Anatomy and Physiology Chapter #2. Molecules and Compounds A molecule is formed when two or more atoms combine. If atoms of different elements combine,

Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyChapter #2Chapter #2

Molecules and Compounds A molecule is formed when two or more

atoms combine. If atoms of different elements combine, the

resulting structure can also be called a compound. Examples: Baking soda, sugar

Molecular formula represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule. Examples… H2O & C6H12O6

Structural formulas show what molecules look like.

Structural Formation

2.3 Chemical Constituents of Cells

2 types of chemicals1. Organic must contain carbon and

hydrogen but may contain other elements as well. (C6H12O6) Living things or once living things.

2. Inorganic all the other compounds (H20) do NOT contain C.

Inorganic Compounds

1. Water2. Oxygen3. Carbon Dioxide4. Salts

Water In the human body, water plays an

important role in dissolving solid substances, moving chemicals around the body, and absorbing and moving heat

Is the most abundant compound in cells and is a solvent in which chemical reactions occur.

Transports chemicals and heat.

Oxygen

Releases energy from glucose and other nutrients.

This energy drives metabolism.

Carbon Dioxide

Is an inorganic substances that is a metabolic waste product, exhaled from the lungs.

Salts

Provide a variety of ions that metabolic processes require.

Organic Compounds

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates Supply most of the energy needed by cells Composed of what 3 elements? C,H,O1) Monosaccharides (simple sugars)2) Disaccharides are two sugars joined

together3) Polysaccharides, such as starch, are built of

many sugars. Humans synthesize the complex

carbohydrate called glycogen.

LipidsLipids made of C,H,O but in different amounts Lipids include fats (most common),

steroids, and phospholipids. A fat that has all of its carbon atoms joined

by single carbon to carbon bonds is said to be saturated. (solid at room temp, bad for you)

Unsaturated fats (liquid at room temp, good for you, double bonds)

Cholesterol, estrogens, and testosterone are all steroids.

A phospholipid typically has two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group.

Proteins Proteins have a great variety of functions in the

body---as structural materials, as energy sources, as certain hormones, as receptors on cell membranes, as antibodies, and as enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions.

Proteins contain what 4 elements? C,H,O,N Sometimes S

Building blocks of proteins are the amino acids (20)

Proteins have complex shapes held together by hydrogen bonds. (their many shapes changes their functions)

Protein shapes, which determine how proteins function, can be altered by pH, temperature, radiation, or chemicals. H bonds break this is called denatured.

Amino Acids1. Alanine  2. Glutamic acid     3. Leucine  4. Serine  5. Arginine  6. Glutamine  7. Lysine  8. Threonine  9. Asparagine  10.Glycine  11.Methionine

12.  Tryptophan     13. Aspartic acid     14. Histidine  15. Phenylalanine     16. Tyrosine  17. Cysteine  18. Isoleucine  19. Proline  20. Valine(NOTE: the 8 essential amino

acids are in red.  These cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from food. Arginine and histidine are essential only for children.)

You do NOT need in your notes

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids form genes and take part in protein synthesis.

They contain the elements C,H,O,N,P The building blocks are called

nucleotides. Nucleic acids are of two major types:

DNA (with deoxyribose) and RNA (with ribose).

DNA & RNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes.

How many strands does it have? 2 Deoxy means without Oxygen

Ribonucleic acid: RNA (ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis.

How many strands does it have? 1

Clinical ConnectionClinical Connection

Prion protein can assume up to 12 different Prion protein can assume up to 12 different shapes before prion was discovered it was shapes before prion was discovered it was believed protein shape was always 3-Dbelieved protein shape was always 3-D

Some prions are infectious “mad cow disease”Some prions are infectious “mad cow disease” Some prions are not infectious “Alzheimer Some prions are not infectious “Alzheimer

disease” which cause gummy plaques in the disease” which cause gummy plaques in the brain and disrupt functioning.brain and disrupt functioning.

Some forms of Alzheimer disease may be Some forms of Alzheimer disease may be caused by protein misfolding caused by protein misfolding