX [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

Page No. 147

Page No. 148

Page No. 149

Page No. 150